Happy Latin: Caesar's Battles — Hour 19: The Second Crossing of the Rhine

Hour 19 — Briefing第十九课 — 战前简报

From Hour 18 to Hour 19 — the bridge, rebuilt

Hour 18 closed the punitive year (53 BC) with the Eburones almost extinguished and Ambiorix still at large. Hour 19 goes back a few months — to the same campaigning year — when Caesar makes a second crossing of the Rhine. The first was in 55 BC (Hour 11), an act of pure political theater: a ten-day bridge, a brief raid, the bridge dismantled, the legions back in Gaul before the Germans could organize a response. The second crossing is different. Some of the Belgic tribes (Treveri, Eburones) have been receiving German support across the river. Caesar wants to punish that support and to demonstrate that the Rhine is no barrier to him — twice.

The geography is symbolic. Caesar builds the new bridge a short distance above the site of the first one. The Ubii, the Germanic people who had welcomed Caesar across in 55 BC, surrender quickly and offer information about their neighbors. The dangerous neighbors are the Suebi, a coalition of Germanic peoples Caesar describes (in DBG 4.1–3) as the largest and most warlike of all the German peoples. The Suebi, hearing of Caesar's approach, do not fight: they retreat into their vast forests, where Roman logistics fail. Caesar advances a short distance, finds nothing, and turns back. He then does something striking — instead of dismantling the bridge entirely, he destroys only the German end, leaving the Gallic end intact. The message: the door is closed but not removed; I can come back at any time.

Our excerpt covers (i) Caesar's decision to cross again (6.9); (ii) the Ubii surrender (6.9); (iii) the Suebi's forest retreat (6.10); (iv) Caesar's return and his deliberate partial destruction of the bridge (6.29). The passage is rich in perfect-passive forms — Caesar describes the bridge as aedificātus est, "has been built"; the Ubii as recēptī sunt, "have been received"; the Suebi's territory as relictum est, "has been abandoned." The perfect passive system is exactly the right grammatical apparatus for narrative that wants to report completed actions whose agents are deliberately backgrounded. Caesar's grammar is, again, his politics.

Connection to Wheelock. This hour pairs with Wheelock Chapter 19 — Perfect Passive System (Indicative) and the Interrogative Pronoun. The chapter has two halves. (1) The perfect-passive system uses a participle + esse. Amātus sum = "I have been loved / I was loved"; amātus eram = "I had been loved"; amātus erō = "I shall have been loved." The participle is the perfect passive participle — the 4th principal part (PP4 of the verb, neuter: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum; the masc.sg. nom. is amātus). The participle agrees with the subject in number and gender. (2) Interrogative pronouns: quis? "who?" (subject), quem? "whom?", cuius? "whose?", cui? "to whom?", quō/quā? "by whom?"; for things, quid? "what?" These are mostly identical in form to the relative pronoun (Hour 17) — context decides.

Today's task. Identify all the verbs in the passage AND identify all perfect-passive-system forms (perfect, pluperfect, future perfect passive, all using participle + esse).

Source-document note. Latin from De Bello Gallico 6.9–10 and 6.29 (with brief connecting prose), edited from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed. English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.

从第十八课到第十九课，大桥重建

第十八课以惩戒之年（公元前 53 年）结束：埃布隆尼斯人近乎覆灭，安比奥利克斯仍然在逃。第十九课往回几个月，回到同一征战年的早些时候，凯撒进行第二次跨越莱茵河。第一次在公元前 55 年（第十一课），是纯粹的政治表演：十天造桥、短暂袭扰、拆桥、军团于日耳曼人组织回应前已重回高卢。第二次则不同。一些贝尔盖部落（特雷维利、埃布隆尼斯）一直受河东日耳曼支援。凯撒要惩罚此种支援，并要让人再次看到，莱茵河对他不是屏障，第二次依旧不是。

地理本身就是象征。凯撒在第一座桥址略上游新建一桥。曾在公元前 55 年迎凯撒过河的乌比人迅速归降，并提供其邻邦情报。危险之邻是苏维比人（Suebi）——凯撒在《高卢战记》4.1–3 中将他们描述为最庞大、最尚武的日耳曼联盟。苏维比人闻凯撒至，选择不战：他们退入广袤森林，使罗马补给线断裂。凯撒前进若干距离，无所获，回军。继而他做了一件别具意味的事，不是把桥全数拆除，而是只毁日耳曼一岸，留下高卢一端完好。其讯息为：门已合，但未拆；我随时可再回。

本课节选包括：(i) 凯撒决意再次渡河（6.9）；(ii) 乌比人归降（6.9）；(iii) 苏维比人入森林躲避（6.10）；(iv) 凯撒回军，并蓄意将大桥的一部分破坏（6.29）。段落中完成被动形式密集，凯撒描述桥已 aedificātus est（"已建好"）、乌比人 recēptī sunt（"已被接受"）、苏维比人之地 relictum est（"已被舍弃"）。完成被动体系正是这种"报告已完成动作、却有意把施事置于背景"叙事最合适的语法工具。凯撒的语法，依然是其政治。

与韦洛克拉丁语的对应。本课与韦洛克拉丁语第十九章，完成被动体系（直陈式）与疑问代词对应。本章两半：(1) 完成被动体系使用分词 + esse。Amātus sum = "我已被爱／我被爱过"；amātus eram = "我曾被爱"；amātus erō = "我将已被爱"。该分词是完成被动分词：动词的第 4 主要部分（PP4，中性：amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum；阳性单数主格为 amātus）。分词在数与性上与主语一致。(2) 疑问代词：quis?"谁？"（主格）、quem?"谁？"（宾格）、cuius?"谁的？"、cui?"给谁？"、quō/quā?"由谁？"；问物则用 quid?"什么？"。这些大多与关系代词同形（第十七课）——语境分辨。

今日任务。识别段落中所有动词；并识别所有完成被动体系形式（完成、过去完成、未来完成被动；皆"分词 + esse"）。

关于来源的说明。拉丁文取自《高卢战记》6.9–10 与 6.29（含简短衔接散文），见 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略经柔化；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。

Grammar Target — Perfect Passive System & Interrogative Pronoun语法目标 — 完成被动体系与疑问代词

Part 1: The perfect-passive system uses a participle + esse

The active perfect system (Hour 12) uses the perfect stem + special endings (amāvī, amāvistī, amāvit). The passive perfect system works differently: it uses the perfect passive participle (PP4 of the verb, given in dictionaries as the neuter singular: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum; masc. sg. nom. amātus) plus a form of esse.

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum — perfect passive system
	Perfect Pass.	Pluperfect Pass.	Future Perfect Pass.
1 sg.	amātus sum "I have been loved / I was loved"	amātus eram "I had been loved"	amātus erō "I shall have been loved"
2 sg.	amātus es	amātus erās	amātus eris
3 sg.	amātus est	amātus erat	amātus erit
1 pl.	amātī sumus	amātī erāmus	amātī erimus
2 pl.	amātī estis	amātī erātis	amātī eritis
3 pl.	amātī sunt	amātī erant	amātī erunt

Note: the participle agrees with the subject in number and gender — like any adjective. So if a woman speaks, "I have been loved" is amāta sum; if a group of men or mixed group, amātī sumus; if neuter things, amāta sunt.

Why the participle has gender

The perfect passive participle (PP4) declines like a 1st/2nd-declension adjective: amātus, amāta, amātum. This means a perfect-passive verb form has two pieces of information: the participle (tense + voice + agreement with subject) and the esse-form (person + number + secondary tense indication). Translating a perfect-passive Latin verb means tracking both pieces.

Example: pōns aedificātus est. The participle aedificātus is masc. sg. nom. — agreeing with pōns (m.). The esse-form is est (3 sg. pres.). Together they mean "the bridge has been built" or "the bridge was built." Now compare with nāvēs aedificātae sunt — the participle aedificātae is fem. pl. nom. (agreeing with nāvēs), and the esse-form is sunt (3 pl. pres.). "The ships have been built."

Part 2: The interrogative pronoun

The interrogative pronoun looks very much like the relative pronoun (Hour 17), but its function is different. The interrogative asks a question; the relative refers back.

quis, quid (interrogative pronoun, persons / things)
	Persons (m./f.)	Things (n.)
Nom.	quis "who?"	quid "what?"
Gen.	cuius	cuius
Dat.	cui	cui
Acc.	quem	quid
Abl.	quō	quō

The plural forms are the same as the relative (quī, quōrum, quibus, etc.). And the interrogative adjective — "which man?" — is identical to the relative pronoun: quī mīles? "which soldier?"

Three warning signs to memorize

The participle is an adjective. A perfect-passive form is grammatically two words; the participle agrees with the subject; if the participle is feminine plural, the subject must also be. Watch the agreement clue.
quis vs. quī. Quis venit? = "Who comes?" (interrogative pronoun). Quī venit, Cicerō est = "He who comes is Cicero" (relative pronoun). Both nom. sg. m. — context decides.
The Latin perfect passive translates two ways in English: as a simple past passive ("was loved") or as a present perfect passive ("has been loved"). Caesar uses both senses freely.

Codebook rules carried. Rule #3 (connective yellow) from Hour 17 stays active. The Battle Task adds a secondary toggle — "perfect-passive form or interrogative" — to isolate the chapter's grammar focus.

第一部分：完成被动体系使用分词 + esse

主动完成体系（第十二课）使用完成词干 + 专门词尾（amāvī, amāvistī, amāvit）。被动完成体系不同：使用完成被动分词（动词的 PP4，字典中以中性单数给出：amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum；阳性单数主格作 amātus）加 esse 的某形。

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum，完成被动体系
	完成被动	过去完成被动	未来完成被动
第一单	amātus sum"我已被爱"	amātus eram"我曾被爱"	amātus erō"我将已被爱"
第二单	amātus es	amātus erās	amātus eris
第三单	amātus est	amātus erat	amātus erit
第一复	amātī sumus	amātī erāmus	amātī erimus
第二复	amātī estis	amātī erātis	amātī eritis
第三复	amātī sunt	amātī erant	amātī erunt

注意：分词在数与性上与主语一致：像任何形容词那样。若说话者为女性，"我已被爱"作 amāta sum；若一群男人或混合群体，作 amātī sumus；若中性事物，作 amāta sunt。

分词为什么有性

完成被动分词（PP4）按第一/第二变格法形容词变化：amātus, amāta, amātum。这意味着完成被动动词形式同时携带两条信息：分词（时、态、与主语一致）+ esse 形（人称、数、二级时态指示）。翻译完成被动拉丁动词须同时处理两半。

例：pōns aedificātus est。分词 aedificātus 阳性单数主格，与 pōns（阳）一致。esse 形 est（第三单现在）。合起来作"桥已被建造"或"桥被建造了"。再比较：nāvēs aedificātae sunt，分词 aedificātae 阴性复数主格（与 nāvēs 一致），esse 形 sunt（第三复现在）。"船只已被建造。"

第二部分：疑问代词

疑问代词与关系代词（第十七课）形态极为相似，但功能不同。疑问代词提问；关系代词回指。

quis, quid（疑问代词，问人 / 物）
	问人（阳/阴）	问物（中）
主	quis"谁？"	quid"什么？"
属	cuius	cuius
与	cui	cui
宾	quem	quid
夺	quō	quō

复数与关系代词同形（quī, quōrum, quibus 等）。疑问形容词："哪个人？"——与关系代词同形：quī mīles?"哪位士兵？"

三条务必牢记的警示

分词即形容词。完成被动形式在语法上是两个词；分词与主语数、性一致；若分词为阴性复数，主语也必为阴性复数。请留意"一致"线索。
quis 与 quī 的区别。Quis venit? = "谁来了？"（疑问代词）。Quī venit, Cicerō est = "来的那位是西塞罗"（关系代词）。两者都是阳性单数主格，靠语境分辨。
拉丁语完成被动可英译两种：简单过去被动（"was loved"）或现在完成被动（"has been loved"）。凯撒两义并用。

沿用旧规则。第十七课的规则 #3（连接黄色）保持启用。战斗任务新增副切换："完成被动形式或疑问代词"——以隔离本章语法焦点。

Hour 19 — Passage: De Bello Gallico 6.9–10, 6.29 (excerpts, lightly smoothed)第十九课 — 原文段落：《高卢战记》6.9–10、6.29（节选，略经柔化）

Scaffolding:脚手架： Tags:标注：

1 Quā rē cōnstitūtā, Caesar in Trēverōs prōfectus est, et, postquam Trēverī^N.p. domitī sunt, in Germāniam^Ac.s. trānsīre cōnstituit. 2 Eōdem locō quō priōre annō aedificātus erat pōns paulō superius aedificātus est; eā ratiōne^Abl.s., ut, cum superior dēstrūctus esset, posterior manēret. 3 Pōnte cōnfectō, Caesar copias trādūxit. Ubiī, [missīs ad eum lēgātīs], recēptī sunt: dictum est a Caesare sē in eōs nullam poenam^Ac.s. exitūrum. 4 Ab Ubiīs Caesar certior factus est Suēbōs cum omnibus cōpiīs in silvās^Ac.p. recēssisse et reliquōs in tūta loca missōs esse. 5 Caesar, quibus rēbus cognitīs, in finēs^Ac.p. Suēbōrum prōcessit. Sed Suēbī repertī non sunt: in dēnsissimās silvās^Ac.p. sē abdiderant. 6 Quid faciendum esset? Quae ratiō^N.s. bellī suscipienda? Caesar progredi non posse cōgnōvit: silvae erant trānsīre impossibilēs. 7 Reversus est igitur Caesar in finēs^Ac.p. Ubiōrum, et datum est imperium ut exercitus rūrsus trāns Rhēnum dūceretur. 8 Quā in re cōnsumptīs diēbus paucīs, exercitus omnis trāductus est; commeātūs comportātī sunt; spēs^N.s. autem capiendī Ambiorigis dēposita est. 9 Caesar, cum trāns Rhēnum exercitum redūxisset, pōntem interrūpit: priōre parte in Galliā relictā, posteriōre parte in Germāniā dēstrūctā. 10 Eō cōnsiliō^Abl.s. Caesar id fēcerat, ut Germānī quī trāns Rhēnum habitābant scīrent rēditum semper Rōmānīs in suīs finibus^Abl.p. esse parātum. 11 Hīs rēbus [cōnfectīs], Caesar exercitum in hīberna redūxit; bellum hōc annō est cōnfectum. 12 Sed cum dē Ambiorige interrogārētur, Caesar respondit: "Quis rēgem Eburōnum captum esse putet? Numquam captus est."

Latin: Perseus canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed. English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted. Indigo italic = perfect-passive-system form. Yellow = connecting relative (rule #3, carried).拉丁文：Perseus canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略经柔化；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。靛色斜体 = 完成被动体系形式。黄色 = 连接性关系代词（规则 #3，沿用）。

Hour 19 — Vocabulary第十九课 — 词汇表

This hour's new badge: INTERROG marks the interrogative pronouns quis, quid. Full legend: Interrogatives INTERROG; passive markers PASSIVE; relatives RELATIVE; 3rd-decl. adj. 3RD ADJ; numerals / i-stems / pronouns / verb-conj. badges carried.本课新增徽章：INTERROG 标注疑问代词 quis, quid。完整图例：Interrogatives INTERROG; passive markers PASSIVE; relatives RELATIVE; 3rd-decl. adj. 3RD ADJ; numerals / i-stems / pronouns / verb-conj. badges carried。

Caesar, Caesaris m. (3rd)

Caesar凯撒

Trēverī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)

the Treveri (Belgic tribe near the Rhine)特雷维利人

Germānia, -ae f. (1st)

Germany (territory east of the Rhine)日耳曼

Ubiī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)

the Ubii (friendly Germanic people)乌比人

Suēbī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)

the Suebi (Germanic coalition)苏维比人

Rhēnus, -ī m. (2nd)

the Rhine莱茵河

Eburōnēs, -um m. pl. (3rd)

the Eburones埃布隆尼斯人

Ambiorix, -igis m. (3rd)

Ambiorix (king of the Eburones)安比奥利克斯

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum v. 1st

to love (PP4 amātum) → amātus sum 'I have been loved'爱（PP4 amātum）

aedificō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to build (PP4 aedificātum)建造

dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to lead (PP4 ductum)率领

trādūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to lead across率过

redūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to lead back率回

recipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō

to receive (PP4 receptum) → receptus sum接受

relinquō, -ere, relīquī, relictum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to leave behind (PP4 relictum)留下

dēstruō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to destroy, demolish拆毁

interrumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to break in the middle, sever中断、打断

cōnstituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to decide, settle, establish决定、布置

proficīscor, -fīcisci, -fectus sum v. 3rd (dep.)3RD CONJ

to set out出发

postquam conj.

after在...之后

domō, -āre, -uī, -itum v. 1st

to tame, subdue降伏

trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itum v. irreg.

to cross over渡过

eōdem locō phr.

in the same place在同一地点

prior, prius (priōre) adj. (comp.)

prior, earlier, former前面的、先前的

annus, -ī m. (2nd)

year年

pōns, pontis m. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM

bridge桥

paulō adv.

a little稍微

superius adv. (comp.)

above, higher up上方

ratiō, ratiōnis f. (3rd)

plan, reason, method计划、方法

ut conj. (+ subj.)

so that, in order that以便

cum conj. (+ subj.)

when, although当...时

superior, -ius adj. (comp.)

higher, upper, former上方、上游、先前的

posterior, -ius adj. (comp.)

later, latter, subsequent其后的、后者

maneō, -ēre, mānsī, mānsum v. 2nd

to remain保持

cōnficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō

to finish, accomplish完成

cōpiae, -ārum f. pl. (1st)

forces军队

mittō, -ere, mīsī, missum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to send派遣

lēgātus, -ī m. (2nd)

envoy, legate使者；副将

nūllus, -a, -um adj. (UNUS NAUTA)

no, none没有

poena, -ae f. (1st)

punishment, penalty惩罚

exeō, -īre, -iī, -itum v. irreg.

to go out, inflict (a penalty)施加

certus, -a, -um adj.

certain; (certior fierī) be informed确定的；certior fierī 得知

recēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to withdraw, retreat撤退

silva, -ae f. (1st)

forest, wood森林

reliquī, -ōrum m. pl.

the rest其余者

tūtus, -a, -um adj.

safe安全的

locus, -ī m. (2nd)

place地方

cognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to learn, find out知晓

fīnis, fīnis m. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM

limit; (pl.) territory界限；（复）领土

prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to advance前进

reperiō, -īre, repperī, repertum v. 4th4TH CONJ

to find, discover发现

dēnsus, -a, -um adj.

dense, thick茂密的

sē abdere phr. (refl.)

to hide oneself藏匿自己

quis, quid interrog. pron.INTERROG

who? what?谁？什么？

quid interrog. pron.INTERROG

what?什么？

faciendus, -a, -um gerundive

to be done应做的（动形容词）

ratiō bellī phr.

plan of war战争方案

suscipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō

to undertake, take up承担、采取

possum, posse, potuī v. irreg.

to be able能够

prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus sum v. 3rd (dep., -iō)3RD-iō

to advance前进

impossibilis, -e adj. (3rd, 2-term.)3RD ADJ

impossible不可能的

revertor, -ī, -versus sum v. 3rd (dep.)3RD CONJ

to return返回

igitur conj.

therefore因此

imperium, -iī n. (2nd)

command, order命令、指挥权

rūrsus adv.

again再

trāns prep. (+Acc.)

across穿过

cōnsūmō, -ere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to consume, use up耗用

diēs, diēī m./f. (5th)

day日

paucī, -ae, -a adj. (pl.)

few少数

omnis, omne adj. (3rd, 2-term.)3RD ADJ

all全部

commeātus, -ūs m. (4th)

supplies, provisions补给

comportō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to bring together, collect汇集、运送

spēs, speī f. (5th)

hope希望

capiō, -ere, cēpī, captum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō

to capture, take抓获、拿取

dēpōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to lay down, set aside搁置、放下

interrumpō (recurrence) v. 3rd3RD CONJ

to break off中断

pars, partis f. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM

part部分

Gallia, -ae f. (1st)

Gaul高卢

cōnsilium, -iī n. (2nd)

plan, purpose计划、用意

habitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to inhabit, dwell居住

sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītum v. 4th4TH CONJ

to know知道

reditus, -ūs m. (4th)

return归途

semper adv.

always永远

Rōmānus, -a, -um adj.

Roman罗马的

parātus, -a, -um adj./PP4PASSIVE

prepared, ready (PP4 of parō)准备好的

hīberna, -ōrum n. pl. (2nd)

winter quarters冬营

interrogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to ask, question询问

respondeō, -ēre, -spondī, -spōnsum v. 2nd

to reply, answer回答

putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st

to think, judge认为

rēx, rēgis m. (3rd)

king国王

numquam adv.

never从不

quis, quid (interrog.) interrog. pron.INTERROG

who? what? (subject)谁？什么？（主格）

quem (interrog.) interrog. pron. (Acc.s.)INTERROG

whom?谁？（宾格）

cuius (interrog.) interrog. pron. (Gen.s.)INTERROG

whose?谁的？

cui (interrog.) interrog. pron. (Dat.s.)INTERROG

to whom?给谁？

quō (interrog.) interrog. pron. (Abl.s.)INTERROG

by/with whom?由谁？

Hour 19 — Battle Task第十九课 — 战斗任务

The instructor will only give the question paper to the players / let the players turn to the online question page right before the 20-minute countdown starts. 教师将在 20 分钟倒计时开始之前才向学生发放试题 / 开放在线试题页面。

Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则

Task: identify all verbs (finite + infinitives) AND identify all perfect-passive-system forms and interrogatives. Perfect-passive forms in Latin are two words: the perfect passive participle (PP4) agreeing with the subject + a form of esse (or its absence in tu-direct addresses, etc.). Click both words of each perfect-passive form when toggled to the secondary mode.

Rule #1 — Indicative. Carried.
Rule #2 — Subjunctive. dēstrūctus esset (s. 2, ut/cum-clause); dūcerētur (s. 7, ut-clause); scīrent (s. 10, ut-clause); interrogārētur, putet (s. 12).
Rule #3 — Connective yellow (carried). Quā (ss. 1, 8); quibus (s. 5); cum (s. 12, etc.).
Rule #4 — Infinitive. trānsīre (s. 1, 6); posse (s. 6); recēssisse, missōs esse (s. 4); esse parātum (s. 10); captum esse (s. 12).
Rule #5 — Participle. Many — both stand-alone in ablative absolutes and as half of perfect-passive forms. The chapter focus makes participles especially visible.
Rule #7 — Noun-adj phrase. Carried.
Rule #8 — Abl. abs. [Quā rē cōnstitūtā] (s. 1); [pōnte cōnfectō] (s. 3); [missīs ad eum lēgātīs] (s. 3); [quibus rēbus cognitīs] (s. 5); [cōnsumptīs diēbus paucīs] (s. 8); [priōre parte... relictā, posteriōre parte... dēstrūctā] (s. 9); [Hīs rēbus cōnfectīs] (s. 11).
Rule #9 — Noun-case ★. Carried.

New this hour: the Battle Task's second toggle isolates perfect-passive-system forms and interrogatives — Wheelock-Ch.19 grammar focus. Targets in this passage: 15 perf.-pass. forms + 2 interrogatives (s. 6 Quid, s. 12 Quis). 21 clickable units total.

任务：识别所有动词（限定式 + 不定式），并识别所有完成被动体系形式与疑问代词。拉丁语完成被动形式是两个词：完成被动分词（PP4，与主语一致）+ esse 的某形（直接呼语等情境可省略）。切换到第二模式时请点击整组两词。

规则 #1，直陈式。沿用。
规则 #2，虚拟式。dēstrūctus esset, dūcerētur, scīrent, interrogārētur, putet。
规则 #3，连接黄色（沿用）。Quā（第 1、8 句）；quibus（第 5 句）。
规则 #4，不定式。trānsīre, posse, recēssisse, missōs esse, esse parātum, captum esse。
规则 #5，分词。本课分词尤其显眼，既独立于绝对夺格中，也是完成被动形式的一半。
规则 #7，名词-形容词短语。沿用。
规则 #8，绝对夺格。本段多处。
规则 #9，名词关注格 ★。沿用。

本课新增：战斗任务的第二个切换专用于完成被动体系形式与疑问代词：韦洛克第 19 章语法核心。本段共 15 处完成被动形式 + 2 处疑问代词（第 6 句 Quid、第 12 句 Quis）。可点击单位 21 处。

Mission — Identify all verbs, and all perfect-passive forms / interrogatives任务，识别所有动词，并识别所有完成被动形式 / 疑问代词

Set the mode, then click words. Click again to deselect.先选择下方模式，然后点击单词。再次点击可取消选择。

20:00

1 Quā rē cōnstitūtā, Caesar in Trēverōs prōfectus est, et, postquam Trēverī domitī sunt, in Germāniam trānsīre cōnstituit. 2 Eōdem locō quō priōre annō aedificātus erat pōns paulō superius aedificātus est; eā ratiōne, ut, cum superior dēstrūctus esset, posterior manēret. 3 Pōnte cōnfectō, Caesar copias trādūxit. Ubiī, [missīs ad eum lēgātīs], recēptī sunt: dictum est a Caesare sē in eōs nullam poenam exitūrum. 4 Ab Ubiīs Caesar certior factus est Suēbōs cum omnibus cōpiīs in silvās recēssisse et reliquōs in tūta loca missōs esse. 5 Caesar, quibus rēbus cognitīs, in finēs Suēbōrum prōcessit. Sed Suēbī repertī non sunt: in dēnsissimās silvās sē abdiderant. 6 Quid faciendum esset? Quae ratiō bellī suscipienda? Caesar progredi non posse cōgnōvit: silvae erant trānsīre impossibilēs. 7 Reversus est igitur Caesar in finēs Ubiōrum, et datum est imperium ut exercitus rūrsus trāns Rhēnum dūceretur. 8 Quā in re cōnsumptīs diēbus paucīs, exercitus omnis trāductus est; commeātūs comportātī sunt; spēs autem capiendī Ambiorigis dēposita est. 9 Caesar, cum trāns Rhēnum exercitum redūxisset, pōntem interrūpit: priōre parte in Galliā relictā, posteriōre parte in Germāniā dēstrūctā. 10 Eō cōnsiliō Caesar id fēcerat, ut Germānī quī trāns Rhēnum habitābant scīrent rēditum semper Rōmānīs in suīs finibus esse parātum. 11 Hīs rēbus [cōnfectīs], Caesar exercitum in hīberna redūxit; bellum hōc annō est cōnfectum. 12 Sed cum dē Ambiorige interrogārētur, Caesar respondit: "Quis rēgem Eburōnum captum esse putet? Numquam captus est."

Hour 19 — Result & Debrief第十九课 — 战果与汇报

Submit the Battle Task above to see your score here.提交上方的战斗任务即可在此查看分数。

Your score你的分数

Verbs (incl. infinitives) found:动词（含不定式）： 0 / 49

Perf.-pass. / Interrog. found:完成被动 / 疑问代词： 0 / 21

Wrong picks:错选： 0

Points this hour:本课得分： 0

🌉 Engineering / political-theater hour. Top scorer earns the Corōna Castrēnsis (also from Hour 11 — the camp-rampart crown, here metaphorically for "first to engineer a return"). Bonus 8 XP for engaging the bridge-symbolism discussion.🌉 工程 / 政治戏剧课时。最高分者获颁Corōna Castrēnsis（营垒冠，与第十一课同；此处引申为"首位工程师"）。参与"大桥象征意义"讨论者奖 8 经验值。

Perfect-passive forms in the passage (15)本段完成被动形式（15）

Each is a participle (4th principal part) agreeing with the subject + a form of esse.每一处皆为分词（第 4 主要部分，与主语一致）+ esse 的某形。

S. 1 — domitī sunt (m. pl. nom. participle + 3 pl. pres. esse): "have been subdued" (Treveri = m. pl.)
S. 2 — aedificātus erat (m. sg. nom. + 3 sg. impf.): "had been built" (pōns = m. sg.)
S. 2 — aedificātus est (m. sg. + 3 sg. pres.): "has been built" (the new bridge)
S. 2 — dēstrūctus esset (m. sg. + 3 sg. impf. subj.): "had been destroyed" (subjunctive after cum)
S. 3 — recēptī sunt (m. pl. + 3 pl. pres.): "have been received" (Ubii = m. pl.)
S. 3 — dictum est (n. sg. + 3 sg. pres.) — impersonal passive: "it was said"
S. 4 — certior factus est (idiom: m. sg. + 3 sg. pres. — "Caesar was informed")
S. 4 — missōs esse (m. pl. acc. + pres. infin.): "to have been sent" (perfect passive infinitive in indirect statement)
S. 5 — repertī (nōn) sunt (m. pl. + 3 pl. pres.): "have not been found" (Suebi)
S. 7 — datum est (n. sg. + 3 sg. pres.) — impersonal: "the order was given"
S. 8 — trāductus est (m. sg. + 3 sg.): "the army has been led across" (exercitus = m. sg.)
S. 8 — comportātī sunt (m. pl. + 3 pl.): "supplies have been collected" (commeātūs is m. pl. of 4th-decl.)
S. 8 — dēposita est (f. sg. + 3 sg.): "has been set aside" (spēs = f. sg.)
S. 10 — esse parātum (n. sg. + pres. infin.): "to be prepared" (perfect passive infinitive in indirect statement, with scīrent)
S. 11 — est cōnfectum (n. sg. + 3 sg.): "has been finished" (bellum = n. sg.)

Interrogatives (2)疑问代词（2）

S. 6 — Quid (interrog. pron., n. sg. nom.): "what?" — opening of indirect deliberative question
S. 12 — Quis (interrog. pron., m. sg. nom.): "who?" — Caesar's bitter rhetorical question about the unfound Ambiorix

A note on the participle-agreement clue关于"分词一致性"的提示

In Latin, a perfect-passive form is two words and the participle's gender and number identify the subject — even when the subject is omitted. Look at sentence 8: commeātūs comportātī sunt. The participle comportātī is masc. pl. nom. — therefore commeātūs (which can be sg. or pl. since it's 4th-decl.) must be plural here. The grammar disambiguates. Compare s. 8's spēs ... dēposita est: the participle dēposita is fem. sg. — so the subject is the fem. sg. spēs. Always read the participle as part of the agreement system; this is how Caesar's Latin tracks who-or-what is being described, even when the verbal action is what's foregrounded.在拉丁语中，完成被动形式是两个词，而分词的性与数会标示主语，即使主语被省略。看第 8 句：commeātūs comportātī sunt。分词 comportātī 是阳性复数主格，所以 commeātūs（第 4 变格法，单复同形）在此必为复数。语法本身做了消歧。再看第 8 句的 spēs ... dēposita est：分词 dēposita 阴性单数，所以主语就是阴性单数 spēs。请把分词当作"一致性系统"的一半来读；这是凯撒拉丁语在"突出动作"时如何同时追踪"谁/何物"的方式。

A note on Caesar's bridge politics关于凯撒"大桥政治学"的提示

Caesar's choice to partially destroy the bridge (s. 9 — Gallic side intact, German side dismantled) is one of the most rhetorically loaded military engineering decisions in Roman history. It says: I have not given up on this front; I am demonstrating that I can return without rebuilding from scratch. This is the same logic as a modern carrier strike group "showing the flag" without going to war. Caesar's grammar enacts the politics: the verb est parātum in sentence 10 — "is prepared" — is itself a perfect passive, presenting the bridge's readiness as a state of being rather than a Roman action. The bridge is not kept (active); it is kept (passive). The Germans cannot threaten it; the Romans do not have to maintain it; it just is, ready. This is how an empire describes its standing infrastructure — and how it disowns the active labor of imperialism.凯撒选择只部分毁桥（第 9 句，高卢一侧完好，日耳曼一侧拆除）——这是罗马史上修辞意味最重的一次军事工程决定。它说：我并未放弃此战线；我只是在演示，我能随时回来，而无需从头重建。这与现代航母战斗群"展示军旗而不开战"的逻辑相同。凯撒的语法承担了政治：第 10 句的 est parātum"已准备"本身是完成被动，把大桥的"待命"呈现为一种"存在状态"而非"罗马的动作"。桥不是被保持（主动），桥是被保持的（被动）。日耳曼人不能威胁它；罗马人无需维护它；它就在那里，已准备好。这正是帝国如何描述其常设基础设施，也是它如何否认帝国主义的"主动劳动"。

Cumulative XP & rank累计经验值与军衔

Cumulative XP across Hours 1–19 continues to advance you up the Cursus Honorum.第 1–19 课累计经验值继续沿晋升阶梯攀升。

Hour 19 — Screening第十九课 — 影片放映

Following the 20-minute countdown, the instructor announces the answer key, then 5-minute Q&A, then the film clip.20 分钟倒计时结束后，教师宣布答案，再进行 5 分钟问答，然后播放影片片段。

Film clip (proposed):推荐影片片段： For the engineering reconstruction (same as Hour 11): Time Team Special: Caesar's Bridge over the Rhine (Channel 4, 2009). For political-theater warfare without battle: The Day After Tomorrow (2004) — meteorological "show of force" — too anachronistic but the logic is similar. For showing the flag: any modern naval / military display documentary (e.g. Operation Pacific Vanguard). For the Suebi-in-forests theme: The Forest (2016) or the Hermann/Arminius episode of Barbarians (Netflix, 2020 — same Suebi-style retreat tactic in AD 9). Subject to instructor confirmation. 工程复原（与第十一课同）：Time Team 特别篇：凯撒在莱茵河上的桥（Channel 4, 2009）。"政治戏剧化但不开战"的战争：《The Day After Tomorrow》（2004）—— 气象式"展示武力"——虽错位但逻辑相通。"展示军旗"主题：任何现代海军 / 军事展示纪录片。苏维比"入森林"主题：《The Forest》（2016）或 Netflix《Barbarians》（2020）中 Hermann/Arminius 在公元 9 年使用同种"林间避战"战术的剧集。由教师确认。

Discussion课堂讨论

Why does Caesar describe the construction of the second bridge in essentially passive voice ("aedificātus est")? Compare to Hour 11's active-voice description of the first bridge: there Caesar is the agent of every verb. What changes in the political stakes when Caesar moves to passive voice? 凯撒为何以基本被动语态（"aedificātus est"）描述第二座桥的建造？请与第十一课对第一座桥的主动语态描写作对比：那里凯撒是每个动词的施事。当凯撒转入被动语态时，政治筹码发生了什么变化？
The Suebi don't fight. They retreat. Caesar's pursuit fails. In sentence 6 he asks himself two questions: Quid faciendum esset? Quae ratiō bellī suscipienda? — questions a general almost never asks aloud in DBG. Why does Caesar let himself be heard not knowing? Is this candor, modesty, or something more strategic? 苏维比人不战，而退。凯撒追击失败。第 6 句他自问两个问题：Quid faciendum esset? Quae ratiō bellī suscipienda?，一位将军在《高卢战记》中几乎从不公开提的问题。凯撒为何在书中让自己"被听见"而不知所措？是坦诚？是谦逊？还是更具策略性的什么？
Sentence 9's partial destruction of the bridge is brilliant. It says: I am withdrawing, but not because I have been forced; and I can come back, without rebuilding. Compare to Hour 11's full dismantling of the first bridge. What changed in Caesar's strategic posture between 55 BC and 53 BC? 第 9 句的部分毁桥是高招。它在说：我撤退了，但不是被迫撤退；我可以重来，不必重建。请与第十一课整桥拆除作比较。凯撒在公元前 55 至 53 年之间，战略姿态发生了什么变化？
Sentence 12 has Caesar asking his own audience: Quis rēgem Eburōnum captum esse putet? — "Who would think that the king of the Eburones has been captured?" The interrogative pronoun is doing rhetorical work: Caesar admits failure but reframes it as a question he expects no one to answer "yes." Compare to Hour 18's confident Ambiorix safer than any king. What's the rhetorical tactic here? 第 12 句凯撒向他自己的读者发问：Quis rēgem Eburōnum captum esse putet?，"谁会以为埃布隆尼斯王已被擒？" 疑问代词承担修辞工作：凯撒承认失败，但把它重塑为"没人会答'是'"的问题。请与第十八课"安比奥利克斯安全得超过任何国王"的自信作对比。这里的修辞策略是什么？

Intermission课间休息

Break before Hour 20 (Attack on the Atuatuca Garrison; Wheelock Ch. 19 [carried] / Ch. 20, 4th- and 5th-declension nouns and ablatives of place; we read the immediate aftermath of Hour 13's disaster).第二十课（阿杜阿都加守备遭袭；韦洛克第 19 章[沿用]/ 第 20 章，第四与第五变格法名词、地点夺格；阅读第十三课灾难的直接后续）开始前的课间。

🗺 Campaign Map & Cursus Honōrum战役地图与晋升阶梯

How advancement works in this course. Rank is reserved for completion of whole DBG books (8 books → 8 promotions). Dōna mīlitāria — Roman military decorations — are awarded for each individual battle (Hour). The default rank cap is Centuriō / 百夫长, reached after Book 7. To rise to Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 or Lēgātus Legiōnis / 军团长, the student must accumulate sufficient dōna through the course.本课晋升机制。军衔（rank）专留给完整通读《高卢战记》之卷（八卷 → 八次晋升）。Dōna mīlitāria，罗马军事勋章，为每场单独战役（课时）所授。百夫长（Centuriō）是默认晋升上限，完成第七卷可达。要晋升至统领（Tribūnus Mīlitum）或军团长（Lēgātus Legiōnis），学生须于课程中累积足够 dōna。

The Cursus Honōrum — 10 ranks, 8 promotions晋升阶梯，十级军衔，八次晋升

Tīrō 新兵recruit (course start)新兵（课程开始时的起点）
Mīles 军团兵legionary (after Book 1)军团兵（完成第一卷后）
Immūnis 免役兵specialist exempt from fatigues (Book 2)免役兵：具专长免劳役（第二卷后）
Tesserārius 持牌兵watchword-keeper (Book 3)持牌兵：传递口令（第三卷后）
Optiō 副百夫长centurion's deputy (Book 4)副百夫长：百夫长副手（第四卷后）
Signifer 掌旗官standard-bearer of a century (Book 5)掌旗官：百人队旗手（第五卷后）
Aquilifer 鹰旗官eagle-bearer of the legion (Book 6)鹰旗官：军团鹰旗持有者（第六卷后）
Centuriō 百夫长commander of a century — DEFAULT CAP (Book 7)百夫长：百人队长，默认上限（第七卷后）
Tribūnus Mīlitum 统领unlocked at Book 8 + ≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna解锁条件：完成第八卷 + 累积 ≥20 项 dōna + ≥1 顶冠
Lēgātus Legiōnis 军团长all 28 dōna + Corōna Obsidiōnālis + Corōna Triumphālis集齐 28 项 dōna，含解围冠与凯旋冠

Dōna mīlitāria — one per HourDōna mīlitāria，每课时各授一项

T1 · Major corōnaeT1 · 至尊冠 T2 · Specialty corōnaeT2 · 专项冠 T3 · Officer-grade (hasta, vēxillum)T3 · 军官级（净矛、军旗） T4 · Lower (torques, armillae, phalerae)T4 · 低级（项圈、臂环、胸牌） T5 · Memorial (Roman defeats)T5 · 哀悼（罗马败战） T6 · Scholastic (excurses)T6 · 学术（插段）

#	Battle / Topic战役／主题	Dōnum勋章	Rationale缘由
1	Battle of the Arar阿拉河战役	Torques argenteae ／银项圈	Opening ambush of the Tigurine quarter — modest field action.开战之伏击，规模适中。
2	Battle of Bibracte比布拉克特战役	Armillae ／银臂环	First major set-piece engagement.首次大型会战。
3	Battle of Vosges沃日山战役	Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌	Closing battle of Book 1 — Ariovistus routed.第一卷收束：击溃阿里奥维斯图斯。
END OF Book 1 · Helvetian War — Hours 1–3第一卷 · 赫尔维提战争（1–3）结束 → Mīles / 军团兵→ 晋升 Mīles／军团兵
4	Battle of the Axona阿克索纳战役	Torques aureae ／金项圈	Ford engagement, encumbered enemy slaughtered.浅滩遭遇战，敌于河中受困被歼。
5	Battle of the Sabis萨比斯战役	Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠	Caesar enters the line personally to save his legion — citizens saved (Maxfield p.68).凯撒亲入战阵救援军团，拯救公民（Maxfield 第 68 页）。
6	Siege of the Atuatuci阿杜亚图基围攻	Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠	First siege of the course — first up the wall.课程首次围城，首先登上城墙。
END OF Book 2 · Belgic Campaign — Hours 4–6第二卷 · 贝尔盖战役（4–6）结束 → Immūnis / 免役兵→ 晋升 Immūnis／免役兵
7	Battle of Octodurus屋大都鲁斯之战	Corōna Castrēnsis ／军营冠	Galba defends camp against ambush — first into the enemy camp at counter-attack.伽尔巴守营抗伏击，反扑时率先入敌营。
8	Battle of Quiberon Bay基伯龙湾海战	Corōna Navālis ／海军冠	First naval engagement — first to board an enemy ship.首次海战，首先登上敌舰。
9	Crassus's Aquitanian Camp.克拉苏的阿基坦战役	Corōna Aurea ／金冠	Crassus, a young officer, wins his independent campaign — gold crown for valor.小克拉苏年纪轻轻独立战胜，金冠表勇。
END OF Book 3 · Coast & Aquitania — Hours 7–9第三卷 · 海岸与阿基坦（7–9）结束 → Tesserārius / 持牌兵→ 晋升 Tesserārius／持牌兵
10	Usipetes & Tencteri乌西佩特斯与滕克特里	Torques aureae duae ／一对金项圈	Mass action against two German tribes; controversial.对二日耳曼部族之大规模行动；颇具争议。
11	First Rhine Crossing首次跨越莱茵河	Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌	Engineering theater — the ten-day pile-bridge.工程剧场：十日内造起木桩桥。
12	First Invasion of Britain首次入侵不列颠	Corōna Aurea ／金冠	The aquilifer of the Tenth leaps with the eagle — gold crown (Maxfield p.79).第十军团掌旗官携鹰跃入海，金冠（Maxfield 第 79 页）。
END OF Book 4 · Rhine & Britain I — Hours 10–12第四卷 · 莱茵河与首征不列颠（10–12）结束 → Optiō / 副百夫长→ 晋升 Optiō／副百夫长
13	Ambush at Atuatuca阿杜阿都加伏击	Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环	Roman defeat — Sabinus & Cotta killed; memorial decoration for survivors.罗马败战，萨宾努斯与科塔阵亡；幸存者得哀悼臂环。
14	Second Invasion of Britain第二次入侵不列颠	Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌	Larger fleet, river crossing, Cassivellaunus engaged.舰队壮大、渡泰晤士、对阵卡西维劳努斯。
15	Ethnography of Britain不列颠民族志	Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴	Tacitean excursus — no battle, scholarly stipend awarded.塔西陀插段，非战斗，授学术津贴。
16	Britain II: Climate不列颠之二：气候	Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴	Second Tacitean excursus on geography.塔西陀第二段：地理。
17	Siege of Cicero's Camp西塞罗营垒被围	Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠	Caesar relieves Cicero's winter camp — citizens saved.凯撒解围西塞罗冬营，拯救公民。
END OF Book 5 · Britain II & Disasters — Hours 13–17第五卷 · 第二次入侵不列颠与挫败（13–17）结束 → Signifer / 掌旗官→ 晋升 Signifer／掌旗官
18	Eburones Punitive Expedition对埃布隆尼斯人的惩戒	Torques aureae ／金项圈	Revenge for Atuatuca — extensive plunder and destruction.为阿杜阿都加复仇，大规模劫掠破坏。
19	Second Rhine Crossing第二次跨越莱茵河	Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌	Repeat engineering theater — another pile-bridge.再演工程剧场，又造一桥。
20	Atuatuca Garrison Attacked阿杜阿都加守备遭袭	Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠	Cicero saves the garrison — citizens saved.西塞罗救守备，拯救公民。
21	Ethnography of the Galli高卢人民族志	Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴	Gauls' Druids/Knights/plebs — no battle.高卢德鲁伊、骑士、平民，非战斗。
22	Ethnography of the Germani日耳曼人民族志	Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴	Inverse-Gauls stereotype — no battle.高卢之反面刻板印象，非战斗。
END OF Book 6 · Vengeance & Ethnography — Hours 18–22第六卷 · 复仇与民族志（18–22）结束 → Aquilifer / 鹰旗官→ 晋升 Aquilifer／鹰旗官
23	Siege of Avaricum阿瓦里库姆围攻	Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠	25-day siege, walls stormed under cover of rain.25 日围城，雨中破城。
24	Defeat at Gergovia热尔戈维亚的败战	Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环	Caesar's only acknowledged defeat — 46 centurions killed.凯撒唯一承认之败战——46 名百夫长阵亡。
25	Road to Alesia通往阿莱西亚之路	Hasta Pūra ／净矛	Labienus and the German cavalry break Vercingetorix's mobility — officer-grade dōnum.拉比埃努斯与日耳曼骑兵击碎维钦格托里克斯之机动，军官级 dōnum。
26	Siege of Alesia阿莱西亚围攻	Corōna Obsidiōnālis ／解围冠	Caesar's masterpiece — the double ring relieves nothing; he breaks the relief instead. Highest possible decoration.凯撒之杰作，双重防线击破援军。古罗马最高荣誉。
END OF Book 7 · The Great Revolt — Hours 23–26第七卷 · 大起义（23–26）结束 → Centuriō / 百夫长 (DEFAULT CAP)→ 晋升 Centuriō／百夫长（默认上限）
27	Uxellodunum & Aftermath乌克塞洛杜诺姆与战后	Vēxillum ／军旗	Caesar's final field command of the Gallic war — senior officer's banner.凯撒在高卢战争中之最后野战指挥，高级军官之军旗。
28	Capstone: Rubicon to Ides总章：自卢比孔至三月之中	Corōna Triumphālis ／凯旋冠	Caesar's quadruple triumph (46 BC) — laurel crown of the triumphātor.凯撒四重凯旋（公元前 46 年）——凯旋者所戴桂冠。
END OF Book 8 (Hirtius) & Capstone — Hours 27–28第八卷（希尔提乌斯）与总章（27–28）结束 → gated: Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 (≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna) OR Lēgātus / 军团长 (all 28 dōna + Obsidiōnālis + Triumphālis)→ 解锁条件：Tribūnus Mīlitum／统领（≥20 项 dōna ＋ ≥1 顶冠）；或 Lēgātus／军团长（28 项 dōna 全集，含解围冠与凯旋冠）

Source.来源。 The hierarchy of dōna mīlitāria used here follows Valerie A. Maxfield, The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (London: Batsford, 1981) — the standard modern reference. Maxfield documents that corōnae were stratified by feat (mūrālis for first up the wall, navālis for first to board, obsidiōnālis for raising a siege, etc.), while torques, armillae, and phalerae were the routine awards for soldiers and centurions. Maxfield also notes (p. 251) that Caesar himself used promotion as a substitute for decoration — the system this course follows in reverse: decorations for battles, promotion for completing books.Dōna mīlitāria 的等级体系本课程依据 Valerie A. Maxfield《The Military Decorations of the Roman Army》（London: Batsford, 1981）——该领域之标准现代参考。Maxfield 详述：corōnae 按功勋分级（城墙冠予首登墙者、海军冠予首登敌舰者、解围冠予救援被围之军者，等等）；而 torques、armillae、phalerae 为士兵与百夫长之常规奖励。Maxfield 又指出（第 251 页），凯撒本人即以晋升代替勋章：而本课程恰反其道而行：勋章授与战役，晋升保留给读完一卷。