1
Caesar, Caesaris m. (3rd)
Caesar凯撒
Hour 17 — Briefing第十七课 — 战前简报
Back to Caesar — the heroic defense of Cicero's camp
Two hours with Tacitus (15–16) are behind us. We return to Caesar, and to the most spectacular act of defensive endurance in the entire De Bello Gallico: the siege of Quintus Tullius Cicero's winter camp (DBG 5.39–52). Chronologically this takes place immediately after Hour 13 — within days of the destruction of Sabinus and Cotta at Atuatuca. The same revolt that destroyed one Roman legion now threatens to destroy another. The Eburones under Ambiorix had moved against Sabinus. The neighboring Nervii — Caesar's old enemies from Hour 5 — now move against the camp of Caesar's other legate in the region: Quintus Tullius Cicero, younger brother of the famous orator Marcus.
Q. Cicero's camp is in the territory of the Nervii (the modern Belgian provinces of Hainaut and Namur). He has a single legion. The Nervii have gathered with allied Belgic peoples — perhaps 60,000 fighting men. They arrive without warning, kill foragers and woodcutters outside the camp, then encircle the camp itself and demand surrender. Cicero refuses on principle: "the Roman people are not accustomed to receive any terms from a hostile enemy" (5.41). The Nervii promptly build a 10-foot rampart and a 15-foot ditch around the camp — they have learned siege engineering from watching Caesar do it to them. They construct siege towers and a covered approach. They throw red-hot clay shot and burning javelins to set the camp on fire. Snow begins to fall. The Romans are dying of arrow wounds; nine-tenths of them are wounded by the time relief arrives.
What follows in our excerpt is the moment of Cicero's refusal (5.41), the famous duel between centurions Titus Pullo and Lucius Vorenus (5.44 — the inspiration for the HBO Rome characters), and the smuggling-out of a message to Caesar (5.45–48). Cicero, dying men around him, writes to Caesar in Greek so that if intercepted the Nervii cannot read it. A Gallic slave of the noble Vertico, bribed with the promise of freedom, slips out through the enemy lines. Caesar gets the message. Within hours the relief column is moving. The road to Alesia, three years later, begins here — because Caesar's reputation for never abandoning his men is forged in this siege.
Connection to Wheelock. This hour pairs with Wheelock Chapter 17 — The Relative Pronoun quī, quae, quod. The relative pronoun is the single most common Latin word after est, and you have been seeing it from Hour 1. Wheelock now formally codifies it. The rules: (1) a relative pronoun takes its number and gender from its antecedent (the noun it refers back to); (2) it takes its case from its function within its own clause. The trick is that case and antecedent often conflict — Latin doesn't care: case from local function, agreement from antecedent. (3) Caesar's prose is full of connecting relatives: a relative pronoun at the start of a sentence equals "and he/she/it/this." Quae cum ita essent = "and these things being so" or "when these things were so."
Today's task. Identify all the verbs in the passage AND identify all relative pronoun forms (any form of quī, quae, quod used as a relative) — connecting relatives count too.
New codebook activation: Rule #3 — Connective yellow. Caesar's connecting relatives (which Wheelock calls "connecting use") get a yellow underline from this hour forward.
Source-document note. Latin from De Bello Gallico 5.39–48, edited from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), with light morphological smoothing for first-year accessibility. English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.
回到凯撒，西塞罗营垒的英勇坚守
两课时的塔西陀（第十五、十六课）已经过去。我们回到凯撒，回到整部《高卢战记》中最壮观的一场防御坚守：昆图斯·图利乌斯·西塞罗的冬营被围（《高卢战记》5.39–52）。这场战斗在时间上紧接第十三课，萨宾努斯与科塔在阿杜阿都加覆灭后的几天内。同一场叛乱已毁掉一支罗马军团，现在威胁要毁掉另一支。安比奥利克斯麾下的埃布隆尼斯人攻击了萨宾努斯；邻近的内尔维人：凯撒在第五课结识的旧敌，现在转而进攻凯撒在此区域的另一位副将的营垒：昆图斯·图利乌斯·西塞罗：著名演说家马尔库斯·西塞罗的弟弟。
昆图斯·西塞罗的营垒位于内尔维人的领地（今比利时埃诺与那慕尔省）。他只有一个军团。内尔维人已联合贝尔盖盟友，或约六万战士。他们毫无预警地到来，先在营外杀死搜粮者与伐木工，随后包围营垒，要求投降。西塞罗按原则拒绝："罗马人民从不向敌方接受任何条件"（5.41）。内尔维人随即在营垒四周筑起十英尺高的土垒与十五英尺深的壕沟，他们已从看凯撒怎样对付他们当中学会了攻城工程。他们建起攻城塔与遮蔽通道。他们投掷烧红的陶弹与火标枪，意图焚营。雪开始落下。罗马人因箭伤而死；至援军抵达之时，十分之九的人受了伤。
本课节选呈现：西塞罗拒降之时（5.41）；百夫长提图斯·普洛与卢基乌斯·沃伦努斯的著名比武（5.44——HBO《罗马》两位主角的灵感来源）；以及把密报送达凯撒的过程（5.45–48）。垂死的士兵围在身旁，西塞罗以希腊文写信，以免一旦截获被内尔维人识读。一位高卢贵族韦尔提科的奴隶，以承诺自由为代价，潜越敌线送出此信。凯撒接到。数小时内，援军已在路上。三年后通往阿莱西亚之路，正发轫于此：因为凯撒"绝不舍弃部下"的声誉，正在这场围城中铸成。
与韦洛克拉丁语的对应。本课与韦洛克拉丁语第十七章，关系代词 quī, quae, quod对应。关系代词是拉丁语中除 est 之外最常见的单词，从第一课开始你就一直在见。韦洛克现在正式系统化。规则：(1) 关系代词的数与性来自其先行词（其所指代的名词）；(2) 其格来自其在所在从句中的功能。常常先行词与格"看起来不一致"——拉丁语不在乎：格按本地功能，数性按先行词。(3) 凯撒散文充满连接性关系代词：句首的关系代词等于"and he/she/it/this"。Quae cum ita essent"且事情如此"或"事情既然如此"。
今日任务。识别段落中所有动词；并识别所有关系代词形式（quī, quae, quod 作关系代词的任何形式）——连接性用法也算。
本课新启用：规则 #3，连接词黄色。凯撒的"连接关系代词"（韦洛克称之为"connecting use"）自本课起以黄色下划显示。
关于来源的说明。拉丁文取自《高卢战记》5.39–48——见 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略经柔化以适应初年学生；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。
Grammar Target — Relative Pronoun (quī, quae, quod)语法目标 — 关系代词（quī, quae, quod）
The relative pronoun does two things at once
A relative pronoun (1) refers back to a noun in the previous clause (its antecedent) and (2) introduces a relative clause that gives more information about that noun. English uses "who, which, that." Latin uses quī (m.), quae (f.), quod (n.).
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sg. Nom. | quī | quae | quod |
| Gen. | cuius (all genders) | ||
| Dat. | cui (all genders) | ||
| Acc. | quem | quam | quod |
| Abl. | quō | quā | quō |
| Pl. Nom. | quī | quae | quae |
| Gen. | quōrum | quārum | quōrum |
| Dat./Abl. | quibus (all genders) | ||
| Acc. | quōs | quās | quae |
The two-rule system
Latin grammar tells you how to read a relative pronoun in two steps:
- Number and gender come from the antecedent — the noun the relative refers back to in the main clause.
- Case comes from the relative's function inside its own clause (subject? direct object? object of a preposition?).
So in "vir quem vīdī" ("the man whom I saw"), quem is masc. sg. (agreeing with vir, the antecedent) but accusative (because it's the direct object of vīdī inside the relative clause).
This "agreement in number/gender but not in case" is what makes the relative pronoun feel unfamiliar at first. Once you internalize the two-rule system, everything settles. Watch for it in sentence 6 of our passage: vir nōbilis Vertico, quī... in fugā ad Cicerōnem perfūgerat — "Vertico, who had fled" — quī is nom. sg. m. (subject of the relative clause) agreeing with Vertico (m. sg.).
The "connecting relative" — Caesar's favorite linking device
In Caesar's prose — and Latin prose generally — a sentence often begins with a relative pronoun whose antecedent is some idea or noun in the preceding sentence. Translate this as a coordinating conjunction + demonstrative: "and this", "and these things", "but he", "but they."
- Quī ubi pervēnit = "And when he arrived..." (lit. "who when he arrived")
- Quā ex rē = "And from this circumstance..."
- Quae cum ita essent = "And these things being so..." — a Ciceronian connector
Our passage uses several. Watch sentences 6 (quem = "him"), 9 (quod = "this"), 11 (quibus = "and to these"). The yellow underline marks them.
Three warning signs to memorize
- cuius and cui look strange because they're irregular. cuius = gen. sg. (any gender); cui = dat. sg. (any gender). Pronounced KOO-yus and KOO-ee — they look short but they're spelled as written. cuius patris = "of whose father"; cui dōnum dedit = "to whom he gave a gift."
- quem (m.acc.sg.) and quam (f.acc.sg.) can be confused with quem (interrog. "whom?") and quam (conj. "than, as, how"). Context disambiguates.
- quī is also the interrogative adjective "what?" and the indefinite "any" after sī, nisi. quī mīles can mean "the soldier who" (relative), "which soldier?" (interrog.), or "any soldier" (after sī). Read context.
Codebook rule #3 activates this hour. Connecting relatives (sentence-initial quī, quae, quod, quem, quā, quibus... equal to "and he/she/this/them") get a yellow underline. The Battle Task's second toggle isolates all relative pronoun forms (both connecting and ordinary relative clauses).
关系代词一次做两件事
关系代词 (1) 回指前一从句中的某个名词（即"先行词"），(2) 引出关系从句以提供关于该名词的进一步信息。英语用 "who, which, that"。拉丁语用 quī（阳）、quae（阴）、quod（中）。
| 阳 | 阴 | 中 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 单 主 | quī | quae | quod |
| 属 | cuius（三性同） | ||
| 与 | cui（三性同） | ||
| 宾 | quem | quam | quod |
| 夺 | quō | quā | quō |
| 复 主 | quī | quae | quae |
| 属 | quōrum | quārum | quōrum |
| 与/夺 | quibus（三性同） | ||
| 宾 | quōs | quās | quae |
两条规则
拉丁语的关系代词须分两步读：
- 数与性来自先行词（主句中所指代的名词）。
- 格来自关系代词在自己所在从句内的功能（主语？直接宾语？介词宾语？）。
因此在 "vir quem vīdī"（"我所看见之人"）中，quem 是阳性单数（与先行词 vir 一致），但为宾格，因为它在关系从句中是 vīdī 的直接宾语。
这种"数性一致但格不一致"的现象是关系代词初学时的陌生之处。一旦掌握两条规则，一切便明朗。请留意本课段落第 6 句：vir nōbilis Vertico, quī... in fugā ad Cicerōnem perfūgerat，"曾在败退中逃至西塞罗处的韦尔提科"——quī 阳性单数主格（关系从句的主语），与 Vertico（阳性单数）一致。
"连接性关系代词"，凯撒最爱的衔接手段
在凯撒的散文中，一般在拉丁散文中，一句往往以关系代词开头，其先行词是上一句中的某个观念或名词。译为"并列连词 + 指示词"："和这", "和这些", "但他", "但他们"。
- Quī ubi pervēnit = "他到了之后……"（字面"who when he arrived"）
- Quā ex rē = "由此一事……"
- Quae cum ita essent = "事情既然如此……"——西塞罗式连接
本课段落多处可见：请注意第 6 句（quem = "他"）、第 9 句（quod = "此事"）、第 11 句（quibus = "并且对这些人"）。黄色下划标记。
三条务必牢记的警示
- cuius 与 cui 看起来奇怪，因为不规则。cuius = 属格单数（三性同）；cui = 与格单数（三性同）。读作 KOO-yus、KOO-ee，拼写如所写。cuius patris = "谁的父亲的"；cui dōnum dedit = "他给谁送礼物"。
- quem（阳宾单）、quam（阴宾单）易与疑问 quem"谁？"以及连词 quam"比、如、何"混淆。语境分辨。
- quī 也是疑问形容词"哪？"以及 sī、nisi 后的不定"任何"。quī mīles 可作"哪位士兵"（疑问）、"任何士兵"（sī 后不定）、"士兵谁"（关系）。靠语境读。
本课启用规则 #3。连接性关系代词（句首的 quī, quae, quod, quem, quā, quibus... 等于"和他/她/这/他们"）以黄色下划标记。战斗任务的第二个切换专用于识别所有关系代词形式（连接性与普通关系从句均算）。
Hour 17 — Passage: De Bello Gallico 5.39–48 (excerpts, lightly smoothed)第十七课 — 原文段落：《高卢战记》5.39–48（节选，略经柔化）
Scaffolding:脚手架：
Tags:标注：
1 Eōdem diē hostēs ad castraAc.p. Cicerōnis advēnērunt, quae in fīnibus Nerviōrum erant.
2 Cicerō mīlitēsAc.p., quī in agrīs frūmentī causā aberant, celeriter revocāvit.
3 Hostēs Cicerōnem trādere armaAc.p. postulāvērunt, [salūte prōmissā].
4 Cicerō ūnum modo respondit: nōn esse cōnsuētūdinemAc.s. populī Rōmānī ūllam condiciōnemAc.s. ab hoste armātō accipere.
5 Hostēs igitur vāllum decem pedum et fossam quīndecim pedum ad castra circumdūxērunt, turrēsAc.p. excitāvērunt, tēlaAc.p. ardentia in castra coniēcērunt.
6 Erant in eā legiōne duo centuriōnēs, fortissimī, Titus Pullō et Lūcius Vorēnus, quī dē locō prīncipātūs inter sē cōtīdiē contendēbant.
7 Pullō Vorēnum interrogāvit: "Quid dubitās, cui virtūtem probāre cupis? Hic diēs nostrum certāmen discrīminābit."
8 Sīc locūtus, prōcēdit, atque Vorēnus, virtūtis fāmā [commōtus], subsequitur. Pullō, cum in proeliō hostem interfēcisset, scūtō graviter ictus est; Vorēnus eum servāvit, quem brevī ipse servātus est.
9 Cicerō, [vulneribus omnium multitūdineAbl.s. ingravēscentibus], ad Caesarem nūntium mittere cōnstituit. Quod tamen erat difficile.
10 Erat in castrīs vir nōbilis Vertico, quī ab initiō obsidiōnis ad Cicerōnem perfūgerat et fidem suam praestiterat.
11 Hic servum praemiō persuādet, ut litterās ad Caesarem deferat. Quās servus attulit; ille per hostēs in Gallicō habitū trānsiit.
12 Quae litterae Graecīs litterīs cōnscriptae erant, nē, sī intercepta essent, hostēs cōnsilia cognōscerent. Quā rē [cognitā], Caesar legiōnēs statim prōfectus est.
Latin: Perseus canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed. English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted. ★ = 3rd-decl. noun forms; brackets [ ] = abl. abs. NEW this hour: yellow highlight = connecting relative (rule #3). Relative pronouns are also marked.拉丁文：Perseus canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略经柔化；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。★ = 第三变格法名词；方括号 [ ] = 绝对夺格。本课新增：黄色高亮 = 连接性关系代词（规则 #3）；关系代词亦标出。
Hour 17 — Vocabulary第十七课 — 词汇表
This hour's new badge: RELATIVE marks forms of the relative pronoun quī, quae, quod. Full legend: Relative pronoun RELATIVE; 3rd-decl. adj. 3RD ADJ; numerals NUM; i-stems i-STEM; reflexives REFLEX; pronouns PRONOUN; verb-conj badges carried.本课新增徽章：RELATIVE 标注关系代词 quī, quae, quod 各形式。完整图例：Relative pronoun RELATIVE; 3rd-decl. adj. 3RD ADJ; numerals NUM; i-stems i-STEM; reflexives REFLEX; pronouns PRONOUN; verb-conj badges carried。
2
Quintus Cicerō, Cicerōnis m. (3rd)
Q. Tullius Cicero, Caesar's legate昆图斯·西塞罗（凯撒的副将）
3
Vertico, -ōnis m. (3rd)
Vertico (a noble Gaul in Cicero's camp)韦尔提科（西塞罗营中一位高卢贵族）
4
Titus Pullō, -ōnis m. (3rd)
Titus Pullo (centurion)提图斯·普洛（百夫长）
5
Lūcius Vorēnus, -ī m. (2nd)
Lucius Vorenus (centurion)卢基乌斯·沃伦努斯（百夫长）
6
Nerviī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)
the Nervii (Belgic tribe)内尔维人（贝尔盖部落）
7
quī, quae, quod rel. pron.RELATIVE
who, which, that谁、哪个、它
8
cuius gen. sg. of quīRELATIVE
of whom, whose其、谁的
9
cui dat. sg. of quīRELATIVE
to whom, for whom给他/她/它
10
quem, quam, quod acc. sg. of quīRELATIVE
whom, which (Acc.)他/她/它（宾格）
11
quō, quā, quō abl. sg. of quīRELATIVE
by whom, with which由/用谁、由/用它
12
quibus dat./abl. pl. of quīRELATIVE
to/by whom, to/by which给/由这些
13
quōs, quās, quae acc. pl. of quīRELATIVE
whom (pl.)他们/她们/它们（宾格）
14
eōdem adv./dem. abl.
to the same place; on the same day同时；同地
15
diēs, diēī m./f. (5th)
day日
16
hostis, hostis m./f. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM
enemy敌人
17
ad prep. (+Acc.)
to, toward向、至
18
castra, -ōrum n. pl. (2nd)
camp营寨
19
adveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum v. 4th4TH CONJ
to arrive at, come to到达
20
in prep.
in / into在...中
21
fīnis, fīnis m. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM
limit, end; (pl.) territory界限；（复）领土
22
sum, esse, fuī v. irreg.
to be是、存在
23
mīles, mīlitis m. (3rd)
soldier士兵
24
ager, agrī m. (2nd)
field, land田、田野
25
frūmentum, -ī n. (2nd)
grain谷物
26
causā prep. noun (Abl.)
for the sake of (after Gen.)为了...（接属格）
27
absum, abesse, āfuī v. irreg.
to be absent缺席
28
celeriter adv.
quickly迅速
29
revocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to recall, call back召回
30
trādō, -ere, -didī, -ditum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to hand over, surrender交出、投降
31
arma, -ōrum n. pl. (2nd)
arms, weapons武器
32
postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to demand, require要求
33
salūs, salūtis f. (3rd)
safety, well-being安全
34
prōmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to promise许诺
35
ūnus, -a, -um adj.
one, single一、单一
36
modō adv.
only, just仅、只
37
respondeō, -ēre, -spondī, -spōnsum v. 2nd
to reply, answer回答
38
cōnsuētūdō, -inis f. (3rd)
habit, custom习惯、惯例
39
populus, -ī m. (2nd)
people人民
40
Rōmānus, -a, -um adj.
Roman罗马的
41
ūllus, -a, -um adj. (UNUS NAUTA)
any任何
42
condiciō, -ōnis f. (3rd)
condition, terms条件、款项
43
armātus, -a, -um perf. pass. part./adj.
armed持武器的
44
accipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to receive, accept接受
45
igitur conj.
therefore因此
46
vāllum, -ī n. (2nd)
rampart, palisade土垒
47
decem indecl. num.NUM
ten十
48
pēs, pedis m. (3rd)
foot (as measure of length)英尺
49
fossa, -ae f. (1st)
ditch壕沟
50
quīndecim indecl. num.NUM
fifteen十五
51
circumdūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to lead around, draw around (build around)围筑
52
turris, turris f. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM
tower, siege tower塔、攻城塔
53
excitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to raise up, build, rouse建造
54
tēlum, -ī n. (2nd)
missile, javelin标枪
55
ardēns, ardentis adj. (3rd, 1-term.)3RD ADJ
burning, blazing燃烧的
56
coniciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to hurl投掷
57
legiō, legiōnis f. (3rd)
legion军团
58
duo, duae, duo card. num.NUM
two二
59
centuriō, centuriōnis m. (3rd)
centurion百夫长
60
fortis, forte adj. (3rd, 2-term., superl. fortissimus)3RD ADJ
brave, strong勇敢
61
locus, -ī m. (2nd)
place; (locō prīncipātūs) position of leadership位置；prīncipātūs locus 首席
62
prīncipātus, -ūs m. (4th)
leadership, first rank首位、统帅
63
inter sē phr.
between themselves, with each other彼此之间
64
cōtīdiē adv.
daily, every day每日
65
contendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to contend, strive争胜、竞争
66
interrogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to ask, question问
67
quid interrog./indef.
what?什么
68
dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to hesitate, doubt迟疑
69
virtūs, virtūtis f. (3rd)
courage, valor勇气、美德
70
probō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to prove, demonstrate证明
71
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to desire, want渴望
72
hic, haec, hoc dem. pron.PRONOUN
this这
73
certāmen, certāminis n. (3rd)
contest, rivalry比赛、争夺
74
discrīminō, -āre v. 1st
to decide, distinguish决定、分判
75
sīc adv.
thus如此
76
loquor, loquī, locūtus sum v. 3rd (dep.)3RD CONJ
to speak说
77
prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to advance, proceed前进
78
commoveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtum v. 2nd
to move deeply, stir深深感动
79
subsequor, -ī, -secūtus sum v. 3rd (dep.)3RD CONJ
to follow close紧随
80
interficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to kill杀死
81
scūtum, -ī n. (2nd)
shield盾
82
graviter adv.
heavily, seriously重重地
83
īcō, īcere, īcī, ictum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to strike, hit击中
84
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to save, preserve救助、保全
85
brevī adv.
shortly不久
86
ipse, ipsa, ipsum intens. pron.PRONOUN
himself, herself, itself本人
87
vulnus, vulneris n. (3rd)
wound伤
88
multitūdō, -inis f. (3rd)
multitude, great number众多
89
ingravēscō, -ere v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to grow heavier, worsen愈发严重
90
nūntius, -iī m. (2nd)
messenger, message信使、消息
91
mittō, -ere, mīsī, missum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to send派遣、送
92
cōnstituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to decide, station决定、布置
93
tamen adv.
nevertheless然而
94
difficilis, -e adj. (3rd, 2-term.)3RD ADJ
difficult困难的
95
vir, virī m. (2nd)
man男子
96
nōbilis, -e adj. (3rd, 2-term.)3RD ADJ
noble, well-known贵族的、著名的
97
ab prep. (+Abl.)
from从
98
initium, -iī n. (2nd)
beginning开始
99
obsidiō, -ōnis f. (3rd)
siege, blockade围困
100
perfugiō, -ere, -fūgī v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to flee for refuge, defect投奔、逃归
101
fidēs, -eī f. (5th)
faith, trust, loyalty忠诚、信用
102
suus, -a, -um refl. poss. adj.REFLEX
his/her/their own自己的
103
praestō, -āre, -stitī, -stitum v. 1st
to show, demonstrate, give (loyalty)显示、给予
104
servus, -ī m. (2nd)
slave, servant奴隶
105
praemium, -iī n. (2nd)
reward, prize奖励
106
persuādeō, -ēre, -suāsī, -suāsum v. 2nd (+Dat.)
to persuade (+Dat.)说服（+与格）
107
ut conj. (+subj.)
so that, that (purpose)以便
108
litterae, -ārum f. pl. (1st)
letter (correspondence)信、信件
109
dēferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum v. irreg.
to bring down, deliver带至、送达
110
afferō, -ferre, attulī, allātum v. irreg.
to bring, deliver带来
111
per prep. (+Acc.)
through穿过
112
Gallicus, -a, -um adj.
Gallic高卢的
113
habitus, -ūs m. (4th)
dress, appearance, attire服装、外表
114
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itum v. irreg.
to cross, pass through穿过
115
Graecus, -a, -um adj.
Greek希腊的
116
cōnscrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to write up, draw up写就
117
nē conj. (+ subj.)
lest, so that not (purpose)以免（目的状语）
118
sī conj.
if若
119
intercipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to intercept截获
120
cōgnōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to learn, find out得知
121
statim adv.
immediately立刻
122
proficīscor, -fīcisci, -fectus sum v. 3rd (dep.)3RD CONJ
to set out出发
Hour 17 — Battle Task第十七课 — 战斗任务
The instructor will only give the question paper to the players / let the players turn to the online question page right before the 20-minute countdown starts. 教师将在 20 分钟倒计时开始之前才向学生发放试题 / 开放在线试题页面。
Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则
Task: identify all verbs (finite + infinitives) AND identify all relative pronoun forms (ordinary relative-clause openers + sentence-initial connecting relatives). Codebook rule #3 (connective yellow) activates this hour — sentence-initial relatives get the yellow highlight.
- Rule #1 — Indicative. Carried.
- Rule #2 — Subjunctive. dubitās (s. 7); interfēcisset (s. 8, cum-clause); dēferat (s. 11, ut-clause); intercepta essent, cognōscerent (s. 12, nē-clause).
- Rule #3 — Connective yellow — NEW THIS HOUR. Sentence-initial relatives: Quae (s. 1, "and these things [the camp]"); cui (s. 7, "to whom"); quem (s. 8, "by whom"); Quod (s. 9, "but this"); quī (s. 10, "the one who"); Quās (s. 11, "these letters"); Quae, Quā (s. 12, both connecting).
- Rule #4 — Infinitive. trādere, accipere, mittere, probāre, etc.
- Rule #5 — Participle. prōmissā (s. 3, abl. abs.); commōtus, locūtus (s. 8); ingravēscentibus, cognitā (s. 9, 12).
- Rule #7 — Noun-adj phrase. Carried.
- Rule #8 — Abl. abs. [salūte prōmissā] (s. 3); [vulneribus omnium multitūdine ingravēscentibus] (s. 9); [Quā rē cognitā] (s. 12).
- Rule #9 — Noun-case ★. Carried.
Battle Task targets: 10 relative pronoun forms total — 3 ordinary (s. 1 quae, s. 2 quī, s. 6 quī) + 7 connecting (s. 7 cui, s. 8 quem, s. 9 Quod, s. 10 quī, s. 11 Quās, s. 12 Quae, s. 12 Quā). All should be clicked when the toggle is set to relative-pronoun mode.
任务：识别所有动词（限定式 + 不定式），并识别所有关系代词形式（普通关系从句开头 + 句首连接性关系代词）。本课启用规则 #3（连接黄色）：句首关系代词获得黄色高亮。
- 规则 #1，直陈式。沿用。
- 规则 #2，虚拟式。dubitās, interfēcisset, dēferat, intercepta essent, cognōscerent。
- 规则 #3，连接黄色，本课启用。句首关系代词：Quae（第 1 句）；cui（第 7 句）；quem（第 8 句）；Quod（第 9 句）；quī（第 10 句）；Quās（第 11 句）；Quae、Quā（第 12 句）。
- 规则 #4，不定式。
- 规则 #5，分词。
- 规则 #7，名词-形容词短语。沿用。
- 规则 #8，绝对夺格。第 3、9、12 句各一处。
- 规则 #9，名词关注格 ★。沿用。
本课战斗任务目标：关系代词共 10 处——3 处普通（第 1、2、6 句）+ 7 处连接性（第 7、8、9、10、11、12 句两处）。
Mission — Identify all verbs (incl. infinitives), and all relative pronoun forms任务，识别所有动词（含不定式），并识别所有关系代词形式
Set the mode, then click words. Click again to deselect.先选择下方模式，然后点击单词。再次点击可取消选择。
20:00
1 Eōdem diē hostēs ad castra Cicerōnis advēnērunt, quae in fīnibus Nerviōrum erant.
2 Cicerō mīlitēs, quī in agrīs frūmentī causā aberant, celeriter revocāvit.
3 Hostēs Cicerōnem trādere arma postulāvērunt, [salūte prōmissā].
4 Cicerō ūnum modo respondit: nōn esse cōnsuētūdinem populī Rōmānī ūllam condiciōnem ab hoste armātō accipere.
5 Hostēs igitur vāllum decem pedum et fossam quīndecim pedum ad castra circumdūxērunt, turrēs excitāvērunt, tēla ardentia in castra coniēcērunt.
6 Erant in eā legiōne duo centuriōnēs, fortissimī, Titus Pullō et Lūcius Vorēnus, quī dē locō prīncipātūs inter sē cōtīdiē contendēbant.
7 Pullō Vorēnum interrogāvit: "Quid dubitās, cui virtūtem probāre cupis? Hic diēs nostrum certāmen discrīminābit."
8 Sīc locūtus, prōcēdit, atque Vorēnus, virtūtis fāmā [commōtus], subsequitur. Pullō, cum in proeliō hostem interfēcisset, scūtō graviter ictus est; Vorēnus eum servāvit, quem brevī ipse servātus est.
9 Cicerō, [vulneribus omnium multitūdine ingravēscentibus], ad Caesarem nūntium mittere cōnstituit. Quod tamen erat difficile.
10 Erat in castrīs vir nōbilis Vertico, quī ab initiō obsidiōnis ad Cicerōnem perfūgerat et fidem suam praestiterat.
11 Hic servum praemiō persuādet, ut litterās ad Caesarem dēferat. Quās servus attulit; ille per hostēs in Gallicō habitū trānsiit.
12 Quae litterae Graecīs litterīs cōnscriptae erant, nē, sī intercepta essent, hostēs cōnsilia cognōscerent. Quā rē [cognitā], Caesar legiōnēs statim prōfectus est.
Hour 17 — Result & Debrief第十七课 — 战果与汇报
Submit the Battle Task above to see your score here.提交上方的战斗任务即可在此查看分数。
Hour 17 — Screening第十七课 — 影片放映
Following the 20-minute countdown, the instructor announces the answer key, then 5-minute Q&A, then the film clip.20 分钟倒计时结束后，教师宣布答案，再进行 5 分钟问答，然后播放影片片段。
Film clip (proposed):推荐影片片段：
HBO's Rome, Season 1, Episode 4 "Stealing from Saturn" or Episode 9 "Utica" — Pullo and Vorenus in their most iconic moments. (Caesar's brief sketch in DBG 5.44 is the entire source for two main characters of one of the most expensive TV productions in history.) For the siege itself: any cinematic siege scene with archers raining arrows down on a fortified position — Helm's Deep (LOTR: The Two Towers) is the obvious modern reference. For the night smuggling-out of a message: Hacksaw Ridge (2016) or any film with the trope of a soldier crawling through enemy lines under fire. Subject to instructor confirmation.
HBO《罗马》第一季第 4 集"窃取土星财物"或第 9 集"乌提卡"——普洛与沃伦努斯最具标志性的时刻。（凯撒《高卢战记》5.44 的简短一段，是史上最昂贵之一的电视剧中两位主角的全部源头。）围城本身：任何"箭雨袭击防御阵地"的电影场景——圣盔谷（《指环王：双塔奇兵》）是显见的现代参照。夜间送信潜越战线：《血战钢锯岭》（2016）或任何"士兵于敌火下匍匐穿越"的桥段。由教师确认。
Discussion课堂讨论
- Cicero's refusal in sentence 4 — "non esse cōnsuētūdinem populī Rōmānī ūllam condiciōnem ab hoste armātō accipere" — frames his decision as a matter of Roman national character, not personal courage. Compare to Sabinus's decision in Hour 13. Why does Cicero survive and Sabinus die? Is it luck, character, or — Caesar's view — the difference between a commander who trusts his own judgment and one who trusts an enemy's word? 西塞罗在第 4 句的拒降——"non esse cōnsuētūdinem populī Rōmānī ūllam condiciōnem ab hoste armātō accipere"，把自己的决定框定为罗马国族性格问题，而非个人勇气。请与第十三课萨宾努斯的决定作对比。为什么西塞罗存活，萨宾努斯阵亡？是运气、性格，还是凯撒的看法：相信自己判断的指挥官与相信敌人言辞的指挥官之间的差别？
- The Pullo-and-Vorenus episode (ss. 6–8) is the only place in DBG where Caesar names two ordinary soldiers and describes their personal rivalry. Why these two? What does Caesar want his Roman senatorial audience to take from this anecdote? Compare to how Tacitus would (or would not) have written the same scene. 普洛与沃伦努斯一节（第 6–8 句）是《高卢战记》中唯一一处凯撒指名两位普通士兵并描述其个人争胜的段落。为什么是这两个人？凯撒希望他的罗马元老阶层读者从此轶事中得到什么？请与塔西陀会（或不会）如何写同一场景作比较。
- The Greek-letter message (s. 12). Greek was the lingua franca of educated Romans. Caesar's choice to have Cicero write in Greek is realistic, but it also performs cultural identity: the besieged Roman is also a Greek-trained scholar; the besieging Gaul cannot read the message. What does this say about Roman cultural self-presentation in 54 BC? 希腊文密信（第 12 句）。希腊语是罗马受教育阶层的通用语。凯撒让西塞罗以希腊文写信是写实的，但同时也展演文化身份：被围的罗马人同时是希腊教养的学者；围城的高卢人无法识读。这对公元前 54 年罗马人的文化自我呈现意味着什么？
- The relative pronoun and the connecting relative — together — make Caesar's prose flow. Track the seven connecting relatives in our passage and replace each with "and + demonstrative" (e.g. Quod tamen erat difficile → "and this was difficult"). What is lost in the longer translation? What is the rhetorical work of compression? 关系代词与连接性关系代词的结合，使凯撒的散文流畅。请追踪本段七处连接性关系代词，把每处换成"and + 指示词"（例如 Quod tamen erat difficile → "and this was difficult"）。较长的翻译里丢失了什么？压缩所做的修辞工作是什么？
Intermission课间休息
Break before Hour 18 (Punitive Expeditions — Caesar's reprisals against the Eburones; Wheelock Ch. 18, Passive Voice).第十八课（惩戒远征，凯撒对埃布隆尼斯人的报复；韦洛克第 18 章，被动语态）开始前的课间。
🗺 Campaign Map & Cursus Honōrum战役地图与晋升阶梯
How advancement works in this course. Rank is reserved for completion of whole DBG books (8 books → 8 promotions). Dōna mīlitāria — Roman military decorations — are awarded for each individual battle (Hour). The default rank cap is Centuriō / 百夫长, reached after Book 7. To rise to Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 or Lēgātus Legiōnis / 军团长, the student must accumulate sufficient dōna through the course.本课晋升机制。军衔（rank）专留给完整通读《高卢战记》之卷（八卷 → 八次晋升）。Dōna mīlitāria，罗马军事勋章，为每场单独战役（课时）所授。百夫长（Centuriō）是默认晋升上限，完成第七卷可达。要晋升至统领（Tribūnus Mīlitum）或军团长（Lēgātus Legiōnis），学生须于课程中累积足够 dōna。
The Cursus Honōrum — 10 ranks, 8 promotions晋升阶梯，十级军衔，八次晋升
- Tīrō 新兵recruit (course start)新兵（课程开始时的起点）
- Mīles 军团兵legionary (after Book 1)军团兵（完成第一卷后）
- Immūnis 免役兵specialist exempt from fatigues (Book 2)免役兵：具专长免劳役（第二卷后）
- Tesserārius 持牌兵watchword-keeper (Book 3)持牌兵：传递口令（第三卷后）
- Optiō 副百夫长centurion's deputy (Book 4)副百夫长：百夫长副手（第四卷后）
- Signifer 掌旗官standard-bearer of a century (Book 5)掌旗官：百人队旗手（第五卷后）
- Aquilifer 鹰旗官eagle-bearer of the legion (Book 6)鹰旗官：军团鹰旗持有者（第六卷后）
- Centuriō 百夫长commander of a century — DEFAULT CAP (Book 7)百夫长：百人队长，默认上限（第七卷后）
- Tribūnus Mīlitum 统领unlocked at Book 8 + ≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna解锁条件：完成第八卷 + 累积 ≥20 项 dōna + ≥1 顶冠
- Lēgātus Legiōnis 军团长all 28 dōna + Corōna Obsidiōnālis + Corōna Triumphālis集齐 28 项 dōna，含解围冠与凯旋冠
Dōna mīlitāria — one per HourDōna mīlitāria，每课时各授一项
T1 · Major corōnaeT1 · 至尊冠
T2 · Specialty corōnaeT2 · 专项冠
T3 · Officer-grade (hasta, vēxillum)T3 · 军官级（净矛、军旗）
T4 · Lower (torques, armillae, phalerae)T4 · 低级（项圈、臂环、胸牌）
T5 · Memorial (Roman defeats)T5 · 哀悼（罗马败战）
T6 · Scholastic (excurses)T6 · 学术（插段）
| # | Battle / Topic战役／主题 | Dōnum勋章 | Rationale缘由 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Battle of the Arar阿拉河战役 | Torques argenteae ／银项圈 | Opening ambush of the Tigurine quarter — modest field action.开战之伏击，规模适中。 |
| 2 | Battle of Bibracte比布拉克特战役 | Armillae ／银臂环 | First major set-piece engagement.首次大型会战。 |
| 3 | Battle of Vosges沃日山战役 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Closing battle of Book 1 — Ariovistus routed.第一卷收束：击溃阿里奥维斯图斯。 |
| END OF Book 1 · Helvetian War — Hours 1–3第一卷 · 赫尔维提战争（1–3）结束 → Mīles / 军团兵→ 晋升 Mīles／军团兵 | |||
| 4 | Battle of the Axona阿克索纳战役 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Ford engagement, encumbered enemy slaughtered.浅滩遭遇战，敌于河中受困被歼。 |
| 5 | Battle of the Sabis萨比斯战役 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar enters the line personally to save his legion — citizens saved (Maxfield p.68).凯撒亲入战阵救援军团，拯救公民（Maxfield 第 68 页）。 |
| 6 | Siege of the Atuatuci阿杜亚图基围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | First siege of the course — first up the wall.课程首次围城，首先登上城墙。 |
| END OF Book 2 · Belgic Campaign — Hours 4–6第二卷 · 贝尔盖战役（4–6）结束 → Immūnis / 免役兵→ 晋升 Immūnis／免役兵 | |||
| 7 | Battle of Octodurus屋大都鲁斯之战 | Corōna Castrēnsis ／军营冠 | Galba defends camp against ambush — first into the enemy camp at counter-attack.伽尔巴守营抗伏击，反扑时率先入敌营。 |
| 8 | Battle of Quiberon Bay基伯龙湾海战 | Corōna Navālis ／海军冠 | First naval engagement — first to board an enemy ship.首次海战，首先登上敌舰。 |
| 9 | Crassus's Aquitanian Camp.克拉苏的阿基坦战役 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | Crassus, a young officer, wins his independent campaign — gold crown for valor.小克拉苏年纪轻轻独立战胜，金冠表勇。 |
| END OF Book 3 · Coast & Aquitania — Hours 7–9第三卷 · 海岸与阿基坦（7–9）结束 → Tesserārius / 持牌兵→ 晋升 Tesserārius／持牌兵 | |||
| 10 | Usipetes & Tencteri乌西佩特斯与滕克特里 | Torques aureae duae ／一对金项圈 | Mass action against two German tribes; controversial.对二日耳曼部族之大规模行动；颇具争议。 |
| 11 | First Rhine Crossing首次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Engineering theater — the ten-day pile-bridge.工程剧场：十日内造起木桩桥。 |
| 12 | First Invasion of Britain首次入侵不列颠 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | The aquilifer of the Tenth leaps with the eagle — gold crown (Maxfield p.79).第十军团掌旗官携鹰跃入海，金冠（Maxfield 第 79 页）。 |
| END OF Book 4 · Rhine & Britain I — Hours 10–12第四卷 · 莱茵河与首征不列颠（10–12）结束 → Optiō / 副百夫长→ 晋升 Optiō／副百夫长 | |||
| 13 | Ambush at Atuatuca阿杜阿都加伏击 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Roman defeat — Sabinus & Cotta killed; memorial decoration for survivors.罗马败战，萨宾努斯与科塔阵亡；幸存者得哀悼臂环。 |
| 14 | Second Invasion of Britain第二次入侵不列颠 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Larger fleet, river crossing, Cassivellaunus engaged.舰队壮大、渡泰晤士、对阵卡西维劳努斯。 |
| 15 | Ethnography of Britain不列颠民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Tacitean excursus — no battle, scholarly stipend awarded.塔西陀插段，非战斗，授学术津贴。 |
| 16 | Britain II: Climate不列颠之二：气候 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Second Tacitean excursus on geography.塔西陀第二段：地理。 |
| 17 | Siege of Cicero's Camp西塞罗营垒被围 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar relieves Cicero's winter camp — citizens saved.凯撒解围西塞罗冬营，拯救公民。 |
| END OF Book 5 · Britain II & Disasters — Hours 13–17第五卷 · 第二次入侵不列颠与挫败（13–17）结束 → Signifer / 掌旗官→ 晋升 Signifer／掌旗官 | |||
| 18 | Eburones Punitive Expedition对埃布隆尼斯人的惩戒 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Revenge for Atuatuca — extensive plunder and destruction.为阿杜阿都加复仇，大规模劫掠破坏。 |
| 19 | Second Rhine Crossing第二次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Repeat engineering theater — another pile-bridge.再演工程剧场，又造一桥。 |
| 20 | Atuatuca Garrison Attacked阿杜阿都加守备遭袭 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Cicero saves the garrison — citizens saved.西塞罗救守备，拯救公民。 |
| 21 | Ethnography of the Galli高卢人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Gauls' Druids/Knights/plebs — no battle.高卢德鲁伊、骑士、平民，非战斗。 |
| 22 | Ethnography of the Germani日耳曼人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Inverse-Gauls stereotype — no battle.高卢之反面刻板印象，非战斗。 |
| END OF Book 6 · Vengeance & Ethnography — Hours 18–22第六卷 · 复仇与民族志（18–22）结束 → Aquilifer / 鹰旗官→ 晋升 Aquilifer／鹰旗官 | |||
| 23 | Siege of Avaricum阿瓦里库姆围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | 25-day siege, walls stormed under cover of rain.25 日围城，雨中破城。 |
| 24 | Defeat at Gergovia热尔戈维亚的败战 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Caesar's only acknowledged defeat — 46 centurions killed.凯撒唯一承认之败战——46 名百夫长阵亡。 |
| 25 | Road to Alesia通往阿莱西亚之路 | Hasta Pūra ／净矛 | Labienus and the German cavalry break Vercingetorix's mobility — officer-grade dōnum.拉比埃努斯与日耳曼骑兵击碎维钦格托里克斯之机动，军官级 dōnum。 |
| 26 | Siege of Alesia阿莱西亚围攻 | Corōna Obsidiōnālis ／解围冠 | Caesar's masterpiece — the double ring relieves nothing; he breaks the relief instead. Highest possible decoration.凯撒之杰作，双重防线击破援军。古罗马最高荣誉。 |
| END OF Book 7 · The Great Revolt — Hours 23–26第七卷 · 大起义（23–26）结束 → Centuriō / 百夫长 (DEFAULT CAP)→ 晋升 Centuriō／百夫长（默认上限） | |||
| 27 | Uxellodunum & Aftermath乌克塞洛杜诺姆与战后 | Vēxillum ／军旗 | Caesar's final field command of the Gallic war — senior officer's banner.凯撒在高卢战争中之最后野战指挥，高级军官之军旗。 |
| 28 | Capstone: Rubicon to Ides总章：自卢比孔至三月之中 | Corōna Triumphālis ／凯旋冠 | Caesar's quadruple triumph (46 BC) — laurel crown of the triumphātor.凯撒四重凯旋（公元前 46 年）——凯旋者所戴桂冠。 |
| END OF Book 8 (Hirtius) & Capstone — Hours 27–28第八卷（希尔提乌斯）与总章（27–28）结束 → gated: Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 (≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna) OR Lēgātus / 军团长 (all 28 dōna + Obsidiōnālis + Triumphālis)→ 解锁条件：Tribūnus Mīlitum／统领（≥20 项 dōna ＋ ≥1 顶冠）；或 Lēgātus／军团长（28 项 dōna 全集，含解围冠与凯旋冠） | |||
Source.来源。 The hierarchy of dōna mīlitāria used here follows Valerie A. Maxfield, The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (London: Batsford, 1981) — the standard modern reference. Maxfield documents that corōnae were stratified by feat (mūrālis for first up the wall, navālis for first to board, obsidiōnālis for raising a siege, etc.), while torques, armillae, and phalerae were the routine awards for soldiers and centurions. Maxfield also notes (p. 251) that Caesar himself used promotion as a substitute for decoration — the system this course follows in reverse: decorations for battles, promotion for completing books.Dōna mīlitāria 的等级体系本课程依据 Valerie A. Maxfield《The Military Decorations of the Roman Army》（London: Batsford, 1981）——该领域之标准现代参考。Maxfield 详述：corōnae 按功勋分级（城墙冠予首登墙者、海军冠予首登敌舰者、解围冠予救援被围之军者，等等）；而 torques、armillae、phalerae 为士兵与百夫长之常规奖励。Maxfield 又指出（第 251 页），凯撒本人即以晋升代替勋章：而本课程恰反其道而行：勋章授与战役，晋升保留给读完一卷。