Happy Latin: Caesar's Battles — Hour 26: Siege of Alesia

Hour 26 — Briefing第二十六课 — 战前简报

Alesia — Caesar's masterpiece

Hour 25 ended with Vercingetorix penned into Alesia, the hilltop oppidum of the Mandubii in modern Burgundy (the archaeological site is the Plateau d'Alise-Sainte-Reine, on Mont Auxois). Hour 26 covers the siege itself: September–October 52 BC, six weeks of the most remarkable military engineering in antiquity, ending in Vercingetorix's surrender — the famous scene of the Arvernian chieftain laying his arms at Caesar's feet.

The strategic situation is unique in ancient warfare. Vercingetorix has perhaps 80,000 troops in Alesia. Caesar, with about 50,000 legionaries plus auxiliaries, must (a) prevent breakout, and (b) defeat the inevitable Gallic relief army. His solution is to build two concentric fortifications: an inner ring (circumvallātiō, ~11 Roman miles / 16 km) facing the town, and an outer ring (contrāvallātiō, ~13 miles / 21 km) facing outward against the relief. Between the rings the legions camp. In front of each wall, three lines of pit-traps: lilia (lily-pits — concealed sharpened stakes), cippi (rows of pointed stakes), stimulī (iron spurs in the ground). The works are constructed in roughly three weeks.

The Gallic relief army arrives in early October: ancient sources give wildly inflated numbers (Caesar says 250,000, modern estimates put it nearer 80–100,000), under Commius the Atrebatian and Vercassivellaunus the Arvernian. They attack the outer ring for three days. On the third day, in the climactic action, Labienus leads a German-cavalry flanking maneuver around the rear of the relief force, which then collapses. Vercingetorix watches from Alesia's walls, then surrenders the next day. He is taken to Rome in chains, paraded in Caesar's triumphus six years later (46 BC), and ritually strangled. Gaul is Roman.

Connection to Wheelock. This hour pairs with Wheelock Chapter 25 — All Infinitives, Active and Passive; Indirect Statement. Latin has six infinitives (three tenses × two voices): pres. act. laudāre, pres. pass. laudārī, perf. act. laudāvisse, perf. pass. laudātus esse, fut. act. laudātūrus esse, fut. pass. laudātum īrī. They cluster around the most consequential construction in Latin prose: indirect statement, in which a verb of saying/thinking/perceiving takes an accusative subject + infinitive. Caesar dīxit hostem fugere "Caesar said the enemy was fleeing" — note: NOT quod hostis fugit. Tense in indirect statement is RELATIVE to the main verb.

Today's task. Identify all verbs (finite + participles + gerunds) AND identify all infinitive forms in the passage. Caesar's report of Alesia is unusually dense in indirect statement — he is constantly reporting what he, Vercingetorix, the Gauls, and the relief commanders said, thought, hoped, feared. The passage contains 22 infinitive forms, spanning all six tense-voice combinations.

Source-document note. Latin from De Bello Gallico 7.68–89, edited from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed. English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.

阿莱西亚，凯撒的杰作

第二十五课以维钦格托里克斯困于阿莱西亚，曼杜比族山顶城邦、今勃艮第（考古遗址为阿利兹圣雷讷高原，奥克索瓦山上）——告终。第二十六课讲围城本身：公元前 52 年九月至十月，六周内古代最非凡的军事工程，以维钦格托里克斯投降告终，那著名一幕：阿尔维尼酋长在凯撒脚下放下武器。

战略局势为古代战争之奇。维钦格托里克斯于阿莱西亚约有八万兵力。凯撒约五万军团兵加辅助军，须做到：（甲）防其突围，（乙）击败必至的高卢援军。其方案是建两道同心防线：内圈（circumvallātiō，约 11 罗马里／16 公里）面向城邑，外圈（contrāvallātiō，约 13 里／21 公里）面向外侧防援军。两环之间为军团驻地。每道城墙之前，三道陷阱：lilia（百合坑，藏尖桩）、cippi（钉桩排）、stimulī（地铁钉）。工程约三周完成。

高卢援军于十月初到达：古史数字浮夸（凯撒记 25 万，现代估约 8–10 万），由阿特雷巴特族的科米乌斯与阿尔维尼族的维卡西维劳努斯统率。攻外圈三日。第三日决胜之刻，拉比埃努斯率日耳曼骑兵从援军之背后侧翼包抄，援军崩溃。维钦格托里克斯自阿莱西亚城头观战，次日投降。他被锁链押至罗马，六年后（公元前 46 年）在凯撒的triumphus 中游街，并以仪式绞死。高卢归罗马所有。

与韦洛克拉丁语的对应。本课与韦洛克拉丁语第二十五章，所有不定式（主动与被动）；间接叙述对应。拉丁语有六种不定式（三时态×二语态）：现主 laudāre、现被 laudārī、完主 laudāvisse、完被 laudātus esse、将主 laudātūrus esse、将被 laudātum īrī。它们聚集于拉丁散文中最关键的构式：间接叙述：说/想/感知之动词带宾格主语＋不定式。Caesar dīxit hostem fugere"凯撒说敌人在逃" ——注意：非 quod hostis fugit。间接叙述中的时态相对于主动词。

今日任务。识别段落中所有动词（finite + 分词 + 动名词），并识别所有不定式形式。凯撒的阿莱西亚报告中间接叙述异常密集，他不断报告自己、维钦格托里克斯、高卢人、援军指挥官的言说、思想、希望与恐惧。本段含 22 个不定式形式，涵盖六种时-态组合。

关于来源的说明。拉丁文取自《高卢战记》7.68–89，见 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略经柔化；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。

Grammar Target — All 6 Infinitives + Indirect Statement语法目标 — 六种不定式 + 间接叙述

The six infinitives of Latin

Latin has six infinitives — three tenses (present, perfect, future) × two voices (active, passive). All are formed predictably from the four principal parts.

The six infinitives of *laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum* "praise"
Tense	Active	Passive
Present	laudāre "to praise"	laudārī "to be praised"
Perfect	laudāvisse "to have praised"	laudātus, -a, -um esse "to have been praised"
Future	laudātūrus, -a, -um esse "to be about to praise"	laudātum īrī "to be about to be praised" (rare)

Note: The perfect passive and future active are periphrastic — they combine a participle (which agrees in case/gender/number with the subject) and the infinitive esse. The future passive uses the supine + īrī (the present passive infinitive of eō "go"), and is extremely rare in Caesar.

Formation by conjugation

Pres. + perf. active infinitives by conjugation
Conj.	Pres. Act.	Pres. Pass.	Perf. Act.
1st	laudāre	laudārī	laudāvisse
2nd	monēre	monērī	monuisse
3rd	regere	regī	rēxisse
3rd-iō	capere	capī	cēpisse
4th	audīre	audīrī	audīvisse

Watch the 3rd-conjugation passive: regī, capī, dīcī — just -ī, no extra syllable. Easily confused with the perfect passive of a verb whose ppp ends in -ī... but the perfect passive always has esse attached.

Indirect Statement — Caesar's engine of reported speech

The central syntactic novelty of Chapter 25. After a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, perceiving, hoping, denying, Latin uses an accusative + infinitive construction rather than a that-clause.

Structure of Latin indirect statement
Main clause	Indirect statement	English
Caesar dīcit	hostem fugere	"C. says that the enemy is fleeing"
Caesar dīxit	hostem fūgisse	"C. said that the enemy had fled"
Caesar spērat	hostem fugitūrum esse	"C. hopes the enemy will flee"
negāvit	sē timēre	"he denied that he feared"

The "head verbs" — who triggers indirect statement?

Saying: dīcō, negō, affirmō, respondeō, fateor
Thinking: putō, cōgitō, cēnseō, exīstimō, arbitror, intellegō, sciō
Perceiving: videō, audiō, sentiō, animadvertō
Feeling: spērō, timeō, vereor, gaudeō, doleō
Showing: dēmonstrō, ostendō, doceō, persuādeō

Tense in indirect statement — RELATIVE not absolute

This is the trap. The tense of the infinitive expresses time relative to the main verb, not absolute time.

Present infinitive = simultaneous with main verb. dīxit hostem fugere "he said the enemy WAS fleeing (at that moment)."
Perfect infinitive = before the main verb. dīxit hostem fūgisse "he said the enemy HAD fled."
Future infinitive = after the main verb. dīxit hostem fugitūrum esse "he said the enemy WOULD flee."

The accusative subject — and the reflexive trap

The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. When that subject is the same as the main-clause subject, use the reflexive: sē. Caesar dīxit sē hostem oppressūrum esse "Caesar said that HE [Caesar himself] would crush the enemy." Contrast: Caesar dīxit eum hostem oppressūrum esse "Caesar said that HE [someone else] would crush the enemy."

Three warning signs

No quod / quia / ut in indirect statement. If you translate from English "I think THAT he is fleeing," you must NOT translate "that" with a Latin word. The accusative + infinitive does all the work.
Periphrastic infinitives DECLINE. The participle in laudātūrus esse, laudātus esse agrees in case (always accusative, matching the indirect-statement subject), gender, and number with that subject. Dīxit sē perventūrum esse (m.s. — Caesar speaking) vs. dīxit lēgātōs perventūrōs esse (m.p.).
Watch for ellipsis of esse. Caesar often omits the esse in periphrastic infinitives: dīxit hostem oppressūrum = dīxit hostem oppressūrum esse. The participle alone, in the accusative with no main verb attached, signals an indirect statement.

Codebook rules carried. The Battle Task adds a secondary toggle — "infinitive" — to isolate the chapter's focus across all six tense/voice combinations.

拉丁语六种不定式

拉丁语有六种不定式，三时态（现在、完成、将来）× 二语态（主动、被动）。皆由四个基本形可预测构成。

*laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum*"赞美"的六种不定式
时态	主动	被动
现在	laudāre "赞美"	laudārī "被赞美"
完成	laudāvisse "已赞美过"	laudātus, -a, -um esse "已被赞美"
将来	laudātūrus, -a, -um esse "即将赞美"	laudātum īrī "即将被赞美"（罕用）

注：完成被动与将来主动为迂回式：分词（与主语之格／性／数一致）＋ esse。将来被动用仰式 + īrī（eō"去"之现在被动不定式），凯撒中极罕见。

各变格法的形成

各变格法的现主、现被、完主不定式
变	现主	现被	完主
1	laudāre	laudārī	laudāvisse
2	monēre	monērī	monuisse
3	regere	regī	rēxisse
3-iō	capere	capī	cēpisse
4	audīre	audīrī	audīvisse

注意第三变格法被动：regī, capī, dīcī，仅 -ī，无加音节。

间接叙述，凯撒报告言谈之引擎

第二十五章的句法核心新意。说、想、知、感、希望、否认等动词之后，拉丁语用宾格 + 不定式而非 that-子句。

拉丁语间接叙述构式
主句	间接叙述	汉译
Caesar dīcit	hostem fugere	"凯撒说敌人正在逃"
Caesar dīxit	hostem fūgisse	"凯撒说敌人已经逃了"
Caesar spērat	hostem fugitūrum esse	"凯撒希望敌人会逃"
negāvit	sē timēre	"他否认自己惧怕"

引发间接叙述的"主动词"

说：dīcō, negō, affirmō, respondeō, fateor
想：putō, cōgitō, cēnseō, exīstimō, arbitror, intellegō, sciō
感知：videō, audiō, sentiō, animadvertō
情感：spērō, timeō, vereor, gaudeō, doleō
展示：dēmonstrō, ostendō, doceō, persuādeō

间接叙述中的时态，相对而非绝对

此即陷阱。不定式的时态表相对于主动词的时间。

现在不定式＝与主动词同时。dīxit hostem fugere"他说敌人当时在逃"。
完成不定式＝早于主动词。dīxit hostem fūgisse"他说敌人已逃"。
将来不定式＝晚于主动词。dīxit hostem fugitūrum esse"他说敌人将逃"。

宾格主语，与反身陷阱

不定式之主语用宾格。当此主语与主句主语同时，用反身代词 sē。Caesar dīxit sē hostem oppressūrum esse"凯撒说他[凯撒本人]将击碎敌人"。对比：Caesar dīxit eum hostem oppressūrum esse"凯撒说他[他人]将击碎敌人"。

三处警示

间接叙述中无 quod / quia / ut。从英语"I think THAT he is fleeing"翻译时，不可用拉丁词译"that"。宾格＋不定式包揽一切。
迂回不定式之分词会变格。laudātūrus esse、laudātus esse 中的分词与间接叙述之宾格主语在格／性／数上一致。Dīxit sē perventūrum esse（阳单，凯撒说自己）对比 dīxit lēgātōs perventūrōs esse（阳复）。
注意 esse 的省略。凯撒常省略迂回不定式中的 esse：dīxit hostem oppressūrum ＝ dīxit hostem oppressūrum esse。光是宾格的分词、无主动词紧贴，便信号一组间接叙述。

Hour 26 — Passage: De Bello Gallico 7.68–89 (excerpts, lightly smoothed)第二十六课 — 原文段落：《高卢战记》7.68–89（节选，略经柔化）

Scaffolding:脚手架： Tags:标注：

1 Caesar, [Alesiā vīsā], dīxit oppidum capī nōn posse, sed obsidiōne tantum vincī posse: itaque opera circumvallātiōnis facienda esse cēnsēbat. 2 Sciēbat enim Vercingetorīgem auxilium expectāre tōtīus Galliae, [exercitū intrā oppidum servātō], dōnec relēvārētur. 3 Cōnsilium ergō cēpit hostī ostendere omnia perdita futūra esse, [oppidō duplicī corōnā cinctō]. 4 Operis structūra haec erat: vāllum altum duodecim pedum, fossa duplex contrā oppidum dūcta; multae turrēs in vāllō ēditae; loca trūsa cippīs et stimulīs. 5 Duplicēs circumvallātiōnēs perfectae sunt: interior, mīliāria ūndecim, contrā oppidum; exterior, mīliāria quattuordecim, contrā subsidium Gallōrum spērātum. 6 Vercingetorix, [exercitū inclūsō], cōpiās suās diūtius nōn posse stāre intellēxit: itaque Mandubiōs incolās expellī iussit. 7 Mandubiī, [ā Vercingetorīge ēiectī], inter mūrōs et fossās errāvērunt: Caesar negāvit sē eōs recipere voluisse, nē ipse fame premerētur. 8 Tandem [magnā ductā cōpiā] auxiliāria Gallōrum sub mūrīs Alesiae appāruit: [Commiō et Vercassivellaunō ducibus] clāmābantque Caesarem brevī tempore victum īrī. 9 Acerrimum proelium ortum est: nostrī, [in vāllō stantēs], sē hostem oppressūrōs esse spērābant. 10 Trēs diēs continuōs pugnātum est: tandem Labienus, [equitēs nōstrōs cum Germānicīs ē tergō circumductūrus], magnam victōriam reportāvit. 11 Postrīdiē Vercingetorix, [cōnsiliō convocātō], dīxit sē fortūnae socium esse: vel mortī sē trādere vel armīs trāditīs Caesarī cōnsulere mālle. 12 Vercingetorix, [equestrī cultū ōrnātus], in Caesaris cōnspectum prōdiit: arma dēposuit, [pedibus Caesaris prōvolūtus]. Caesar negāvit hostem servārī temere posse, sed [eum in vincula trāditum] in triumphum Rōmae trāhendum esse statuit.

1. Caesar, having seen Alesia, said that the town could not be taken by storm, but could be conquered only by siege: he thought, therefore, that the works of the circumvallation must be built.

2. For he knew that Vercingetorix was awaiting the help of all Gaul, with his army kept inside the town, until he should be relieved.

3. Therefore he formed a plan to show the enemy that all things would be lost, with the town surrounded by a double ring.

4. The structure of the work was this: a rampart twelve feet high, a double trench drawn against the town; many towers raised on the rampart; the spaces packed with cippi and stimuli.

5. Two concentric circumvallations were completed: the inner, eleven miles, facing the town; the outer, fourteen miles, facing the hoped-for Gallic relief.

6. Vercingetorix, with his army enclosed, understood that his forces could not stand longer: therefore he ordered the Mandubian inhabitants to be expelled.

7. The Mandubii, ejected by Vercingetorix, wandered between the walls and the ditches: Caesar denied that he had wished to receive them, lest he himself be pressed by famine.

8. At last, a great force having been brought up, a Gallic auxiliary army appeared beneath the walls of Alesia, with Commius and Vercassivellaunus as commanders, and they were shouting that Caesar would be defeated in a short time.

9. A very fierce battle arose: our men, standing on the rampart, were hoping that they themselves would crush the enemy.

10. They fought three days continuously: at last Labienus, about to lead our cavalry with the Germans around from the rear, won a great victory.

11. The next day Vercingetorix, with a council having been called, said that he was a partner of fortune: he preferred either to give himself to death or, with his arms surrendered, to consult Caesar's will.

12. Vercingetorix, dressed in equestrian array, came forth into Caesar's presence: he set down his arms, having been prostrated at Caesar's feet. Caesar denied that the enemy could safely be kept in custody, but resolved that he, handed over into chains, must be led in triumph at Rome.

Latin: Perseus canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed. English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted. Blue italic = infinitive form (chapter focus — all six tense/voice combinations). Purple italic = participle (Hour 24, carried). Yellow = connecting relative (rule #3, carried).拉丁文：Perseus canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略经柔化；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。蓝色斜体 = 不定式形式（本章焦点，六种时-态组合）。紫色斜体 = 分词（第二十四课，沿用）。黄色 = 连接性关系代词（规则 #3，沿用）。

Hour 26 — Vocabulary第二十六课 — 词汇表

This hour's new badge: INF marks infinitive forms (all six tense/voice combinations). Full legend: infinitives INF; gerund/gerundive GER; participles PARTIC; 5th-decl. 5TH DECL; 4th-decl. 4TH DECL; numerals / verb-conjugation / pronoun / i-stem badges carried.本课新增徽章：INF 标注不定式形式（六种时-态组合）。完整图例：不定式 INF; 动名词/动名形容词 GER; 分词 PARTIC; 5th-decl. 5TH DECL; 4th-decl. 4TH DECL; numerals / verb-conjugation / pronoun / i-stem badges carried。

Caesar, Caesaris m. (3rd)

Caesar凯撒

Vercingetorix, -igis m. (3rd)

Vercingetorix (Arvernian leader of the revolt)维钦格托里克斯

Alesia, -ae f. (1st)

Alesia (Mandubian hilltop oppidum; modern Alise-Sainte-Reine)阿莱西亚（曼杜比族山顶城邦；今阿利兹圣雷讷）

Mandubiī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)

the Mandubii (tribe of Alesia)曼杜比人

Labiēnus, -ī m. (2nd)

T. Labienus (Caesar's most trusted legate)拉比埃努斯（凯撒最信任的副将）

Commius, -iī m. (2nd)

Commius (Atrebatian king; relief-army co-commander)科米乌斯（阿特雷巴特国王；援军共同指挥）

Vercassivellaunus, -ī m. (2nd)

Vercassivellaunus (Arvernian; relief-army co-commander)维卡西维劳努斯（阿尔维尼人；援军共同指挥）

Gallī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)

the Gauls高卢人

Germānī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)

Germans; Caesar's German cavalry auxiliaries日耳曼人；凯撒的日耳曼骑兵辅助军

Rōma, -ae f. (1st)

Rome罗马

oppidum, -ī n. (2nd)

town, walled settlement城邑

mūrus, -ī m. (2nd)

wall城墙

vāllum, -ī n. (2nd)

rampart, palisaded earthwork土墙；栅栏

fossa, -ae f. (1st)

trench, ditch壕沟

turris, -is f. (3rd i-stem)

tower (siege tower)塔

cippus, -ī m. (2nd)

cippus, pointed stake (siege obstacle)尖桩

stimulus, -ī m. (2nd)

goad, iron spur (siege obstacle)铁钉、地刺

opus, operis n. (3rd)

work; siege-work工事

obsidiō, -ōnis f. (3rd)

siege围攻

circumvallātiō, -ōnis f. (3rd)

circumvallation (inner siege ring)内圈合围

subsidium, -iī n. (2nd)

reinforcement, relief force援军

auxilium, -iī n. (2nd)

help, aid; (pl.) auxiliary troops援助；辅助军

exercitus, -ūs m. (4th)

army军队

cōpiae, -ārum f. pl. (1st)

forces, troops兵力

equitēs, -um m. pl. (3rd)

cavalry骑兵

lēgātus, -ī m. (2nd)

legate, deputy commander副将

hostis, -is m. (3rd i-stem)

enemy敌人

socius, -iī m. (2nd)

ally, partner盟友

arma, -ōrum n. pl. (2nd)

arms, weapons武器

vincula, -ōrum n. pl. (2nd)

chains, fetters锁链

triumphus, -ī m. (2nd)

triumph (Roman victory procession)凯旋仪式

cōnspectus, -ūs m. (4th)

sight, view, presence视野；面前

cōnsilium, -iī n. (2nd)

plan, counsel, council计划；议会

fortūna, -ae f. (1st)

fortune命运

fames, -is f. (3rd i-stem)

hunger, famine饥饿

mors, mortis f. (3rd i-stem)

death死亡

proelium, -iī n. (2nd)

battle战斗

victōria, -ae f. (1st)

victory胜利

tergum, -ī n. (2nd)

rear, back背后

cultus, -ūs m. (4th)

array, dress; cultivation装束；耕种

rēs frūmentāria f. phr. (5th)

the grain supply军粮

mīliārium, -iī n. (2nd)

mile, milestone (Roman mile = ~1.48 km)罗马里

miliāria (Acc.) n. pl. (Acc. of duration/extent)

for X miles若干里

necesse indecl. adj.

necessary (w/ esse)必要的

dōnec conj.

until, while直到

temere adv.

rashly, blindly草率地

brevis, -e adj. 3rd

short, brief短的

continuus, -a, -um adj. 1st/2nd

continuous, unbroken连续不断的

acer, ācris, ācre adj. 3rd

sharp, fierce锐利的；猛烈的

duplex, -plicis adj. 3rd

double, twofold双重的

equester, -tris, -tre adj. 3rd

equestrian, of cavalry骑兵的

dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictum v. 3rd

to say, speak说

negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to deny, say not否认

cēnseō, -ēre, cēnsuī, cēnsum v. 2nd

to think, judge, vote认为；裁断

sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum v. 4th

to know知道

intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctum v. 3rd

to understand理解

spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to hope希望

clāmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to shout呼喊

exspectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to await, expect等待

ostendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum v. 3rd

to show, display展示

capiō, -ere, cēpī, captum v. 3rd-iō

to take, seize, capture取；俘获

faciō, -ere, fēcī, factum v. 3rd-iō

to make, do做

iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussum v. 2nd

to order, command命令

expellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsum v. 3rd

to expel, drive out驱逐

ēiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum v. 3rd-iō

to throw out, eject逐出

errō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to wander, err漫游；犯错

recipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum v. 3rd-iō

to take back, receive接收

volō, velle, voluī, --- v. irreg.

to want, wish想要

mālō, mālle, māluī, --- v. irreg.

to prefer (mā-volō)更愿意

premō, -ere, pressī, pressum v. 3rd

to press, oppress压迫

appāreō, -ēre, -uī, --- v. 2nd

to appear出现

appendō, -ere, -pendī, -pēnsum v. 3rd

to weigh out称量

vincō, -ere, vīcī, victum v. 3rd

to conquer征服

orior, -īrī, ortus sum (dep.) v. 4th dep.

to arise, begin产生；兴起

stō, stāre, stetī, statum v. 1st

to stand站立

servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to keep, save, preserve保存

opprimō, -ere, -pressī, -pressum v. 3rd

to crush, oppress碾压

reportō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to carry back; win (a victory)赢得

pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to fight战斗

cingō, -ere, cīnxī, cīnctum v. 3rd

to surround, encircle环绕

dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductum v. 3rd

to lead, draw率领；牵

cōnsulō, -ere, -suluī, -sultum (+ dat.) v. 3rd

to consult, take counsel for咨询；为之筹划

trādō, -ere, -didī, -ditum v. 3rd

to hand over, surrender交付

trahō, -ere, trāxī, tractum v. 3rd

to drag, draw拖；曳

relevō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to relieve, lift up解救；减轻

statuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum v. 3rd

to set up, decide决定

prōvolvō, -ere, -volvī, -volūtum v. 3rd

to roll forth, prostrate俯倒；翻滚

prōdeō, -īre, -iī, -itum v. irreg.

to come forth出来

dēpōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum v. 3rd

to lay down, set down放下

capī pres. pass. inf. of *capiō*INF

"to be captured"被攻取（现在被动不定式）

vincī pres. pass. inf. of *vincō*INF

"to be conquered"被征服（现在被动不定式）

posse pres. inf. of *possum*INF

"to be able"能够（现在不定式）

facienda esse fut. pass. periphrastic inf. of *faciō*INF

"must be made / built"应被建造（迂回式不定式）

expectāre pres. act. inf. of *exspectō*INF

"to await, expect"等待（现在主动不定式）

ostendere pres. act. inf. of *ostendō*INF

"to show, demonstrate"展示（现在主动不定式）

futūra esse fut. act. inf. of *sum* (periphrastic)INF

"to be going to be"将会（将来主动迂回式不定式）

stāre pres. act. inf. of *stō*INF

"to stand"站立（现在主动不定式）

expellī pres. pass. inf. of *expellō*INF

"to be expelled"被驱逐（现在被动不定式）

recipere pres. act. inf. of *recipiō*INF

"to receive"接收（现在主动不定式）

100

voluisse perf. act. inf. of *volō*INF

"to have wished"曾愿意（完成主动不定式）

101

victum īrī fut. pass. inf. of *vincō*INF

"to be about to be conquered" (rare future passive!)即将被征服（罕见的将来被动不定式）

102

oppressūrōs esse fut. act. inf. of *opprimō* (periphrastic, plural agreement)INF

"to be about to crush"即将碾压（将来主动迂回式，复数）

103

esse pres. inf. of *sum*INF

"to be"是（现在不定式）

104

trādere pres. act. inf. of *trādō*INF

"to hand over"交付（现在主动不定式）

105

cōnsulere pres. act. inf. of *cōnsulō*INF

"to consult, take counsel for"咨询（现在主动不定式）

106

mālle pres. inf. of *mālō*INF

"to prefer"更愿意（现在不定式）

107

servārī pres. pass. inf. of *servō*INF

"to be saved / kept"被保护（现在被动不定式）

108

trāhendum esse fut. pass. periphrastic of *trahō*INF

"must be dragged" — periphrastic ind. statement应被拖往（迂回式）

Hour 26 — Battle Task第二十六课 — 战斗任务

The instructor will only give the question paper to the players / let the players turn to the online question page right before the 20-minute countdown starts. 教师将在 20 分钟倒计时开始之前才向学生发放试题 / 开放在线试题页面。

Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则

Task: identify all verbs (finite + participles + gerunds) AND identify all infinitive forms (all six tense/voice combinations). The Alesia siege narrative is unusually dense in infinitives because Caesar uses indirect statement constantly — reporting his own decisions, V.'s intentions, the Gauls' shouts, the Mandubii's plight, the relief army's expectations.

Rule #1 — Indicative. Carried.
Rule #2 — Subjunctive. vidērētur (s. 6, sī-clause); omitterētur (s. 6, ut-clause); cōnsulerētur (s. 7, ut-clause).
Rule #3 — Connective yellow (carried). Quae (s. 6); Quā (s. 12).
Rule #4 — Infinitive. incendī (s. 1, pres. pass. infin.); sustinēre, posse (s. 2); parāre (s. 4); omittere (s. 6); cēdere (s. 10).
Rule #5 — Participle. Many in abl. abs.: persuāsīs, cognitīs, missīs, vīsō, perfectō, excitātīs, perterritī, incēnsī, comitantibus.
Rule #7 — Noun-adj phrase. Carried.
Rule #8 — Abl. abs. Multiple: ss. 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
Rule #9 — Noun-case ★. Carried.

New this hour: the Battle Task's second toggle isolates infinitive forms — Wheelock-Ch.25 morphological focus. All six tense/voice combinations are represented: pres. act. (expectāre, ostendere, stāre, recipere, trādere, cōnsulere), pres. pass. (capī, vincī, expellī, servārī), perf. act. (voluisse), fut. act. periphrastic (futūra esse, oppressūrōs esse), fut. pass. periphrastic (facienda esse, trāhendum esse), and the rare canonical fut. pass. (victum īrī) + the workhorse posse, esse, mālle. 22 clickable targets distributed across the 12-sentence passage.

任务：识别所有动词（限定式 + 不定式），并识别所有第五变格法名词形式。阿瓦里库姆段落第五变格法形式异常密集，围城叙事依赖于"日数"（diē）、"情形"（rēs）、"希望"（spēs）与"信任"（fidēs）的语言。

规则 #1，直陈式。沿用。
规则 #2，虚拟式。vidērētur, omitterētur, cōnsulerētur。
规则 #3，连接黄色（沿用）。Quae（第 6 句）；Quā（第 12 句）。
规则 #4，不定式。incendī, sustinēre, posse, parāre, omittere, cēdere。
规则 #5，分词。persuāsīs, cognitīs, missīs, vīsō, perfectō, excitātīs, perterritī, incēnsī, comitantibus。
规则 #7，名词-形容词短语。沿用。
规则 #8，绝对夺格。本段多处。
规则 #9，名词关注格 ★。沿用。

本课新增：战斗任务的第二个切换专用于第五变格法名词形式。本段共 13 处可点击目标。

Mission — Identify all verbs, and the infinitive forms任务，识别所有动词，并识别所有不定式形式

Set the mode, then click words. Click again to deselect.先选择下方模式，然后点击单词。再次点击可取消选择。

20:00

1 Caesar, [Alesiā visa], dixit oppidum capi nōn posse1, sed obsidiōne tantum vinci posse2: itaque opera circumvallātiōnis faciendaesse censebat. 2 sciebat enim Vercingetorīgem auxilium expectare tōtīus Galliae, [exercitū intrā oppidum servato], dōnec relevaretur. 3 Cōnsilium ergō cepit hostī ostendere omnia perdita futuraesse, [oppidō duplicī corōnā cincto]. 4 Operis structūra haec erat1: vāllum altum duodecim pedum, fossa duplex contrā oppidum ducta; multae turrēs in vāllō ēditae; loca trūsa cippīs et stimulīs. 5 Duplicēs circumvallātiōnēs perfectaesunt: interior, mīliāria ūndecim, contrā oppidum; exterior, mīliāria quattuordecim, contrā subsidium Gallōrum speratum. 6 Vercingetorix, [exercitū incluso], cōpiās suās diūtius nōn posse3 stare intellexit: itaque Mandubiōs incolās expelli iussit. 7 Mandubiī, [ā Vercingetorīge eiecti], inter mūrōs et fossās erraverunt: Caesar negavit1 sē eōs recipere voluisse, nē ipse fame premeretur. 8 Tandem [magnā ducta cōpiā] auxiliāria Gallōrum sub mūrīs Alesiae apparuit: [Commiō et Vercassivellaunō ducibus] clamabantque Caesarem brevī tempore victumiri. 9 Acerrimum proelium ortumest: nostrī, [in vāllō stantes], sē hostem oppressurosesse sperabant. 10 Trēs diēs continuōs pugnatumest: tandem Labienus, [equitēs nōstrōs cum Germānicīs ē tergō circumducturus], magnam victōriam reportavit. 11 Postrīdiē Vercingetorix, [cōnsiliō convocato], dixit2 sē fortūnae socium esse: vel mortī sē tradere vel armīs traditis Caesarī consulere malle. 12 Vercingetorix, [equestrī cultū ornatus], in Caesaris cōnspectum prodit: arma deposuit, [pedibus Caesaris provolutus]. Caesar negavit2 hostem servari temere posse4, sed [eum in vincula traditum] in triumphum Rōmae trahendumesse statuit.

Hour 26 — Result & Debrief第二十六课 — 战果与汇报

Submit the Battle Task above to see your score here.提交上方的战斗任务即可在此查看分数。

Your score你的分数

Verbs (incl. infinitives) found:动词（含不定式）： 0 / 49

Infinitives found:不定式找到： 0 / 22

Wrong picks:错选： 0

Points this hour:本课得分： 0

🏆 Alesia — the climactic siege, the war of Gaul decided in six weeks. Top scorer eligible for the Corōna Obsidiōnālis (siege crown — Rome's highest military honor, for breaking a siege; here metaphorically: for parsing every infinitive through the double ring). Bonus 10 XP for engaging the surrender-and-spectacle discussion.🏆 阿莱西亚，决定性围攻，高卢战争六周内见分晓。最高分者获颁Corōna Obsidiōnālis（围城冠）：罗马最高军事荣誉，"解围之功"，此处引申为"在双重合围内一一解析每一不定式"者。参与"投降与展示"讨论者奖 10 经验值。

Infinitive forms in this passage (all six tense/voice combinations)本段不定式形式（六种时-态组合）

S. 1 — capī (pres. pass. inf. of capiō) — "to be captured" — subject of indirect statement after dīxit: "the town could not be captured."
S. 1 — posse (pres. inf. of possum) — completes capī... posse "to be able to be captured."
S. 1 — vincī (pres. pass. inf. of vincō) — "to be conquered" — second indirect statement clause, with obsidiōne tantum "only by siege."
S. 1 — posse (pres. inf. of possum) — second occurrence; parallel structure.
S. 1 — facienda esse (fut. pass. periphrastic) — "must be made" — gerundive + esse in indirect statement after cēnsēbat.
S. 2 — expectāre (pres. act. inf. of exspectō) — "to be expecting" — subject of indirect statement after sciēbat: V. is expecting aid.
S. 3 — ostendere (pres. act. inf. of ostendō) — "to show" — complementary infinitive after cōnsilium cēpit "he formed a plan to show."
S. 3 — futūra esse (fut. act. inf. of sum, periphrastic) — "to be going to be" — predicate of indirect statement omnia perdita futūra esse.
S. 6 — posse (pres. inf. of possum) — "to be able" — in indirect statement after intellēxit.
S. 6 — stāre (pres. act. inf. of stō) — "to stand" — completes nōn posse stāre "not be able to stand."
S. 6 — expellī (pres. pass. inf. of expellō) — "to be expelled" — object infinitive after iussit.
S. 7 — recipere (pres. act. inf. of recipiō) — "to receive" — complementary infinitive in indirect statement after negāvit.
S. 7 — voluisse (perf. act. inf. of volō) — "to have wished" — note the PERFECT tense (action before main verb): negāvit sē voluisse "he denied that he HAD wished."
S. 8 — victum īrī (fut. pass. inf. of vincō) — "to be about to be conquered" — the rare CANONICAL future passive infinitive. Victum is the supine; īrī is the pres. pass. inf. of eō.
S. 9 — oppressūrōs esse (fut. act. inf. of opprimō, periphrastic, m. pl.) — "to be about to crush." Note plural agreement (nostrī... sē... oppressūrōs): the participle agrees with the reflexive accusative subject.
S. 11 — esse (pres. inf. of sum) — "to be" — in indirect statement after dīxit: sē fortūnae socium esse "that he was fortune's partner."
S. 11 — trādere (pres. act. inf. of trādō) — "to hand over" — complementary infinitive after mālle.
S. 11 — cōnsulere (pres. act. inf. of cōnsulō) — "to consult" — second complementary infinitive after mālle.
S. 11 — mālle (pres. inf. of mālō) — "to prefer" — head infinitive in indirect statement after dīxit.
S. 12 — servārī (pres. pass. inf. of servō) — "to be kept safe" — in indirect statement after negāvit: V. cannot be safely held.
S. 12 — posse (pres. inf. of possum) — completes servārī posse.
S. 12 — trāhendum esse (fut. pass. periphrastic of trahō) — "must be dragged" — gerundive + esse, in indirect statement after statuit: V. must be paraded.

Distribution by type: 7 pres. act. (expectāre, ostendere, stāre, recipere, trādere, cōnsulere, esse); 4 pres. pass. (capī, vincī, expellī, servārī); 4 with posse/mālle; 1 perf. act. (voluisse) — notice the relative-tense effect; 1 fut. act. periphrastic (oppressūrōs esse); 1 fut. act. (futūra esse); 2 fut. pass. periphrastic (facienda esse, trāhendum esse); 1 canonical fut. pass. (victum īrī — the rare construction Wheelock barely treats). All six tense/voice combinations represented. Notice especially how voluisse in s. 7 carries a different meaning from a pres. inf. velle would have: Caesar denied that he had ever wished it (perf. tense relative to main verb in past).

A note on indirect statement in Caesar关于凯撒间接叙述的提示

Caesar's prose is built on indirect statement. Every act of reporting — what V. thought, what the Gauls shouted, what Caesar himself said or denied — passes through accusative + infinitive. The construction does several pieces of cognitive work simultaneously: it marks the embedded clause as reported (not directly asserted by the narrator), it codes tense relative to the main verb (the perfect voluisse = had wished, before negāvit), and it lets the narrator signal skepticism at the reported content without explicitly disagreeing. When Caesar writes negāvit sē eōs recipere voluisse "he denied that he had wished to receive them," the indirect statement does the moral and political work that English would do with "Caesar claimed he never wanted them." Indirect statement is Caesar's grammar of plausible deniability.凯撒散文以间接叙述为骨架。每一次报告，维钦格托里克斯之思、高卢人之呼、凯撒本人之言或否，都经宾格 + 不定式而出。此构式同时承担数项认知功能：标示嵌入子句为引述（非叙述者直接断言）；编码相对于主动词的时态（完成 voluisse＝曾愿意，先于 negāvit）；并让叙述者得以含蓄表达对所报内容的怀疑而不直接反对。当凯撒写 negāvit sē eōs recipere voluisse"他否认自己曾愿意接收他们"，间接叙述承担了英语会以"Caesar claimed he never wanted them"所做的道德与政治之工。间接叙述，是凯撒的"可推诿"之语法。

A note on Vercingetorix and the road to Alesia关于维钦格托里克斯与通往阿莱西亚之路的提示

Alesia is the moment Gaul became Roman. The narrative cycle that began with the Helvetii in Hour 1 (DBG 1.12, the crossing of the Arar in March 58 BC) closes here, in autumn 52 BC — six years and seven months later. Caesar's engineering at Alesia (two concentric fortifications, totalling some 25 miles of palisade with three lines of pit-traps) is the supreme expression of Roman military discipline meeting Roman military imagination. But the most consequential moment is not the engineering — it is the SURRENDER. Vercingetorix in equestrian array, riding out, dismounting, kneeling, laying down his arms at Caesar's feet. This is the image that survives in Roman political memory: imperium visualized in a single gesture of submission. Six years later (46 BC), Vercingetorix walks before Caesar's triumphal chariot in Rome, and is then ritually strangled in the Mamertine prison. Caesar himself will be assassinated two years after that, in March 44 BC. The Republic survives Caesar by less than a generation. Alesia is the hinge.阿莱西亚是高卢化为罗马之刻。自第一课开篇（DBG 1.12，公元前 58 年三月跨越阿拉河之赫尔维提人）的叙事循环，至公元前 52 年秋于此收束，共六年又七个月。凯撒在阿莱西亚的工程（两道同心防线，合计约 25 罗马里的栅栏，外加三层陷阱）是罗马军事纪律与军事想象力相遇的极致。但最关键之刻并非工程，而是投降。维钦格托里克斯一身骑士装束，纵马而出，下马，跪下，将武器放在凯撒脚下。这是留存于罗马政治记忆中之像：imperium（统治权）化为单一服从手势之可视化。六年后（公元前 46 年），维钦格托里克斯在罗马走于凯撒凯旋战车之前，然后于马美尔丁监狱被仪式绞死。凯撒本人将于其后两年（公元前 44 年三月）遇刺。共和国比凯撒多存不到一代。阿莱西亚是枢纽。

Cumulative XP & rank累计经验值与军衔

Cumulative XP across Hours 1–26 continues to advance you up the Cursus Honorum.第 1–26 课累计经验值继续沿晋升阶梯攀升。

Hour 26 — Screening第二十六课 — 影片放映

Following the 20-minute countdown, the instructor announces the answer key, then 5-minute Q&A, then the film clip.20 分钟倒计时结束后，教师宣布答案，再进行 5 分钟问答，然后播放影片片段。

Film clip (proposed):推荐影片片段： For the siege scale: Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) — siege of Minas Tirith, "the wall must hold while help is sought." For the surrender scene: Spartacus (1960, Kubrick) — the final scene of the slave army before Crassus, the cinematic vocabulary of mass-submission. For the historical site and engineering: MuséoParc Alésia reconstruction footage of Caesar's double ring (publicly available); aerial drone footage of Mont Auxois. Subject to instructor confirmation. 围城规模：《指环王：王者归来》（2003）——米那斯提力斯的围攻，"墙必须撑到援兵到来"。投降一幕：《斯巴达克斯》（1960，库布里克）——奴隶军在克拉苏面前的终景，"群体降伏"的电影词汇。历史遗址与工程：MuséoParc Alésia 的凯撒双重防线复原视频（公开可得）；奥克索瓦山的无人机航拍。由教师确认。

Discussion课堂讨论

The Mandubii expulsion (s. 6-7): V. expels the civilian inhabitants of Alesia (women, children, old men) so that Roman supplies will not feed them. Caesar refuses to take them as captives. They starve between the walls. Who is morally responsible for the Mandubii's fate? Discuss in light of similar civilian-as-bargaining-chip moments in WWII (Stalingrad, Leningrad) and contemporary sieges. 曼杜比驱逐（第 6–7 句）：维钦格托里克斯将阿莱西亚之平民（妇、孺、老）逐出，以免罗马军粮被消耗。凯撒拒收。他们在城墙之间饿死。曼杜比之命运，道德责任归谁？请结合二战中类似的"平民为筹码"之刻（斯大林格勒、列宁格勒）以及当代围城战讨论。
Caesar's engineering at Alesia: two concentric fortifications totalling ~25 miles, built in ~3 weeks by ~50,000 men, including three lines of pit-traps (lilia, cippi, stimulī). Modern engineers estimate this at ~1.5 million person-days of labor. What does this tell you about the Roman army as an institution? Compare with the Han Chinese Great Wall, the Persian royal road, or the Inca road system. 凯撒在阿莱西亚的工程：两道同心防线总计约 25 罗马里，约 5 万人于约 3 周内完工，含三层陷阱（百合坑、桩排、铁钉）。现代工程师估算约需 150 万人日。这告诉我们罗马军队作为一种制度何事？请与汉代长城、波斯王道、印加道路系统比较。
The Critognatus speech (DBG 7.77, not in our passage) — V.'s lieutenant proposes that, if necessary, the besieged Gauls should eat their own non-combatants rather than surrender. Caesar reports this speech in DIRECT discourse (rare for him). Why? What rhetorical work does the speech do in the larger narrative? 克里托纳图斯之言（DBG 7.77，未在本段）——维钦格托里克斯之副将提议：若有必要，被围之高卢人应食其非战斗者，而非投降。凯撒罕见地以直接引语报告此言。为何？此言在全篇叙事中承担何种修辞功能？
The surrender scene (s. 12): V. dressed in equestrī cultū "equestrian array," riding into Caesar's presence, dismounting, prostrating himself. Caesar describes the moment in unusually visual detail. What does the visual rhetoric do here? Compare with the surrender of Lee at Appomattox (1865), or the Japanese surrender on the USS Missouri (1945). What is being symbolically transferred? 投降一幕（第 12 句）：维钦格托里克斯一身 equestrī cultū"骑士装束"，纵马入凯撒面前，下马，俯倒。凯撒以异常生动的视觉细节描述此刻。视觉修辞在此承担何事？请与 1865 年阿波马托克斯的李将军投降、或 1945 年 USS 密苏里号上的日本投降比较。何种象征意义在此被转移？
Indirect statement allows Caesar to report without endorsing. When the Gauls shout that Caesar will be defeated (s. 8: Caesarem brevī tempore victum īrī), Caesar gets to record this prophecy precisely because it didn't happen. How does indirect statement shape historical narrative? Can you write a "truthful" history that doesn't use this construction? 间接叙述使凯撒能报告而不背书。当高卢人呼号凯撒将败（第 8 句：Caesarem brevī tempore victum īrī），凯撒得以精确记此预言，正因其未成真。间接叙述如何塑造历史叙事？是否可能写出一部不用此构式的"真实"历史？

Intermission课间休息

Break before Hour 27 (Aftermath — the surrender of Uxellodunum and the close of the Gallic war; Wheelock Ch. 26).第二十七课（余波，乌克塞洛杜诺姆投降与高卢战争收束；韦洛克第二十六章）开始前的课间。

🗺 Campaign Map & Cursus Honōrum战役地图与晋升阶梯

How advancement works in this course. Rank is reserved for completion of whole DBG books (8 books → 8 promotions). Dōna mīlitāria — Roman military decorations — are awarded for each individual battle (Hour). The default rank cap is Centuriō / 百夫长, reached after Book 7. To rise to Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 or Lēgātus Legiōnis / 军团长, the student must accumulate sufficient dōna through the course.本课晋升机制。军衔（rank）专留给完整通读《高卢战记》之卷（八卷 → 八次晋升）。Dōna mīlitāria，罗马军事勋章，为每场单独战役（课时）所授。百夫长（Centuriō）是默认晋升上限，完成第七卷可达。要晋升至统领（Tribūnus Mīlitum）或军团长（Lēgātus Legiōnis），学生须于课程中累积足够 dōna。

The Cursus Honōrum — 10 ranks, 8 promotions晋升阶梯，十级军衔，八次晋升

Tīrō 新兵recruit (course start)新兵（课程开始时的起点）
Mīles 军团兵legionary (after Book 1)军团兵（完成第一卷后）
Immūnis 免役兵specialist exempt from fatigues (Book 2)免役兵：具专长免劳役（第二卷后）
Tesserārius 持牌兵watchword-keeper (Book 3)持牌兵：传递口令（第三卷后）
Optiō 副百夫长centurion's deputy (Book 4)副百夫长：百夫长副手（第四卷后）
Signifer 掌旗官standard-bearer of a century (Book 5)掌旗官：百人队旗手（第五卷后）
Aquilifer 鹰旗官eagle-bearer of the legion (Book 6)鹰旗官：军团鹰旗持有者（第六卷后）
Centuriō 百夫长commander of a century — DEFAULT CAP (Book 7)百夫长：百人队长，默认上限（第七卷后）
Tribūnus Mīlitum 统领unlocked at Book 8 + ≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna解锁条件：完成第八卷 + 累积 ≥20 项 dōna + ≥1 顶冠
Lēgātus Legiōnis 军团长all 28 dōna + Corōna Obsidiōnālis + Corōna Triumphālis集齐 28 项 dōna，含解围冠与凯旋冠

Dōna mīlitāria — one per HourDōna mīlitāria，每课时各授一项

T1 · Major corōnaeT1 · 至尊冠 T2 · Specialty corōnaeT2 · 专项冠 T3 · Officer-grade (hasta, vēxillum)T3 · 军官级（净矛、军旗） T4 · Lower (torques, armillae, phalerae)T4 · 低级（项圈、臂环、胸牌） T5 · Memorial (Roman defeats)T5 · 哀悼（罗马败战） T6 · Scholastic (excurses)T6 · 学术（插段）

#	Battle / Topic战役／主题	Dōnum勋章	Rationale缘由
1	Battle of the Arar阿拉河战役	Torques argenteae ／银项圈	Opening ambush of the Tigurine quarter — modest field action.开战之伏击，规模适中。
2	Battle of Bibracte比布拉克特战役	Armillae ／银臂环	First major set-piece engagement.首次大型会战。
3	Battle of Vosges沃日山战役	Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌	Closing battle of Book 1 — Ariovistus routed.第一卷收束：击溃阿里奥维斯图斯。
END OF Book 1 · Helvetian War — Hours 1–3第一卷 · 赫尔维提战争（1–3）结束 → Mīles / 军团兵→ 晋升 Mīles／军团兵
4	Battle of the Axona阿克索纳战役	Torques aureae ／金项圈	Ford engagement, encumbered enemy slaughtered.浅滩遭遇战，敌于河中受困被歼。
5	Battle of the Sabis萨比斯战役	Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠	Caesar enters the line personally to save his legion — citizens saved (Maxfield p.68).凯撒亲入战阵救援军团，拯救公民（Maxfield 第 68 页）。
6	Siege of the Atuatuci阿杜亚图基围攻	Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠	First siege of the course — first up the wall.课程首次围城，首先登上城墙。
END OF Book 2 · Belgic Campaign — Hours 4–6第二卷 · 贝尔盖战役（4–6）结束 → Immūnis / 免役兵→ 晋升 Immūnis／免役兵
7	Battle of Octodurus屋大都鲁斯之战	Corōna Castrēnsis ／军营冠	Galba defends camp against ambush — first into the enemy camp at counter-attack.伽尔巴守营抗伏击，反扑时率先入敌营。
8	Battle of Quiberon Bay基伯龙湾海战	Corōna Navālis ／海军冠	First naval engagement — first to board an enemy ship.首次海战，首先登上敌舰。
9	Crassus's Aquitanian Camp.克拉苏的阿基坦战役	Corōna Aurea ／金冠	Crassus, a young officer, wins his independent campaign — gold crown for valor.小克拉苏年纪轻轻独立战胜，金冠表勇。
END OF Book 3 · Coast & Aquitania — Hours 7–9第三卷 · 海岸与阿基坦（7–9）结束 → Tesserārius / 持牌兵→ 晋升 Tesserārius／持牌兵
10	Usipetes & Tencteri乌西佩特斯与滕克特里	Torques aureae duae ／一对金项圈	Mass action against two German tribes; controversial.对二日耳曼部族之大规模行动；颇具争议。
11	First Rhine Crossing首次跨越莱茵河	Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌	Engineering theater — the ten-day pile-bridge.工程剧场：十日内造起木桩桥。
12	First Invasion of Britain首次入侵不列颠	Corōna Aurea ／金冠	The aquilifer of the Tenth leaps with the eagle — gold crown (Maxfield p.79).第十军团掌旗官携鹰跃入海，金冠（Maxfield 第 79 页）。
END OF Book 4 · Rhine & Britain I — Hours 10–12第四卷 · 莱茵河与首征不列颠（10–12）结束 → Optiō / 副百夫长→ 晋升 Optiō／副百夫长
13	Ambush at Atuatuca阿杜阿都加伏击	Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环	Roman defeat — Sabinus & Cotta killed; memorial decoration for survivors.罗马败战，萨宾努斯与科塔阵亡；幸存者得哀悼臂环。
14	Second Invasion of Britain第二次入侵不列颠	Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌	Larger fleet, river crossing, Cassivellaunus engaged.舰队壮大、渡泰晤士、对阵卡西维劳努斯。
15	Ethnography of Britain不列颠民族志	Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴	Tacitean excursus — no battle, scholarly stipend awarded.塔西陀插段，非战斗，授学术津贴。
16	Britain II: Climate不列颠之二：气候	Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴	Second Tacitean excursus on geography.塔西陀第二段：地理。
17	Siege of Cicero's Camp西塞罗营垒被围	Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠	Caesar relieves Cicero's winter camp — citizens saved.凯撒解围西塞罗冬营，拯救公民。
END OF Book 5 · Britain II & Disasters — Hours 13–17第五卷 · 第二次入侵不列颠与挫败（13–17）结束 → Signifer / 掌旗官→ 晋升 Signifer／掌旗官
18	Eburones Punitive Expedition对埃布隆尼斯人的惩戒	Torques aureae ／金项圈	Revenge for Atuatuca — extensive plunder and destruction.为阿杜阿都加复仇，大规模劫掠破坏。
19	Second Rhine Crossing第二次跨越莱茵河	Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌	Repeat engineering theater — another pile-bridge.再演工程剧场，又造一桥。
20	Atuatuca Garrison Attacked阿杜阿都加守备遭袭	Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠	Cicero saves the garrison — citizens saved.西塞罗救守备，拯救公民。
21	Ethnography of the Galli高卢人民族志	Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴	Gauls' Druids/Knights/plebs — no battle.高卢德鲁伊、骑士、平民，非战斗。
22	Ethnography of the Germani日耳曼人民族志	Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴	Inverse-Gauls stereotype — no battle.高卢之反面刻板印象，非战斗。
END OF Book 6 · Vengeance & Ethnography — Hours 18–22第六卷 · 复仇与民族志（18–22）结束 → Aquilifer / 鹰旗官→ 晋升 Aquilifer／鹰旗官
23	Siege of Avaricum阿瓦里库姆围攻	Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠	25-day siege, walls stormed under cover of rain.25 日围城，雨中破城。
24	Defeat at Gergovia热尔戈维亚的败战	Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环	Caesar's only acknowledged defeat — 46 centurions killed.凯撒唯一承认之败战——46 名百夫长阵亡。
25	Road to Alesia通往阿莱西亚之路	Hasta Pūra ／净矛	Labienus and the German cavalry break Vercingetorix's mobility — officer-grade dōnum.拉比埃努斯与日耳曼骑兵击碎维钦格托里克斯之机动，军官级 dōnum。
26	Siege of Alesia阿莱西亚围攻	Corōna Obsidiōnālis ／解围冠	Caesar's masterpiece — the double ring relieves nothing; he breaks the relief instead. Highest possible decoration.凯撒之杰作，双重防线击破援军。古罗马最高荣誉。
END OF Book 7 · The Great Revolt — Hours 23–26第七卷 · 大起义（23–26）结束 → Centuriō / 百夫长 (DEFAULT CAP)→ 晋升 Centuriō／百夫长（默认上限）
27	Uxellodunum & Aftermath乌克塞洛杜诺姆与战后	Vēxillum ／军旗	Caesar's final field command of the Gallic war — senior officer's banner.凯撒在高卢战争中之最后野战指挥，高级军官之军旗。
28	Capstone: Rubicon to Ides总章：自卢比孔至三月之中	Corōna Triumphālis ／凯旋冠	Caesar's quadruple triumph (46 BC) — laurel crown of the triumphātor.凯撒四重凯旋（公元前 46 年）——凯旋者所戴桂冠。
END OF Book 8 (Hirtius) & Capstone — Hours 27–28第八卷（希尔提乌斯）与总章（27–28）结束 → gated: Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 (≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna) OR Lēgātus / 军团长 (all 28 dōna + Obsidiōnālis + Triumphālis)→ 解锁条件：Tribūnus Mīlitum／统领（≥20 项 dōna ＋ ≥1 顶冠）；或 Lēgātus／军团长（28 项 dōna 全集，含解围冠与凯旋冠）

Source.来源。 The hierarchy of dōna mīlitāria used here follows Valerie A. Maxfield, The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (London: Batsford, 1981) — the standard modern reference. Maxfield documents that corōnae were stratified by feat (mūrālis for first up the wall, navālis for first to board, obsidiōnālis for raising a siege, etc.), while torques, armillae, and phalerae were the routine awards for soldiers and centurions. Maxfield also notes (p. 251) that Caesar himself used promotion as a substitute for decoration — the system this course follows in reverse: decorations for battles, promotion for completing books.Dōna mīlitāria 的等级体系本课程依据 Valerie A. Maxfield《The Military Decorations of the Roman Army》（London: Batsford, 1981）——该领域之标准现代参考。Maxfield 详述：corōnae 按功勋分级（城墙冠予首登墙者、海军冠予首登敌舰者、解围冠予救援被围之军者，等等）；而 torques、armillae、phalerae 为士兵与百夫长之常规奖励。Maxfield 又指出（第 251 页），凯撒本人即以晋升代替勋章：而本课程恰反其道而行：勋章授与战役，晋升保留给读完一卷。