Epigraphy Matrix Hub · The Corpus Layer铭文研究中心 · 语料库层
A Greco-Roman Corpus of Public Documents希拉公共文书语料库
Twenty-eight interlinked critical editions — senatorial decrees, laws, the edicts, letters and rescripts of emperors and their officials, and the Constitutio Antoniniana — read as one corpus. Search and filter the catalogue, trace the typology of the instruments, follow the precedent across two and a half centuries, and read Latin and Greek side by side.二十八部相互关联之评注本（元老院决议、法律，元首之敕令与官员之政令、书信与批复，以及《安东尼努斯敕令》），作为一个语料库来阅读。可检索、筛选目录，追溯文书类型之谱系，沿两个多世纪追循先例之线索，并将拉丁文与希腊文对观。
All twenty-eight editions of the corpus. Filter by stage, by instrument-type or by language, or search the catalogue; open any card to read the full critical edition.语料库全部二十八部评注本。可按阶段、文书类别或语言筛选，或检索目录；点击任一卡片即可阅读完整之评注本。
Each cell groups editions that share a period and an instrument-type — the corpus seen as a typological grid. Click any edition title to open it.每个单元格汇集同时期同体例之评注本，语料库以类型学之网格呈现。点击任一评注本标题即可打开。
Four short essays on the period-dossiers, each grounded in the corpus's own editions. For the full per-period landing pages, click the period chips at the top of the page.关于四时期文献群之四篇简论，各立足于本语料库自身评注本。完整时期主页见页首之时期标签。
The corpus's six Classical Greek editions span the late Archaic-into-Hellenistic transition (c. 500–323 BCE). They establish the genre conventions — prescript with eponymous archon, prytanizing tribe, secretary, chairman; ἔδοξεν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμωι as the decreeing verb; εἶπε as the proposer-clause; στῆσαι στήλη as the publication clause — that all subsequent Greek and Greek-influenced Latin documents in the corpus will inherit, adapt, or contest.
Three threads run through this layer. First, the earliest piece is not Athenian but Olympian: the bronze tablet known as ML 17 = IvO 9, the 100-year alliance treaty between the Eleans and the Heraeans (c. 500 BCE), in Elean Doric dialect with retained digamma (ϝ), preserves the corpus's most archaic decree-class formula — ἁ ϝράτρα τοῖρ ϝαλείοις καὶ τοῖρ Ἐρϝαοίοις ("this is the covenant between the Eleans and the Heraeans"). The treaty form, with its sworn-alliance + 100-year-term + dispute-resolution provisions, anticipates the inter-polis legal architecture that Hellenistic-period documents will scale up to royal-civic correspondence.
Second, the Athenian cluster: the Athens-Phaselis treaty (IG I³ 10 = OR 120, c. 469–450 BCE), the Eleusinian first-fruits decree (IG I³ 78a = ML 73, c. 422 BCE), the Drakon homicide republication (IG I³ 104 = OR 183, 410/409–400/399 BCE), the Athens-Pythophanes proxenia (IG I³ 117 = OR 173, 411 BCE), and the IG II² 1534+1535 Asklepieion inventory dossier (4th c. BCE). The prescript formula is already fully developed in the Phaselis decree — the same scaffolding of council + people + chairman + proposer that will still be in use 300 years later when the Lykourgan-period ephebes decree opens the Hellenistic-Athenian layer.
Third, the inventory genre. IG II² 1534+1535 is the corpus's exemplar of the dossier-pattern — three Athenian decrees stacked on a single stele, with the SAME prescript formula across all three decrees spanning ~20 years. This is the polis equivalent of the Roman senate's reuse of the SC formula across the 234 years separating Bacchanalibus (186 BCE) from Pisone Patre (AD 20).
Hellenistic royal letters + civic decrees希腊化期王书与城邦法令
The four Hellenistic editions span 124 years from the death of Alexander (323 BCE) to the fall of Corinth (146 BCE), the conventional bracket of the Hellenistic period. The corpus shows two complementary genres in this period: royal letters from Successor kings down to Greek cities, and civic decrees up from those cities back to kings. Neither is novel — letters and decrees are both inherited from the Classical period — but the diplomatic choreography between them is.
The corpus's earliest royal letter is Welles 1934 doc 2 (= OGIS 8 fragment IV; IG XII,2 526), Antigonus the One-Eyed to the council and people of Eresus on Lesbos, c. 306 BCE — after Demetrius' victory at Salamis when Antigonus first uses the royal title βασιλεύς. The letter shows the Hellenistic royal-letter formula already canonical: opening χαίρειν, embassy clause naming the envoys, motivation clause (royal goodwill), grant or decision clause, closing ἔρρωσθε. The same six slots will be visible in the Magnesia asylia dossier 100 years later, in the Roman imperial letters of Hadrian and others, and ultimately in the Byzantine chancery practice.
The Lykourgan-period Athenian ephebes decree of 332 BCE (RO 89 = IG II² 1156) and the Tegean ordinance executing Alexander's diagramma (RO 101 = IG V,2 6, 324/3 BCE) are transitional — both formally Athenian/Arcadian civic decrees, both responding to imperial-scale royal initiatives. The Tegean decree is especially instructive: it implements Alexander's universal exile-recall in local terms (houses, gardens, arbitration of disputes, oath of reconciliation excluding mnasikakia), showing how a Greek polis received and ratified a royal pronouncement.
The Magnesia asylia dossier (c. 208–205 BCE) — the corpus's only multi-witness Hellenistic edition — pairs the royal-letter half (Welles 31, Antiochus III) with the civic-decree half (the Cretan koinon decree Magnesia 40-41), both responding to Magnesia's campaign for asylia and recognition of its Artemis Leucophryene games. The two genres speak in different formal vocabularies but enact the same speech-act. The dossier is the matrix-hub's clearest demonstration that Hellenistic diplomacy was a cross-genre choreography, not a single-format affair.
Republican Roman senatus consulta + leges罗马共和期元老院决议与法律
The five Republican Roman editions span 147 years from the SC de Bacchanalibus of 7 October 186 BCE — the earliest preserved senatus consultum, on a bronze tablet from Tiriolo in Bruttium — to the SC de Plarasensibus et Aphrodisiensibus of 6 October 39 BCE, passed during the Second Triumvirate at the proposal of consuls Calvisius and Censorinus with both Marcus Antonius and the young Gaius Caesar (Octavian) backing the grant. Between these two SCs sit the Gracchan-era Lex repetundarum of 123 BCE (Crawford 1996 Roman Statutes Law 1), the late-Republican Tabula Heracleensis of c. 45 BCE (Crawford RS Law 24), and the SC de Asclepiade Clazomenio sociisque of 78 BCE — three editions that, with the Bacchanalibus, ground the Republican LEX and SC genres.
The genre split between LEX and SC is foundational. Per Crawford 1996 p. 16 (verbatim in the Lex repetundarum case study): "Roman statutes do not have a prescript in the sense of an explanatory preamble." The Republican LEX (Lex repetundarum, Tabula Heracleensis) opens directly with its operative clauses, often introduced by queiquomque + esto formulae characteristic of archaic Republican Latin. The SC (Bacchanalibus, Asclepiade, Plarasensibus) opens with its praescriptio: consular dating, provenance (typically in Palatio in templo), and the witness-list of senators present at the writing.
The SC de Asclepiade Clazomenio sociisque (CIL I² 588 = Sherk 1969 doc 22), 78 BCE, is the corpus's clearest bilingual case — preserved on a bronze tablet at Rome with parallel Latin and Greek translation columns. Three Greek captains (Asclepiades of Clazomenae, Polystratos, Menippos) had served Rome as ship-commanders; the SC grants them honors and confirms their citizen rights at home. The Greek translation mirrors the Latin SC formula word-for-word — ἔδοξεν τῇ συγκλήτῳ = placere senatui, περὶ ὧν λόγους ἐποιήσαντο = quod uerba fecit — establishing the Greek-translation SC convention that the Plarasensibus document of 39 BCE and the SC Calvisianum of c. 4 BCE will follow.
The SC de Plarasensibus (Reynolds 1982 Aphrodisias and Rome 8) marks the closing of the Republican period. Two months later in December 39 BCE, the Triumvirs' Concord at Brundisium fell apart; ten years later the Second Triumvirate ended at Actium; in 27 BCE Octavian became Augustus. The next edition in the corpus is the Edict of Augustus on the Venafrum aqueduct of 17–11 BCE — the opening edition of the Imperial layer.
The corpus's largest layer — thirty-one editions spanning two and a half centuries from Augustus to Philip the Arab. The Imperial Roman period in this corpus is bracketed by the Edict of Augustus on the Venafrum aqueduct (17–11 BC) at one end and the Aragua petition of AD 244–247 at the other. The 31 editions are not evenly distributed: they cluster around three historical moments — the Augustan and Tiberian foundation (Cyrene edicts, Fabius Maximus Asia-calendar letter, Decreta Pisana, the Germanicus-honours cluster: SC Germanici, CIL 6.31199, Lex Valeria Aurelia, Tabula Hebana, Drusus rogatio, SC de Pisone Patre); the Flavian-Antonine consolidation (Lex de imperio Vespasiani, Lex Irnitana, Hadrian to Aphrodisias, SC de Beguensis, Tabula Banasitana); and the late-imperial petition-and-rescript economy (saltus Burunitanus, Skaptopara, Aragua).
The Germanicus-honours cluster is the corpus's most fully reciprocally cross-linked sub-corpus: six editions edited from overlapping bronze witnesses respond to the death of Germanicus in October AD 19 and the trial of Cn. Calpurnius Piso in AD 20. Together they document how a Tiberian dynastic crisis was processed by the Roman state across three formal genres — senate-decree (SC Germanici, SCPP), bill-of-law / rogatio (Lex Valeria Aurelia, Drusus rogatio, Tabula Hebana), and municipal decree (Decreta Pisana) — with each genre using its own formula and the same dynastic content circulating between them.
The Lex Irnitana (AD 91), the corpus's Imperial-LEX anchor, is preserved on six of an original ten bronze tablets from Irni in Hispania Baetica. It demonstrates the genre's institutionalisation under Domitian: per-chapter rubric formulae, multi-emperor authority cascades ("according to an edict of the Emperor Vespasian Caesar Augustus or the Emperor Titus Caesar Vespasian Augustus or the Emperor Caesar Domitian Augustus"), procedural-power enumerations of municipal magistracies, monetary-cap clauses, the default-to-Roman-civil-law clause at Chapter 93, and a closing imperial letter from Domitian dated 10 April. The lex genre that began with the Gracchan extortion-court statute has by Domitian's reign become the standard instrument for civic charter-grants across the empire.
The late-imperial petition-and-rescript editions (saltus Burunitanus, AD 182; Skaptopara, AD 238; Aragua, AD 244–247) preserve the empire heard from below: tenant-farmers and villagers writing to emperors against requisitioning soldiers, exploitative procurators, and corrupt lessees. The petitions are answered in the imperial-rescript form: brief, formulaic, addressed to the petitioner's own community. The Constitutio Antoniniana of AD 212 sits in this layer too — Caracalla's grant of Roman citizenship to (almost) every free inhabitant of the empire — the latest text in the corpus and the legal-administrative culmination of the layer.
The typology of the instruments文书类型谱系
The corpus speaks in seven legal instruments. They differ in who issues them and with what authority — and that difference orders the whole collection, from a decree of the Senate to an enactment that remade the citizen body of the world.语料库以七类法律文书发声。它们的差别在于由谁颁布、凭何权威，而此一差别，统摄了整个文献集：自元老院之一纸决议，至重塑全世界公民团体之一道立法。
senatus consultum元老院决议3
A decree of the Roman Senate — the instrument with which the corpus opens, and the matrix of the whole genre.罗马元老院之决议，本语料库以之发端，亦为整个体例之母型。
A measure a magistrate puts to the popular assembly; once carried, a lex. Its largest form is the conferral of the imperial power itself.长官提交人民大会之议案，一经通过即为法律（lex）。其最宏大之形态，即元首权力本身之授予。
A decree of a council — the council of a colony or municipium, or, in the Tabula Esterzili, a provincial governor's own ruling given with his consilium.议事会之决议，即殖民地或自治市之议事会，或如埃斯特尔齐利铜表，行省总督偕其顾问团所作之裁断。
A proclamation made on the issuer's own authority — by the emperor, or, by delegated authority, a provincial governor or prefect.凭发布者自身权威所作之公告，出于元首，或经授权出于行省总督、长官。
A letter from the emperor to a community or an official — answering a particular correspondent, often a city's embassy.元首致某社群或官员之书信，答复一位具名之对象，常为某城邦之使团。
A written reply to a petition — preserved within a documentary dossier (Tabula Banasitana) or inscribed together with the petition that prompted it (Skaptopara, saltus Burunitanus, Aragua).对陈请之书面答复，或存于一份文献卷宗之中（巴纳萨铜板），或与引发它的请愿同刻一石（斯卡普托帕拉、布鲁尼塔皇庄、阿拉古阿）。
Forty-three editions arranged in four period-swimlanes — from the Eleans-Heraeans treaty of c. 500 BCE to the Aragua petition of AD 244–247. Click a swimlane label to filter the catalogue to that period.四十三部评注本依四个时期划分泳道：自约公元前 500 年之埃利斯–赫拉伊亚条约，至公元 244–247 年之阿拉瓜请愿。点击泳道标签可将目录筛选至该时期。
Classical古典期c. 500–323 BCE · Greek polis decrees希腊城邦法令 · 6 ed.
All 43 editions plotted: X = date (BCE → CE), Y = instrument-type. Dot color encodes period. Period bands are lightly shaded behind the dots. Hover a dot for the title; click to open the edition.将 43 部评注本绘制于散点图：X 轴为年代（自公元前至公元），Y 轴为文书体例。圆点颜色编码所属时期，背景浅色带为各时期范围。鼠标悬停查看标题，点击进入评注本。
Equirectangular projection of the Mediterranean basin with find-spots of 30 site-clusters covering 42 editions. Dot color encodes period. Click a dot to open the edition. Overlapping dots are slightly offset in a small cluster for clarity.地中海盆地之等矩形投影，标注 30 处遗址群之 42 部评注本之发现地。圆点颜色编码所属时期，点击进入评注本。重叠之点经小幅错位以便辨识。
Site coordinates approximated for legibility at this scale. Each edition's places[].pleiades identifier and the canonical inscriptionLD.pleiades_uri have been populated from a verified table (M-PLEIADES.1, 27 May 2026) cross-checked against the official Pleiades data dump (atlantides.org/downloads/pleiades/dumps/). To inspect a place record open the edition and follow its Pleiades link in the "place & copies" panel; remaining unmatched sites (e.g. Aragua in Phrygia, which has no Pleiades record) are noted in the project's records.为顾及辨识，地图上之坐标稍作近似。各评注本之 places[].pleiades 标识符与 inscriptionLD.pleiades_uri 已按经查证之总表（M-PLEIADES.1，2026 年 5 月 27 日）填补，并以 Pleiades 官方资料转储核对。如欲查阅某地点之 Pleiades 条目，请进入相关评注本，于"地点与拓本"栏中点选其 Pleiades 链接；未能匹配之地点（如 Phrygia 之 Aragua，Pleiades 中无对应条目）已在项目记录中标注。
Latin and Greek拉丁文与希腊文
The Roman state governed a bilingual empire, and the corpus is bilingual with it: fourteen Latin editions, eight Greek, and three — the Sotidius Strabo edict, the Skaptopara petition and the Aragua petition — inscribed in both. Stages 3, 5 and 6 hold both languages, and show the very same genres crossing the language frontier.罗马国家治理着一个双语帝国，语料库亦随之双语：拉丁文评注本十四部，希腊文八部，另有三部（索提狄乌斯·斯特拉波政令、斯卡普托帕拉请愿书与阿拉古阿请愿书）以两种语言同刻。第三、第五与第六阶段皆两种语言兼备，并展示同一批体例如何跨越语言之界。
An imperial edict opens, in Latin, with the issuer's titulature and the verb dicit; in Greek, with the titulature and légei — the same act, the same form, two languages. The Latin Venafrum aqueduct edict and the Greek Cyrene Edicts are the same instrument; so are the Latin letter of Vespasian to the Saborenses and the Greek Letter of Claudius to the Alexandrians. The Roman senatus consultum itself appears in Greek translation — as the sixth document of the Cyrene dossier, the senatus consultum Calvisianum. The corpus lets the reader watch one administrative culture work in its two tongues.元首之敕令，拉丁文以颁布者衔名与动词 dicit 起首；希腊文则以衔名与 légei 起首，同一行为、同一形式，两种语言。拉丁文之维纳夫鲁姆引水渠敕令与希腊文之昔兰尼敕令，乃同一类文书；拉丁文之维斯帕先致萨波拉人书与希腊文之克劳狄乌斯致亚历山大城人书，亦复如是。罗马之元老院决议本身亦以希腊文译本现身，即昔兰尼文献群之第六篇，《卡尔维西乌斯元老院决议》。语料库使读者得见一种行政文化如何以其两种语言运作。
The project began with a single inscription and ends with a corpus. The arc is worth following.本项目始于一方铭文，终于一个语料库。这道弧线值得追循。
Stage 1 was one document: the senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone patre, edited as a research-grade specimen and made the template for everything after. Stage 2 showed that the specimen was not unique — the SCPP belonged to a genre, the Roman honours-decree, and five further editions (the genre layer reads them together) revealed the senatus consultum, the lex and the decretum decurionum as one connected family.第一阶段只是一份文书：《克奈乌斯·皮索决议》，作为研究级范本加以校订，并成为此后一切之模板。第二阶段表明这一范本并非孤例，SCPP 属于一种体例，即罗马荣誉决议；另五部评注本（《体例层》将其合而读之）揭示出元老院决议、法律与市议会决议实为一个相互关联之家族。
Stage 3 widened the frame from the Senate to the emperor. Ten editions — six Latin, four Greek — set out the imperial pronouncement: the edict, the letter, the rescript, the constitutio, issued by emperors and, by delegated authority, by their governors and prefects. The genre crossed from Rome into the Greek East, and the corpus became bilingual. Stage 4 — this page — binds the twenty-eight editions into one searchable, cross-linked whole; Stages 5 and 6 carry the corpus into the provinces, with the edicts of the emperor's governors and the petitions of the communities they ruled.第三阶段将视野自元老院扩展至元首。十部评注本（拉丁文六部、希腊文四部）铺陈出元首文告：敕令、书信、批复、谕令，出于元首，亦经授权出于其总督与长官。此一体例自罗马跨入希腊化东方，语料库遂成双语。第四阶段（即本页）将二十八部评注本结为一个可检索、相互关联之整体；第五与第六阶段则将语料库引入行省，铺陈元首总督之政令，与其所治社群之请愿。
From one decree to the Roman world自一纸决议到罗马世界
The corpus opens, in AD 20, with the Senate condemning one man; at its heart stands the Constitutio Antoniniana of AD 212, making nearly every free person in the empire a Roman citizen; and it runs on to the petitions of the third-century provinces — the governed, at last, making themselves heard. Across that span lies the documentary record of how the Roman state actually spoke — how it honoured and condemned, taxed and exempted, answered petitions and proclaimed reforms, in Latin and in Greek, to a town in Baetica and to the whole inhabited world. Each edition stands on its own; read in this company, they are the corpus of Roman official documents.语料库以公元后20年元老院定一人之罪发端；其核心为公元后212年之《安东尼努斯敕令》，使帝国境内几乎每一自由人皆成罗马公民；复延及三世纪行省之请愿，受治者终得使其声为人所闻。在此跨度之间，是罗马国家究竟如何发声之文献记录，它如何褒奖与定罪、课税与豁免、答复陈请与颁布改革，以拉丁文、以希腊文，对一座贝提卡小镇、对整个有人居住之世界。每一部评注本皆可独立而存；置于此群中并读，它们便是罗马官方文书之语料库。