1
Caesar, Caesaris m. (3rd)
Caesar凯撒
Hour 18 — Briefing第十八课 — 战前简报
From Hour 17 to Hour 18 — the long reprisal
Hour 17 ended with Caesar marching to relieve Cicero. He arrives. The Nervii lift the siege. The campaigning year (54 BC) closes with Cicero alive, his legion broken in body but intact. But Atuatuca remains avenged. Sabinus and Cotta lie dead. The 14th Legion is gone. Caesar has lost a legion under his own command for the first time, and the man responsible — Ambiorix, king of the Eburones — is still alive. Hour 18 takes us to the campaigning year 53 BC, when Caesar will spend the entire summer engaged not in conquest but in a single goal: the destruction of the Eburones as a people. He will not catch Ambiorix. But he will, in his own phrase, "extinguish the entire race and name" of his enemy.
In DBG 6.34–43 Caesar describes this campaign with terrifying clarity. He invites the German peoples east of the Rhine to come west and plunder the Eburones too — and many accept. He sends his lieutenants Labienus, Trebonius, and Fabius in different directions to sweep the countryside. The Roman armies burn villages, slaughter cattle, cut grain, dam wells. Survivors who hide in the forests are killed by Germans coming from the other side. Some Eburones flee, some surrender, some die fighting; Ambiorix escapes again and again. Caesar's policy reaches a level of institutionalized cruelty rare even in his own narrative. He writes about it without apology — and, more disturbing, with the same prose voice he uses for any other military operation. The Eburones disappear from history. The Latin name Eburō never appears again in any Roman source after Caesar.
Our excerpt covers (i) Caesar's call for German auxiliaries (6.35) — Roman policy turning to genocide as logistics; (ii) the divided pursuit (6.34, 6.43); (iii) the killing of the Eburones' people, livestock, and crops; (iv) Caesar's failure to catch Ambiorix. The passage is rich in passive-voice forms — because what is being done is being done to the Eburones, by Romans and Germans alike. Caesar's grammar is the politics: passive voice + ablative of agent + impersonal constructions produce the effect of action without responsibility, suffering without subject.
Connection to Wheelock. This hour pairs with Wheelock Chapter 18 — Present, Future, and Imperfect Passive Indicative of 1st and 2nd Conjugations; Ablative of Agent. The chapter has two halves. (1) Passive endings: -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur replace the active endings, attached to the same present-stem forms. amō → amor "I am loved"; amās → amāris "you are loved"; amat → amātur "he/she/it is loved"; amant → amantur "they are loved." The future and imperfect work the same way: amābit → amābitur, amābat → amābātur. (2) Ablative of Agent: when a passive verb has a personal agent (a Roman, an enemy, a god), Latin uses ab/ā + ablative: amātur ā Caesare = "he is loved by Caesar." When the agent is a thing (a sword, the river, fear), Latin uses the bare ablative of Means (Hour 14): occiditur gladiō = "he is killed by a sword." The rule: persons take ab/ā; things take the bare ablative.
Today's task. Identify all the verbs in the passage AND identify all passive forms (any indicative or infinitive passive) — plus the ablative-of-agent phrases (ab/ā + person in Abl.).
Source-document note. Latin from De Bello Gallico 6.34–43, edited from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed. English from McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.
从第十七课到第十八课，长期的报复
第十七课止于凯撒急行军救援西塞罗。他赶到了；内尔维人撤围。征战年（公元前 54 年）以西塞罗活着、军团身体残破但建制完整告终。但阿杜阿都加之仇未雪。萨宾努斯与科塔已死，第十四军团消失。凯撒首次失去一支由自己指挥的军团，而负此罪责之人，埃布隆尼斯王安比奥利克斯：仍然活着。第十八课进入公元前 53 年，凯撒整个夏天不投入征服，只投入一件事：把埃布隆尼斯人作为一个民族予以消灭。他没能抓到安比奥利克斯。但他要按自己的措辞，"把这个种族与其名字一并扑灭"。
在《高卢战记》6.34–43 中，凯撒以惊人的清晰描写这场战役。他邀请莱茵河东岸的日耳曼民族西渡，来一同劫掠埃布隆尼斯人：许多日耳曼部落应邀而来。他派副将拉比埃努斯、特勒博尼乌斯、法比乌斯分头扫荡乡野。罗马军烧村屠畜、割粮塞井。逃入森林者被另一侧来的日耳曼人杀死。一些埃布隆尼斯人逃亡、一些投降、一些战死；安比奥利克斯一次又一次逃脱。凯撒的政策达到了一种制度化的残忍：在他自己的叙述中也算罕见。他对此既无致歉，又，更令人不安，以与任何普通军事行动相同的散文声调写下。埃布隆尼斯人从历史中消失。在凯撒之后，罗马文献再未提及 Eburō 一词。
本课节选包括：(i) 凯撒征召日耳曼辅助兵（6.35）——罗马政策化身为种族灭绝之物流；(ii) 分头追击（6.34、6.43）；(iii) 杀戮埃布隆尼斯人民、畜群、粮食；(iv) 凯撒终未捕获安比奥利克斯。本段被动语态形式密集，因为所做的事是被加诸埃布隆尼斯人，由罗马人与日耳曼人共同所为。凯撒的语法即其政治：被动语态 + 施事夺格 + 非人称结构，使动作脱离施事，使受难失去主语。
与韦洛克拉丁语的对应。本课与韦洛克拉丁语第十八章，第一、第二变位法的现在、将来、未完成时被动直陈式；施事夺格对应。本章两半：(1) 被动语态词尾：-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur 取代主动词尾，附于相同的现在词干。amō → amor"我被爱"；amās → amāris"你被爱"；amat → amātur"他/她/它被爱"；amant → amantur"他们被爱"。将来与未完成同理：amābit → amābitur，amābat → amābātur。(2) 施事夺格：被动动词若有人称施事（罗马人、敌人、神），拉丁语用 ab/ā + 夺格：amātur ā Caesare"被凯撒所爱"。若施事为物（剑、河、恐惧），拉丁语用裸夺格（手段夺格，第十四课）：occiditur gladiō"被剑所杀"。规则：人用 ab/ā；物用裸夺格。
今日任务。识别段落中所有动词；并识别所有被动形式（直陈或不定式被动），以及所有施事夺格短语（ab/ā + 人，作夺格）。
关于来源的说明。拉丁文取自《高卢战记》6.34–43——见 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略经柔化；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。
Grammar Target — Passive Voice & Ablative of Agent语法目标 — 被动语态与施事夺格
What passive voice does
In an active sentence, the subject performs the action: Caesar Eburōnēs interficit = "Caesar kills the Eburones." In a passive sentence, the subject receives the action: Eburōnēs ā Caesare interficiuntur = "The Eburones are killed by Caesar." The verb form changes; the noun roles change; the meaning is the same fact viewed from the other side. Latin marks the passive with a distinct set of personal endings.
Passive personal endings
| Active | Passive | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | -ō / -m | -or / -r "I am ___ed" |
| 2 sg. | -s | -ris (or -re) |
| 3 sg. | -t | -tur |
| 1 pl. | -mus | -mur |
| 2 pl. | -tis | -minī |
| 3 pl. | -nt | -ntur |
The passive endings attach to the same present-stem forms that the active endings attach to. Compare:
| Present Act. | Present Pass. | Future Pass. | Imperfect Pass. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | amō | amor | amābor | amābar |
| 2 sg. | amās | amāris | amāberis | amābāris |
| 3 sg. | amat | amātur | amābitur | amābātur |
| 1 pl. | amāmus | amāmur | amābimur | amābāmur |
| 2 pl. | amātis | amāminī | amābiminī | amābāminī |
| 3 pl. | amant | amantur | amābuntur | amābantur |
Present passive infinitive — a new form
The present passive infinitive is -ārī (1st conj.), -ērī (2nd conj.), -ī (3rd conj.), -īrī (4th conj. and 3rd-iō).
- amāre → amārī "to be loved" (1st)
- monēre → monērī "to be advised" (2nd)
- regere → regī "to be ruled" (3rd)
- audīre → audīrī "to be heard" (4th)
- capere → capī "to be captured" (3rd-iō)
You have actually been seeing passive infinitives since Hour 6 (nocērī posse, movērī, etc.) — Wheelock simply formalizes them now.
Ablative of Agent — ab/ā + person in abl.
When the agent of a passive verb is a person, Latin uses ab/ā + ablative:
- amātur ā Caesare "she is loved by Caesar"
- occīditur ab hostibus "he is killed by the enemy"
- nūntius mittitur ā Cicerōne "a messenger is sent by Cicero"
When the agent is a thing (a sword, the river, an emotion), use the bare ablative of Means (Hour 14):
- occīditur gladiō "he is killed with a sword"
- opprimitur fame "he is overwhelmed by hunger"
Three warning signs to memorize
- The 2 sg. passive ending -ris can be confused with -re (a poetic alternative). amāris = amāre (2 sg. pres. pass.). Both mean "you are loved."
- Don't confuse the 2 sg. pres. pass. with a present infinitive: amāre (2 sg. pres. pass. alt. of amāris) vs. amāre (pres. infin. act. "to love"). They are identical in form. Context decides.
- Impersonal passive: Caesar (and Tacitus) frequently uses a passive verb without a subject — pugnātur "there is fighting / it is being fought." This is the impersonal passive — extremely common in Caesar's reporting.
Codebook rules carried. The Battle Task adds a secondary toggle — "passive form or agent-phrase" — to isolate the chapter's grammar focus. Rule #3 (connective yellow) from last hour stays active.
被动语态的作用
主动句中，主语执行动作：Caesar Eburōnēs interficit = "凯撒杀死埃布隆尼斯人"。被动句中，主语接受动作：Eburōnēs ā Caesare interficiuntur = "埃布隆尼斯人被凯撒所杀"。动词形式变了，名词角色调换了，意思仍是同一事实的另一面。拉丁语用一组专门的人称词尾标记被动。
被动语态人称词尾
| 主动 | 被动 | |
|---|---|---|
| 第一单 | -ō / -m | -or / -r"我被___" |
| 第二单 | -s | -ris（或 -re） |
| 第三单 | -t | -tur |
| 第一复 | -mus | -mur |
| 第二复 | -tis | -minī |
| 第三复 | -nt | -ntur |
被动词尾附于与主动词尾相同的现在词干。对比：
| 现在主动 | 现在被动 | 将来被动 | 未完成被动 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第一单 | amō | amor | amābor | amābar |
| 第二单 | amās | amāris | amāberis | amābāris |
| 第三单 | amat | amātur | amābitur | amābātur |
| 第一复 | amāmus | amāmur | amābimur | amābāmur |
| 第二复 | amātis | amāminī | amābiminī | amābāminī |
| 第三复 | amant | amantur | amābuntur | amābantur |
现在被动不定式，一个新形式
现在被动不定式：-ārī（第一变位）、-ērī（第二变位）、-ī（第三变位）、-īrī（第四变位与第三 -iō）。
- amāre → amārī"被爱"（第一变位）
- monēre → monērī"被劝导"（第二变位）
- regere → regī"被统治"（第三变位）
- audīre → audīrī"被听到"（第四变位）
- capere → capī"被擒"（第三 -iō）
从第六课起你就一直在见被动不定式（nocērī posse、movērī 等）——韦洛克现在正式系统化。
施事夺格，ab/ā + 人作夺格
当被动动词的施事是人时，拉丁语用 ab/ā + 夺格：
- amātur ā Caesare"被凯撒所爱"
- occīditur ab hostibus"被敌人所杀"
- nūntius mittitur ā Cicerōne"使者被西塞罗所派"
当施事为物（剑、河、情感）时，用裸夺格（手段夺格，第十四课）：
- occīditur gladiō"被剑所杀"
- opprimitur fame"被饥饿压倒"
三条务必牢记的警示
- 第二单被动词尾 -ris 与 -re（诗化变体）可混淆。amāris = amāre（第二单现在被动），均义"你被爱"。
- 不要把第二单现在被动与现在主动不定式混淆：amāre（第二单现在被动 = amāris）与 amāre（现在主动不定式"去爱"）形态相同，靠语境分辨。
- 非人称被动：凯撒（与塔西陀）常用无主语的被动动词——pugnātur"正在战斗"。这是非人称被动，凯撒报告中极常见。
沿用旧规则。战斗任务新增副切换："被动形式 / 施事短语"——以隔离本章语法焦点。第十七课启用的规则 #3（连接黄色）保持启用。
Hour 18 — Passage: De Bello Gallico 6.34–43 (excerpts, lightly smoothed)第十八课 — 原文段落：《高卢战记》6.34–43（节选，略经柔化）
Scaffolding:脚手架：
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1 Caesar, [Ambiorigis cōnsiliīs cognitīs], statuit fīnēsAc.p. Eburōnum populārī. Quā rē, [trēs partēs exercitūs in dīversās partēs missae], gēns Eburōnum peteretur.
2 Caesar Germānōs invītārī et trāns Rhēnum venīre iussit, ut et ipsī acciperent aliquod praemium et finēsN.p. Eburōnum vāstārentur.
3 Labiēnus, Trebōnius, Fabius mittuntur cum legiōnibus; quīque quā de causā mittuntur, ita imperātur: vīcōsAc.p. cremārī, frūmentum corrumpī, fontēs obstruī.
4 Quā rē cognitā, vīcīN.p. Eburōnum incenduntur, agrīN.p. vāstantur, frūmentaN.p. et pecora ā nostrīs tolluntur.
5 Quā rē [audītā], Germānī Rhēnum trānseunt et cum nostrīs misceantur; ita Eburōnēs ab utrīsque premuntur.
6 Reliquī Eburōnum, [territī], in silvīs latēbant; tamen ā nostrīs militibus repperiēbantur et interficiēbantur.
7 Tamen Ambiorix, cui ab initiō hīs cōpiīs imperātum erat, semper effugiēbat; cum equitēs Rōmānī ad eum venīrent, paucīs comitibus in silvās repellēbātur.
8 Magnam spemAc.s. Caesar habēbat capiendīG.s. (gerund) rēgis; sed Ambiorix nōn capiēbātur.
9 Diēs aliquot in vāstandīs finibusAbl.p. cōnsūmuntur; tandem exercitusN.s. ā Caesare revocātur.
10 Eburōnum nōmen, ad quod adsuērat tota Gallia, sine sēde, sine populō, sine rēge, vix iam recordātur. Genus tōtum atque stirps nōminis paene dēlēta est.
11 Quā rē [cōnfectā], Caesar legiōnēs in hiberna redūcuntur et bellum hōc annō conficitur.
12 Ambiorix, sōlus ex omnibus, salvus est: numquam ā Caesare ipsō captus, in silvīs Belgicīs latet, ut in historiaAbl.s. memoretur.
Latin: Perseus canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed. English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted. Indigo italic = passive verb form; indigo + olive italic = ablative-of-agent phrase. Yellow = connecting relative (rule #3, carried).拉丁文：Perseus canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略经柔化；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。靛色斜体 = 被动形式；靛色 + 橄榄绿 = 施事夺格短语。黄色 = 连接性关系代词（规则 #3，沿用）。
Hour 18 — Vocabulary第十八课 — 词汇表
This hour's new badge: PASSIVE marks present passive infinitives and other passive-system markers. Full legend: Passive forms PASSIVE; relatives RELATIVE; 3rd-decl. adj. 3RD ADJ; numerals NUM; i-stems i-STEM; pronouns / reflexives / verb-conj badges carried.本课新增徽章：PASSIVE 标注现在被动不定式与其他被动体系标识。完整图例：Passive forms PASSIVE; relatives RELATIVE; 3rd-decl. adj. 3RD ADJ; numerals NUM; i-stems i-STEM; pronouns / reflexives / verb-conj badges carried。
2
Ambiorix, -igis m. (3rd)
Ambiorix (king of the Eburones)安比奥利克斯
3
Eburōnēs, -um m. pl. (3rd)
the Eburones (Belgic tribe)埃布隆尼斯人
4
Germānī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)
the Germans日耳曼人
5
Labiēnus, -ī m. (2nd)
T. Labienus (Caesar's senior legate)拉比埃努斯
6
Trebōnius, -iī m. (2nd)
C. Trebonius (Caesar's legate)特勒博尼乌斯
7
Fabius, -iī m. (2nd)
C. Fabius (Caesar's legate)法比乌斯
8
Rhēnus, -ī m. (2nd)
the Rhine莱茵河
9
Gallia, -ae f. (1st)
Gaul高卢
10
cōnsilium, -iī n. (2nd)
plan, design计划
11
cognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to learn, find out知晓
12
statuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to decide决定
13
fīnis, fīnis m. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM
limit; (pl.) territory界限；（复）领土
14
populor, -ārī, -ātus sum v. 1st (dep.)
to ravage, lay waste蹂躏、劫掠
15
quā rel./connect.RELATIVE
and from this; for which reason由此；因此
16
trēs, tria card. num.NUM
three三
17
pars, partis f. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM
part部分
18
exercitus, -ūs m. (4th)
army军队
19
dīversus, -a, -um adj.
different, opposite, divergent不同的、分散的
20
mittō, -ere, mīsī, missum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to send派遣
21
gēns, gentis f. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM
people, nation民族
22
petō, -ere, petīvī, petītum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to seek, pursue, attack寻求、追击
23
invītō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to invite邀请
24
trāns prep. (+Acc.)
across穿过、跨过
25
veniō, -īre, vēnī, ventum v. 4th4TH CONJ
to come来
26
iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussum v. 2nd
to order, command命令
27
ut conj. (+ subj.)
so that, that (purpose)以便
28
ipse, ipsa, ipsum intens. pron.PRONOUN
himself, themselves本人
29
accipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to receive, accept接受
30
aliquod indef. adj.
some, any (n.)某种
31
praemium, -iī n. (2nd)
reward, prize奖励
32
vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to devastate, lay waste蹂躏
33
legiō, legiōnis f. (3rd)
legion军团
34
quīque, quaeque, quodque indef. adj.
each, every每一
35
causa, -ae f. (1st)
cause, reason原因
36
imperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st (+Dat.)
to order, command (+Dat.)命令（+与格）
37
vīcus, -ī m. (2nd)
village, settlement村落
38
cremō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to burn焚烧
39
frūmentum, -ī n. (2nd)
grain谷物
40
corrumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to destroy, corrupt毁坏
41
fōns, fontis m. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM
fountain, spring, source泉、源
42
obstruō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to block, obstruct堵塞
43
vīcus (recurrence) m. (2nd)
village村落
44
incendō, -ere, -cendī, -cēnsum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to set fire to, burn焚烧
45
ager, agrī m. (2nd)
field, land田、土地
46
frūmenta (n. pl.) n. pl. (2nd)
grain crops; standing grain庄稼、立麦
47
pecora (n. pl.) n. pl. (3rd)
herds, cattle牲畜
48
noster, -tra, -trum poss. adj.
our; (pl. nostrī) our men我们的
49
tollō, -ere, sustulī, sublātum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to lift, carry off, remove抬起、夺走、清除
50
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum v. 4th4TH CONJ
to hear听见
51
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itum v. irreg.
to cross渡过
52
cum conj. (+ subj.)
when, since, although当...时
53
misceō, -ēre, miscuī, mixtum v. 2nd
to mix, mingle混合
54
ita adv.
thus, so如此
55
uterque, utraque, utrumque adj./pron.
each of two, both两者
56
premō, -ere, pressī, pressum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to press, oppress压迫
57
reliquus, -a, -um adj.
remaining, the rest其余的
58
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itum v. 2nd
to frighten, terrify使害怕
59
silva, -ae f. (1st)
forest, wood森林
60
lateō, -ēre, -uī v. 2nd
to lie hidden, hide藏匿
61
tamen adv.
nevertheless, yet然而
62
mīles, mīlitis m. (3rd)
soldier士兵
63
reperiō, -īre, repperī, repertum v. 4th4TH CONJ
to find发现
64
interficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to kill杀死
65
initium, -iī n. (2nd)
beginning起初
66
cōpiae, -ārum f. pl. (1st)
forces, troops兵力、军队
67
imperō (pass.) + Dat. v. 1st
to be put in command of (Dat. of person)被任为...的指挥（+与格）
68
semper adv.
always总是
69
effugiō, -ere, -fūgī v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to flee away, escape逃脱
70
eques, equitis m. (3rd)
horseman; (pl.) cavalry骑兵
71
Rōmānus, -a, -um adj.
Roman罗马的
72
paucī, -ae, -a adj. (pl.)
few少数
73
comes, comitis m./f. (3rd)
companion同伴
74
repellō, -ere, reppulī, repulsum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to drive back, repel击退
75
magnus, -a, -um adj.
great, large大的
76
spēs, speī f. (5th)
hope希望
77
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum v. 2nd
to have拥有
78
capiō, -ere, cēpī, captum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to take, capture抓获
79
rēx, rēgis m. (3rd)
king王
80
diēs, diēī m./f. (5th)
day日
81
aliquot indecl. adj.
some, several若干、数
82
cōnsūmō, -ere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to use up, consume, spend消耗、耗费
83
tandem adv.
at last, finally终于
84
revocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to call back, recall召回
85
nōmen, nōminis n. (3rd)
name名
86
adsuēscō, -ere, -suēvī, -suētum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to become accustomed习以为常
87
tōtus, -a, -um adj.
the whole, all全部
88
sēdēs, sēdis f. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM
seat, abode居所
89
populus, -ī m. (2nd)
people人民
90
vix adv.
scarcely, barely几乎不
91
iam adv.
now, already如今
92
recordor, -ārī, -ātus sum v. 1st (dep.)
to remember, recall记得、回忆
93
genus, generis n. (3rd)
race, kind, family种族、类
94
stirps, stirpis f. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM
stock, lineage血统、世系
95
paene adv.
almost几乎
96
dēleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētum v. 2nd
to destroy, blot out毁灭
97
cōnficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to finish, accomplish完成
98
hiberna, -ōrum n. pl. (2nd)
winter quarters冬营
99
redūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to lead back率回
100
hōc annō abl. phr.
in this year本年
101
sōlus, -a, -um adj. (UNUS NAUTA)
alone, only独一
102
salvus, -a, -um adj.
safe, unharmed平安、无恙
103
numquam adv.
never从不
104
Belgicus, -a, -um adj.
Belgic, of the Belgae贝尔盖的
105
historia, -ae f. (1st)
history, story历史、故事
106
memorō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to remember, mention记住、提及
107
amor, amārī v. 1st (pres. pass. infin.)PASSIVE
to be loved (passive)被爱（被动）
108
monērī (pres. pass. infin.) v. 2nd
to be advised (passive)被劝（被动）
109
regī (pres. pass. infin.) v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to be ruled (passive)被统治（被动）
110
audīrī (pres. pass. infin.) v. 4th4TH CONJ
to be heard (passive)被听到（被动）
111
capī (pres. pass. infin.) v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to be captured (passive)被抓获（被动）
112
ā / ab prep. (+Abl., persons)
by (agent of passive verb)被（被动动词的施事）
Hour 18 — Battle Task第十八课 — 战斗任务
The instructor will only give the question paper to the players / let the players turn to the online question page right before the 20-minute countdown starts. 教师将在 20 分钟倒计时开始之前才向学生发放试题 / 开放在线试题页面。
Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则
Task: identify all verbs (finite + infinitives) AND identify all passive forms and ablative-of-agent phrases. The passage is unusually rich in passive forms — Caesar's grammar enacts the politics.
- Rule #1 — Indicative. Carried.
- Rule #2 — Subjunctive. peteretur, vāstārentur (ss. 1, 2 — purpose); misceantur (s. 5); venīrent (s. 7, cum-clause); memorētur (s. 12, ut-clause). Note that some pluperfect passives use the perfect system (Hour 19's territory).
- Rule #3 — Connective yellow (carried). Quā (s. 1, 4, 5, 11), the connecting relatives we activated last hour.
- Rule #4 — Infinitive. populārī (s. 1, pres. dep. infin.); invītārī (s. 2, pres. pass. infin.); cremārī, corrumpī, obstruī (s. 3, pres. pass. infinitives — extensively); capiendī (s. 8, gerund — adjacent territory).
- Rule #5 — Participle. cognitīs, missae, cognitā, audītā, territī, cōnfectā, captus — pf. pass. parts. carried.
- Rule #7 — Noun-adj phrase. Carried.
- Rule #8 — Abl. abs. [Ambiorigis cōnsiliīs cognitīs] (s. 1); [trēs partēs... missae] (s. 1); [Quā rē audītā] (s. 5); [territī] (s. 6); [Quā rē cōnfectā] (s. 11).
- Rule #9 — Noun-case ★. Carried.
New this hour: the Battle Task's second toggle isolates passive forms and ablative-of-agent phrases — Wheelock-Ch.18 grammar focus. Click the verbs in passive voice and the ab/ā + person phrases. 27 targets.
任务：识别所有动词（限定式 + 不定式），并识别所有被动形式与施事夺格短语。本段被动形式密度高于寻常，凯撒的语法承担了政治。
- 规则 #1，直陈式。沿用。
- 规则 #2，虚拟式。peteretur, vāstārentur, misceantur, venīrent, memorētur。
- 规则 #3，连接黄色（沿用）。Quā（第 1、4、5、11 句）。
- 规则 #4，不定式。populārī, invītārī, cremārī, corrumpī, obstruī, capiendī。
- 规则 #5，分词。cognitīs, missae, cognitā, audītā, territī, cōnfectā, captus。
- 规则 #7，名词-形容词短语。沿用。
- 规则 #8，绝对夺格。
- 规则 #9，名词关注格 ★。沿用。
本课新增：战斗任务的第二个切换专用于被动形式与施事夺格短语：韦洛克第 18 章的语法核心。点击被动语态动词与 ab/ā + 人 短语。共 27 处。
Mission — Identify all verbs (incl. infinitives), and all passive forms / agent phrases任务，识别所有动词（含不定式），并识别所有被动形式 / 施事短语
Set the mode, then click words. Click again to deselect.先选择下方模式，然后点击单词。再次点击可取消选择。
20:00
1 Caesar, [Ambiorigis cōnsiliīs cognitīs], statuit fīnēs Eburōnum populārī. Quā rē, [trēs partēs exercitūs in dīversās partēs missae], gēns Eburōnum peteretur.
2 Caesar Germānōs invītārī et trāns Rhēnum venīre iussit, ut et ipsī acciperent aliquod praemium et finēs Eburōnum vāstārentur.
3 Labiēnus, Trebōnius, Fabius mittuntur cum legiōnibus; quīque quā de causā mittuntur, ita imperātur: vīcōs cremārī, frūmentum corrumpī, fontēs obstruī.
4 Quā rē cognitā, vīcī Eburōnum incenduntur, agrī vāstantur, frūmenta et pecora ā nostrīs tolluntur.
5 Quā rē [audītā], Germānī Rhēnum trānseunt et cum nostrīs misceantur; ita Eburōnēs ab utrīsque premuntur.
6 Reliquī Eburōnum, [territī], in silvīs latēbant; tamen ā nostrīs militibus repperiēbantur et interficiēbantur.
7 Tamen Ambiorix, cui ab initiō hīs cōpiīs imperātum erat, semper effugiēbat; cum equitēs Rōmānī ad eum venīrent, paucīs comitibus in silvās repellēbātur.
8 Magnam spem Caesar habēbat capiendī rēgis; sed Ambiorix nōn capiēbātur.
9 Diēs aliquot in vāstandīs finibus cōnsūmuntur; tandem exercitus ā Caesare revocātur.
10 Eburōnum nōmen, ad quod adsuērat tota Gallia, sine sēde, sine populō, sine rēge, vix iam recordātur. Genus tōtum atque stirps nōminis paene dēlēta est.
11 Quā rē [cōnfectā], Caesar legiōnēs in hiberna redūcuntur et bellum hōc annō conficitur.
12 Ambiorix, sōlus ex omnibus, salvus est: numquam ā Caesare ipsō captus, in silvīs Belgicīs latet, ut in historia memorētur.
Hour 18 — Result & Debrief第十八课 — 战果与汇报
Submit the Battle Task above to see your score here.提交上方的战斗任务即可在此查看分数。
Hour 18 — Screening第十八课 — 影片放映
Following the 20-minute countdown, the instructor announces the answer key, then 5-minute Q&A, then the film clip.20 分钟倒计时结束后，教师宣布答案，再进行 5 分钟问答，然后播放影片片段。
Film clip (proposed):推荐影片片段：
For the devastation campaign: The Spanish Civil War documentary (Granada TV, 1983) ep. 4, or The World at War (1973) ep. 5 ("Barbarossa") — the systematic destruction of a region by an invading army. Caesar's prose has the same dispassionate tone as Wehrmacht reports. For the Ambiorix-escapes thread: The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) or Apocalypto (2006) — the fugitive who cannot be caught. For an explicit reading: a recording of Adrian Goldsworthy lecturing on this episode (available on YouTube; he calls it "the closest thing Caesar comes to admitting genocide"). Subject to instructor confirmation.
毁灭战役段：Granada TV（1983）《The Spanish Civil War》第 4 集，或 1973 年纪录片《The World at War》第 5 集"巴巴罗萨"，入侵军对一地的系统毁灭。凯撒的散文与德国国防军报告的冷峻语气相似。安比奥利克斯逃脱主题段：《The Outlaw Josey Wales》（1976）或《启示录》（2006）—— 不可被抓的逃亡者。一段直白讲解：Adrian Goldsworthy 关于此段的讲课录音（YouTube 上可得）——他称之为"凯撒最接近'承认种族灭绝'的一段"。由教师确认。
Discussion课堂讨论
- Caesar reports the destruction of the Eburones in the same prose voice he uses for any other military operation (compare to his account of crossing the Rhine in Hour 11, or the Britain landing in Hour 12). Why? Is the uniform tone strategic, ideological, or simply how a Roman senatorial author was expected to write? What's at stake in the choice not to mark this campaign with any change of register? 凯撒以与任何普通军事行动相同的散文声调，报告埃布隆尼斯人的覆灭（对照第十一课渡莱茵河、第十二课登陆不列颠的写法）。为什么？这种统一的语调是策略？意识形态？还是罗马元老作家应有的写作惯例？选择"不以语体变化标记此战役"——其中的利害是什么？
- Translate ss. 3–4 into active voice (e.g. Caesar legātīs vīcōs cremāre imperat; legātī vīcōs cremant). What is gained and what is lost in the translation? Does the active rendering feel more brutal than Caesar's original — and if so, what does that tell you about Caesar's choice of voice? 把第 3–4 句改为主动语态（如 Caesar legātīs vīcōs cremāre imperat; legātī vīcōs cremant）。这样改写得到了什么、失去了什么？主动译写是否显得比凯撒原文更残忍，如果是，这告诉你凯撒选择被动语态意味着什么？
- In sentence 12 Caesar writes that Ambiorix "is safe... in order that he may be remembered in history." The purpose clause at the end is bitter: history will remember Ambiorix because Caesar failed to catch him. Is this Caesar's modesty — or self-criticism — or simply a writer acknowledging that the one enemy who escaped becomes more famous than the dozens who were captured? Compare with the historical reception: Ambiorix's statue now stands in modern Tongeren, Belgium. 第 12 句中凯撒写道：安比奥利克斯"是安全的……以便他被铭记于历史"。结尾的目的状语从句带刺：历史会记住安比奥利克斯——正因为凯撒未能抓到他。这是凯撒在谦逊？在自责？还是一位作者承认"逃脱的那位敌人比被擒的几十位更出名"？请与历史接受作比较：安比奥利克斯的雕像如今矗立在比利时通厄伦。
- Caesar invites Germans across the Rhine to help destroy the Eburones (s. 2). This is policy: outsource the killing. Compare to modern parallels — auxiliary forces, mercenary contractors, deniable proxies. What does the use of foreign auxiliaries to do work that a Roman army could itself accomplish tell us about Caesar's view of "Roman" military identity? 凯撒邀请莱茵河东的日耳曼人渡来协助毁灭埃布隆尼斯人（第 2 句）。这是政策：把杀戮外包。请与现代类比作比较，辅助军、雇佣军、可否认代理人。把"罗马军可独力完成之事"交由外族辅助兵进行，这告诉我们凯撒如何看待"罗马"军事身份？
Intermission课间休息
Break before Hour 19 (Second Crossing of the Rhine; Wheelock Ch. 19, Perfect Passive System and Interrogative Pronoun).第十九课（第二次渡过莱茵河；韦洛克第 19 章，完成被动体系与疑问代词）开始前的课间。
🗺 Campaign Map & Cursus Honōrum战役地图与晋升阶梯
How advancement works in this course. Rank is reserved for completion of whole DBG books (8 books → 8 promotions). Dōna mīlitāria — Roman military decorations — are awarded for each individual battle (Hour). The default rank cap is Centuriō / 百夫长, reached after Book 7. To rise to Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 or Lēgātus Legiōnis / 军团长, the student must accumulate sufficient dōna through the course.本课晋升机制。军衔（rank）专留给完整通读《高卢战记》之卷（八卷 → 八次晋升）。Dōna mīlitāria，罗马军事勋章，为每场单独战役（课时）所授。百夫长（Centuriō）是默认晋升上限，完成第七卷可达。要晋升至统领（Tribūnus Mīlitum）或军团长（Lēgātus Legiōnis），学生须于课程中累积足够 dōna。
The Cursus Honōrum — 10 ranks, 8 promotions晋升阶梯，十级军衔，八次晋升
- Tīrō 新兵recruit (course start)新兵（课程开始时的起点）
- Mīles 军团兵legionary (after Book 1)军团兵（完成第一卷后）
- Immūnis 免役兵specialist exempt from fatigues (Book 2)免役兵：具专长免劳役（第二卷后）
- Tesserārius 持牌兵watchword-keeper (Book 3)持牌兵：传递口令（第三卷后）
- Optiō 副百夫长centurion's deputy (Book 4)副百夫长：百夫长副手（第四卷后）
- Signifer 掌旗官standard-bearer of a century (Book 5)掌旗官：百人队旗手（第五卷后）
- Aquilifer 鹰旗官eagle-bearer of the legion (Book 6)鹰旗官：军团鹰旗持有者（第六卷后）
- Centuriō 百夫长commander of a century — DEFAULT CAP (Book 7)百夫长：百人队长，默认上限（第七卷后）
- Tribūnus Mīlitum 统领unlocked at Book 8 + ≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna解锁条件：完成第八卷 + 累积 ≥20 项 dōna + ≥1 顶冠
- Lēgātus Legiōnis 军团长all 28 dōna + Corōna Obsidiōnālis + Corōna Triumphālis集齐 28 项 dōna，含解围冠与凯旋冠
Dōna mīlitāria — one per HourDōna mīlitāria，每课时各授一项
T1 · Major corōnaeT1 · 至尊冠
T2 · Specialty corōnaeT2 · 专项冠
T3 · Officer-grade (hasta, vēxillum)T3 · 军官级（净矛、军旗）
T4 · Lower (torques, armillae, phalerae)T4 · 低级（项圈、臂环、胸牌）
T5 · Memorial (Roman defeats)T5 · 哀悼（罗马败战）
T6 · Scholastic (excurses)T6 · 学术（插段）
| # | Battle / Topic战役／主题 | Dōnum勋章 | Rationale缘由 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Battle of the Arar阿拉河战役 | Torques argenteae ／银项圈 | Opening ambush of the Tigurine quarter — modest field action.开战之伏击，规模适中。 |
| 2 | Battle of Bibracte比布拉克特战役 | Armillae ／银臂环 | First major set-piece engagement.首次大型会战。 |
| 3 | Battle of Vosges沃日山战役 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Closing battle of Book 1 — Ariovistus routed.第一卷收束：击溃阿里奥维斯图斯。 |
| END OF Book 1 · Helvetian War — Hours 1–3第一卷 · 赫尔维提战争（1–3）结束 → Mīles / 军团兵→ 晋升 Mīles／军团兵 | |||
| 4 | Battle of the Axona阿克索纳战役 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Ford engagement, encumbered enemy slaughtered.浅滩遭遇战，敌于河中受困被歼。 |
| 5 | Battle of the Sabis萨比斯战役 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar enters the line personally to save his legion — citizens saved (Maxfield p.68).凯撒亲入战阵救援军团，拯救公民（Maxfield 第 68 页）。 |
| 6 | Siege of the Atuatuci阿杜亚图基围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | First siege of the course — first up the wall.课程首次围城，首先登上城墙。 |
| END OF Book 2 · Belgic Campaign — Hours 4–6第二卷 · 贝尔盖战役（4–6）结束 → Immūnis / 免役兵→ 晋升 Immūnis／免役兵 | |||
| 7 | Battle of Octodurus屋大都鲁斯之战 | Corōna Castrēnsis ／军营冠 | Galba defends camp against ambush — first into the enemy camp at counter-attack.伽尔巴守营抗伏击，反扑时率先入敌营。 |
| 8 | Battle of Quiberon Bay基伯龙湾海战 | Corōna Navālis ／海军冠 | First naval engagement — first to board an enemy ship.首次海战，首先登上敌舰。 |
| 9 | Crassus's Aquitanian Camp.克拉苏的阿基坦战役 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | Crassus, a young officer, wins his independent campaign — gold crown for valor.小克拉苏年纪轻轻独立战胜，金冠表勇。 |
| END OF Book 3 · Coast & Aquitania — Hours 7–9第三卷 · 海岸与阿基坦（7–9）结束 → Tesserārius / 持牌兵→ 晋升 Tesserārius／持牌兵 | |||
| 10 | Usipetes & Tencteri乌西佩特斯与滕克特里 | Torques aureae duae ／一对金项圈 | Mass action against two German tribes; controversial.对二日耳曼部族之大规模行动；颇具争议。 |
| 11 | First Rhine Crossing首次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Engineering theater — the ten-day pile-bridge.工程剧场：十日内造起木桩桥。 |
| 12 | First Invasion of Britain首次入侵不列颠 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | The aquilifer of the Tenth leaps with the eagle — gold crown (Maxfield p.79).第十军团掌旗官携鹰跃入海，金冠（Maxfield 第 79 页）。 |
| END OF Book 4 · Rhine & Britain I — Hours 10–12第四卷 · 莱茵河与首征不列颠（10–12）结束 → Optiō / 副百夫长→ 晋升 Optiō／副百夫长 | |||
| 13 | Ambush at Atuatuca阿杜阿都加伏击 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Roman defeat — Sabinus & Cotta killed; memorial decoration for survivors.罗马败战，萨宾努斯与科塔阵亡；幸存者得哀悼臂环。 |
| 14 | Second Invasion of Britain第二次入侵不列颠 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Larger fleet, river crossing, Cassivellaunus engaged.舰队壮大、渡泰晤士、对阵卡西维劳努斯。 |
| 15 | Ethnography of Britain不列颠民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Tacitean excursus — no battle, scholarly stipend awarded.塔西陀插段，非战斗，授学术津贴。 |
| 16 | Britain II: Climate不列颠之二：气候 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Second Tacitean excursus on geography.塔西陀第二段：地理。 |
| 17 | Siege of Cicero's Camp西塞罗营垒被围 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar relieves Cicero's winter camp — citizens saved.凯撒解围西塞罗冬营，拯救公民。 |
| END OF Book 5 · Britain II & Disasters — Hours 13–17第五卷 · 第二次入侵不列颠与挫败（13–17）结束 → Signifer / 掌旗官→ 晋升 Signifer／掌旗官 | |||
| 18 | Eburones Punitive Expedition对埃布隆尼斯人的惩戒 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Revenge for Atuatuca — extensive plunder and destruction.为阿杜阿都加复仇，大规模劫掠破坏。 |
| 19 | Second Rhine Crossing第二次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Repeat engineering theater — another pile-bridge.再演工程剧场，又造一桥。 |
| 20 | Atuatuca Garrison Attacked阿杜阿都加守备遭袭 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Cicero saves the garrison — citizens saved.西塞罗救守备，拯救公民。 |
| 21 | Ethnography of the Galli高卢人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Gauls' Druids/Knights/plebs — no battle.高卢德鲁伊、骑士、平民，非战斗。 |
| 22 | Ethnography of the Germani日耳曼人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Inverse-Gauls stereotype — no battle.高卢之反面刻板印象，非战斗。 |
| END OF Book 6 · Vengeance & Ethnography — Hours 18–22第六卷 · 复仇与民族志（18–22）结束 → Aquilifer / 鹰旗官→ 晋升 Aquilifer／鹰旗官 | |||
| 23 | Siege of Avaricum阿瓦里库姆围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | 25-day siege, walls stormed under cover of rain.25 日围城，雨中破城。 |
| 24 | Defeat at Gergovia热尔戈维亚的败战 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Caesar's only acknowledged defeat — 46 centurions killed.凯撒唯一承认之败战——46 名百夫长阵亡。 |
| 25 | Road to Alesia通往阿莱西亚之路 | Hasta Pūra ／净矛 | Labienus and the German cavalry break Vercingetorix's mobility — officer-grade dōnum.拉比埃努斯与日耳曼骑兵击碎维钦格托里克斯之机动，军官级 dōnum。 |
| 26 | Siege of Alesia阿莱西亚围攻 | Corōna Obsidiōnālis ／解围冠 | Caesar's masterpiece — the double ring relieves nothing; he breaks the relief instead. Highest possible decoration.凯撒之杰作，双重防线击破援军。古罗马最高荣誉。 |
| END OF Book 7 · The Great Revolt — Hours 23–26第七卷 · 大起义（23–26）结束 → Centuriō / 百夫长 (DEFAULT CAP)→ 晋升 Centuriō／百夫长（默认上限） | |||
| 27 | Uxellodunum & Aftermath乌克塞洛杜诺姆与战后 | Vēxillum ／军旗 | Caesar's final field command of the Gallic war — senior officer's banner.凯撒在高卢战争中之最后野战指挥，高级军官之军旗。 |
| 28 | Capstone: Rubicon to Ides总章：自卢比孔至三月之中 | Corōna Triumphālis ／凯旋冠 | Caesar's quadruple triumph (46 BC) — laurel crown of the triumphātor.凯撒四重凯旋（公元前 46 年）——凯旋者所戴桂冠。 |
| END OF Book 8 (Hirtius) & Capstone — Hours 27–28第八卷（希尔提乌斯）与总章（27–28）结束 → gated: Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 (≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna) OR Lēgātus / 军团长 (all 28 dōna + Obsidiōnālis + Triumphālis)→ 解锁条件：Tribūnus Mīlitum／统领（≥20 项 dōna ＋ ≥1 顶冠）；或 Lēgātus／军团长（28 项 dōna 全集，含解围冠与凯旋冠） | |||
Source.来源。 The hierarchy of dōna mīlitāria used here follows Valerie A. Maxfield, The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (London: Batsford, 1981) — the standard modern reference. Maxfield documents that corōnae were stratified by feat (mūrālis for first up the wall, navālis for first to board, obsidiōnālis for raising a siege, etc.), while torques, armillae, and phalerae were the routine awards for soldiers and centurions. Maxfield also notes (p. 251) that Caesar himself used promotion as a substitute for decoration — the system this course follows in reverse: decorations for battles, promotion for completing books.Dōna mīlitāria 的等级体系本课程依据 Valerie A. Maxfield《The Military Decorations of the Roman Army》（London: Batsford, 1981）——该领域之标准现代参考。Maxfield 详述：corōnae 按功勋分级（城墙冠予首登墙者、海军冠予首登敌舰者、解围冠予救援被围之军者，等等）；而 torques、armillae、phalerae 为士兵与百夫长之常规奖励。Maxfield 又指出（第 251 页），凯撒本人即以晋升代替勋章：而本课程恰反其道而行：勋章授与战役，晋升保留给读完一卷。