1
Germānī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)
the Germans日耳曼人
Hour 22 — Briefing第二十二课 — 战前简报
The Germani — Caesar's mirror-image of the Gauls
Hour 21 read Caesar's portrait of Gallic society — Druids, Knights, and a near-slave plebs. Hour 22 reads its structural mirror: Caesar's portrait of the Germanic peoples (DBG 6.21–28). The two excursus are deliberately paired. Almost every feature Caesar attributes to the Gauls has its inverse in the Germans. The Gauls have Druids; the Germans have no Druids and no public sacrifices to ordered deities. The Gauls have a settled territorial elite; the Germans rotate land each year. The Gauls have a structured judicial system; the Germans have no magistrates of peacetime. The Gauls value learning; the Germans value endurance, hunger, cold, and warlike physical training. The Germans, in short, are what the Romans imagine a people would look like if all the institutions of Greek and Roman civilization were absent.
This is, of course, a Roman fantasy. The historical Germans had social structures — chiefs, kindred groups, customary law — but Caesar's ethnographic eye is selective. He is writing for a senatorial audience that wants to know what makes the people we are conquering different from us. The Germans, for Caesar's purposes, are useful as a foil. Their alleged statelessness becomes both the explanation for why they are dangerous (no central authority means no negotiable surrender) and the justification for why a Roman commander must fight them rather than treat with them.
Our excerpt takes the early chapters of the German excursus: Caesar's note that the Germans have no Druids and care little for sacrifices (6.21), their rejection of private agriculture and annual land redistribution (6.22), the importance of warlike training and the prestige of military leaders in wartime (6.23). The passage is dense with passive forms in the present system — Caesar's grammar enacts a society described from the outside, where things are observed to happen but agents are not always named: their lands are not owned, their land is distributed each year, their leaders are chosen for war. Wheelock Chapter 21 — the present-system passive of the 3rd and 4th conjugations — is exactly the morphological tool that Caesar's ethnographic prose requires.
Connection to Wheelock. This hour pairs with Wheelock Chapter 21 — Third and Fourth Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System; Ablative of Agent (continued). Hour 18 introduced the passive of 1st and 2nd conjugations (amō → amor, moneō → moneor). This hour extends the passive to 3rd, 3rd-iō, and 4th conjugations:
- 3rd conjugation: regō, regere → regor, regī "to be ruled" — present passive regor, regeris, regitur, regimur, regiminī, reguntur
- 3rd-iō conjugation: capiō, capere → capior, capī "to be captured" — note the present passive infinitive is just -ī
- 4th conjugation: audiō, audīre → audior, audīrī "to be heard"
The future and imperfect passives follow the same pattern as their active counterparts (Hour 8 for the 3rd, Hour 10 for the 4th and 3rd-iō), with passive endings substituted. The ablative of agent (Hour 18) applies as before: ab/ā + person for human agents.
Today's task. Identify all the verbs in the passage AND identify all 3rd / 3rd-iō / 4th-conjugation passive forms (present system) — the chapter focus.
Source-document note. Latin from De Bello Gallico 6.21–23, edited from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed. English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.
日耳曼人，凯撒的高卢人镜像
第二十一课读了凯撒笔下的高卢社会：德鲁伊、骑士、近似奴隶的平民。第二十二课读其结构性镜像：凯撒对日耳曼诸族的描绘（《高卢战记》6.21–28）。两段民族志故意成对。凯撒给高卢人的几乎每一项特征，在日耳曼人那里都有反向描述。高卢有德鲁伊；日耳曼无德鲁伊，亦不向有序神祇行公共祭祀。高卢有定居的领地精英；日耳曼每年轮换土地。高卢有结构化的司法体系；日耳曼无和平时期的行政官。高卢重学问；日耳曼重忍耐、饥饿、寒冷、尚武训练。简言之，日耳曼人在罗马人想象中，是"如果一切希腊—罗马文明制度都缺席，会出现的人民"。
当然，这是罗马的幻想。历史上的日耳曼人有社会结构，酋长、亲族、习惯法，但凯撒的民族志之眼是有选择的。他写作的对象是元老阶层读者，他们想知道"我们正在征服的人民"与"我们"之有何不同。日耳曼人在凯撒的目的中，作为对照物有用。其所谓的"无国家"既解释了"他们为何危险"（无中央权威即无可协商的投降），又为"罗马指挥官必须与之作战、而非协商"提供合理化。
本课选段取日耳曼民族志的开篇：凯撒指出日耳曼无德鲁伊、几乎不行祭祀（6.21）；他们排斥私有农业、每年重新分配土地（6.22）；尚武训练的重要性、战时军事领袖的声望（6.23）。本段密集出现现在体系的被动形式：凯撒的语法承担了"自外部观察的社会"的描写方式：事情在发生，但施事并不总被指名：他们的土地不被持有、土地每年重新分配、领袖为战争而推举。韦洛克第 21 章，第三与第四变位法在现在体系中的被动形式，正是凯撒民族志散文所需的形态学工具。
与韦洛克拉丁语的对应。本课与韦洛克拉丁语第二十一章，第三、第四变位法：现在体系的被动语态；施事夺格（续）对应。第十八课介绍了第一、第二变位法的被动（amō → amor、moneō → moneor）。本课将被动扩展至第三、第三 -iō、与第四变位法：
- 第三变位法：regō, regere → regor, regī"被统治"——现在被动 regor, regeris, regitur, regimur, regiminī, reguntur
- 第三变位法 -iō：capiō, capere → capior, capī"被抓获"——注意现在被动不定式只作 -ī
- 第四变位法：audiō, audīre → audior, audīrī"被听到"
今日任务。识别段落中所有动词；并识别所有第三 / 第三 -iō / 第四变位法被动形式（现在体系）——本章核心。
关于来源的说明。拉丁文取自《高卢战记》6.21–23，见 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略经柔化；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。
Grammar Target — 3rd / 4th-Conjugation Passive (Present System)语法目标 — 第三 / 第四变位法被动语态（现在体系）
Extension of Hour 18's passive system
Hour 18 introduced the passive of 1st and 2nd conjugations: amor, amāris, amātur; moneor, monēris, monētur. This hour extends the same set of passive personal endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur) to the 3rd, 3rd-iō, and 4th conjugations.
Paradigm — regō, regere (3rd conj.) — present passive
| Pres. Pass. | Fut. Pass. | Impf. Pass. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | regor | regar | regēbar |
| 2 sg. | regeris | regēris | regēbāris |
| 3 sg. | regitur | regētur | regēbātur |
| 1 pl. | regimur | regēmur | regēbāmur |
| 2 pl. | regiminī | regēminī | regēbāminī |
| 3 pl. | reguntur | regentur | regēbantur |
Pres. pass. infinitive: regī (just -ī, attached to the present stem after the consonant).
Paradigm — capiō, capere (3rd-iō) — present passive
| Pres. Pass. | Fut. Pass. | Impf. Pass. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | capior | capiar | capiēbar |
| 2 sg. | caperis | capiēris | capiēbāris |
| 3 sg. | capitur | capiētur | capiēbātur |
| 1 pl. | capimur | capiēmur | capiēbāmur |
| 2 pl. | capiminī | capiēminī | capiēbāminī |
| 3 pl. | capiuntur | capientur | capiēbantur |
Pres. pass. infinitive: capī (just -ī).
Paradigm — audiō, audīre (4th conj.) — present passive
| Pres. Pass. | Fut. Pass. | Impf. Pass. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | audior | audiar | audiēbar |
| 2 sg. | audīris | audiēris | audiēbāris |
| 3 sg. | audītur | audiētur | audiēbātur |
| 1 pl. | audīmur | audiēmur | audiēbāmur |
| 2 pl. | audīminī | audiēminī | audiēbāminī |
| 3 pl. | audiuntur | audientur | audiēbantur |
Pres. pass. infinitive: audīrī (-īrī).
Summary table — present passive infinitive across all four conjugations
| Conjugation | Active infin. | Passive infin. | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | -āre | -ārī | amāre → amārī "to be loved" |
| 2nd | -ēre | -ērī | monēre → monērī "to be advised" |
| 3rd | -ere | -ī | regere → regī "to be ruled" |
| 3rd-iō | -ere | -ī | capere → capī "to be captured" |
| 4th | -īre | -īrī | audīre → audīrī "to be heard" |
Three warning signs to memorize
- The 2 sg. present passive of 3rd / 3rd-iō uses -eris (with short e — not -ēris). Compare 3rd-conj. regeris "you are ruled" with future regēris "you will be ruled" (long ē). The macron disambiguates; without macrons, context decides.
- The 3rd-conj. passive infinitive is just -ī: regī, capī, dūcī, mittī. This is a surprisingly stark form — you have to recognize it as an infinitive in context. Compare with 4th-conj. audīrī, 1st-conj. amārī.
- Impersonal passive remains useful: pugnātur (1st conj. impers. pass.) "there is fighting"; vincī potest (3rd) "it is possible to be conquered." Caesar uses impersonal passives extensively in ethnographic and military prose.
Codebook rules carried. The Battle Task adds a secondary toggle — "3rd/4th-conjugation passive form" — to isolate the chapter's focus.
第十八课被动体系的延伸
第十八课介绍了第一、第二变位法的被动语态：amor, amāris, amātur；moneor, monēris, monētur。本课将同一组被动人称词尾（-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur）扩展至第三、第三 -iō、第四变位法。
范式，regō, regere（第三变位法）—— 现在体系被动
| 现在被动 | 将来被动 | 未完成被动 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 第一单 | regor | regar | regēbar |
| 第二单 | regeris | regēris | regēbāris |
| 第三单 | regitur | regētur | regēbātur |
| 第一复 | regimur | regēmur | regēbāmur |
| 第二复 | regiminī | regēminī | regēbāminī |
| 第三复 | reguntur | regentur | regēbantur |
现在被动不定式：regī（仅 -ī，紧附于辅音后的现在词干）。
范式，capiō, capere（第三 -iō）—— 现在体系被动
| 现在被动 | 将来被动 | 未完成被动 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 第一单 | capior | capiar | capiēbar |
| 第二单 | caperis | capiēris | capiēbāris |
| 第三单 | capitur | capiētur | capiēbātur |
| 第一复 | capimur | capiēmur | capiēbāmur |
| 第二复 | capiminī | capiēminī | capiēbāminī |
| 第三复 | capiuntur | capientur | capiēbantur |
现在被动不定式：capī（仅 -ī）。
范式，audiō, audīre（第四变位法）—— 现在体系被动
| 现在被动 | 将来被动 | 未完成被动 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 第一单 | audior | audiar | audiēbar |
| 第二单 | audīris | audiēris | audiēbāris |
| 第三单 | audītur | audiētur | audiēbātur |
| 第一复 | audīmur | audiēmur | audiēbāmur |
| 第二复 | audīminī | audiēminī | audiēbāminī |
| 第三复 | audiuntur | audientur | audiēbantur |
现在被动不定式：audīrī（-īrī）。
总览，四种变位法的现在被动不定式
| 变位法 | 主动不定式 | 被动不定式 | 例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 第一 | -āre | -ārī | amāre → amārī"被爱" |
| 第二 | -ēre | -ērī | monēre → monērī"被劝导" |
| 第三 | -ere | -ī | regere → regī"被统治" |
| 第三 -iō | -ere | -ī | capere → capī"被抓获" |
| 第四 | -īre | -īrī | audīre → audīrī"被听到" |
三条务必牢记的警示
- 第三与第三 -iō 的第二单现在被动用 -eris（短 e，而非 -ēris）。比较第三 regeris"你被统治"与将来 regēris"你将被统治"（长 ē）。长音区别义；缺长音时靠语境。
- 第三变位法被动不定式仅作 -ī：regī, capī, dūcī, mittī。形态意外简短，需在语境中辨识为不定式。比较第四 audīrī、第一 amārī。
- 非人称被动仍然有用：pugnātur（第一变位法非人称被动）"正在战斗"；vincī potest（第三）"可被战胜"。凯撒在民族志与军事散文中广泛使用非人称被动。
沿用旧规则。战斗任务新增副切换："第三 / 第四变位法被动形式"——以隔离本章焦点。
Hour 22 — Passage: De Bello Gallico 6.21–23 (excerpts, lightly smoothed)第二十二课 — 原文段落：《高卢战记》6.21–23（节选，略经柔化）
Scaffolding:脚手架：
Tags:标注：
1 Germānī multum ab Gallōrum cōnsuētūdine differunt. Nam neque druidēs habent quī rēbus dīvīnīs praesint, neque sacrificiīs studēnt.
2 Deōrum numerō eōs sōlōs dūcunt, quōs cernunt et quōrum opibus aperte iuvantur: Sōlem et Vulcānum et Lūnam; reliquōs nē fāmā quidem accēpērunt.
3 Vīta omnis in vēnātiōnibus atque studiīs reī mīlitāris cōnsistit: ab parvulīs labōrī ac duritiae student.
4 Agrī modum nēminem certum habēre licet, sed magistrātūs ac prīncipēs in annōs singulōs gentibus cōgnātiōnibusque hominum quantum et quō locō vīsum est agrī, attribuunt.
5 Eius reī causās hās afferunt: nē, agrīcultūrae assiduā studiō capiantur, bellōrum studium deserant;
6 nē studeant lātos fīnēs parāre potentiōrēsque humiliōrēs possessiōnibus expellantur; nē accūrātius ad frīgora atque aestūs vītandōs aedificent;
7 nē pecūniae cupiditās oriātur, ex quā factiōnēs et dissensiōnēs nāscuntur; ut animī aequitāte plēbem contineant, cum suās quisque opēs cum potentissimīs aequārī videat.
8 Cīvitātibus maxima laus est quam lātissimē circum sē vāstātīs fīnibus sōlitūdinēs habēre.
9 Hoc proprium virtūtis exīstimant, expulsōs agrīs fīnitimōs cēdere, neque quemquam audēre propē sē cōnsīstere.
10 Cum bellum cīvitās aut illātum dēfendit aut īnfert, magistrātūs quī eī bellō praesint et vītae necisque habeant potestātem dēliguntur.
11 In pāce nūllus est commūnis magistrātus, sed prīncipēs regiōnum atque pagōrum inter suōs iūs dīcunt controversiāsque minuunt.
12 Latrōcinia nūllam habent īnfāmiam quae extrā fīnēs cuiusque cīvitātis fīunt, atque ea iuventūtis exercendae ac dēsidiae minuendae causā fierī praedicant.
Latin: Perseus canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed. English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted. Magenta bold = 3rd/3rd-iō/4th-conjugation form (chapter focus — many of these are passive; some are active for context). Yellow = connecting relative / connector (rule #3, carried).拉丁文：Perseus canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略经柔化；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。洋红粗体 = 第三 / 第三 -iō / 第四变位法形式（本章焦点，多为被动；少数主动以提供语境）。黄色 = 连接性关系代词 / 衔接词（规则 #3，沿用）。
Hour 22 — Vocabulary第二十二课 — 词汇表
This hour's new badge: 3/4-PASS marks present-system passive forms of 3rd / 3rd-iō / 4th conjugations. Full legend: 3rd/4th-conj. passive 3/4-PASS; 4th-decl. 4TH DECL; verb-conjugation, pronoun, and earlier badges all carried.本课新增徽章：3/4-PASS 标注第三 / 第三 -iō / 第四变位法的现在体系被动形式。完整图例：3rd/4th-conj. passive 3/4-PASS; 4th-decl. 4TH DECL; verb-conjugation, pronoun, and earlier badges all carried。
2
Gallī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)
the Gauls高卢人
3
Caesar, Caesaris m. (3rd)
Caesar凯撒
4
regor, regī (passive) v. 3rd (pres. pass.)3/4-PASS3RD CONJ
to be ruled (pres. pass. infin. = regī)被统治（现在被动；不定式 regī）
5
capior, capī (passive) v. 3rd-iō (pres. pass.)3/4-PASS3RD CONJ
to be captured被抓获
6
audior, audīrī (passive) v. 4th (pres. pass.)3/4-PASS4TH CONJ
to be heard被听到
7
dūcor, dūcī v. 3rd (pres. pass.)3/4-PASS3RD CONJ
to be led被率领
8
mittor, mittī v. 3rd (pres. pass.)3/4-PASS3RD CONJ
to be sent被派送
9
ab / ā prep. (+Abl.)
by (agent of passive verb)被（被动施事）
10
differō, -ferre, distulī, dīlātum v. irreg.
to differ, postpone, scatter不同；推迟；分散
11
multum adv.
much, greatly大大地
12
cōnsuētūdō, -inis f. (3rd)
custom, habit习俗
13
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum v. 2nd
to have拥有
14
druidēs, -um m. pl. (3rd)
Druids德鲁伊
15
praesum, -esse, -fuī v. irreg. (+Dat.)
to be in charge of (+Dat.)主持（+与格）
16
rēs dīvīna phr.
religious matter宗教事务
17
sacrificium, -iī n. (2nd)
sacrifice祭祀
18
studeō, -ēre, -uī (+Dat.) v. 2nd
to be eager for, be devoted to (+Dat.)热衷于（+与格）
19
deus, -ī m. (2nd)
god神
20
numerus, -ī m. (2nd)
number; count, category数；范畴
21
sōlus, -a, -um adj. (UNUS NAUTA)
alone, only仅、唯一
22
dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to lead; (here) reckon, consider率领；视为
23
cernō, -ere, crēvī, crētum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to see, perceive看见
24
opēs, opum f. pl. (3rd)
powers, wealth, resources权力、财富
25
apertē adv.
openly, plainly公开地
26
iuvō, -āre, iūvī, iūtum v. 1st
to help, aid帮助
27
Sōl, Sōlis m. (3rd)
the Sun (deified)太阳神
28
Vulcānus, -ī m. (2nd)
Vulcan (god of fire)伏尔甘（火神）
29
Lūna, -ae f. (1st)
Moon (deified)月神
30
reliquus, -a, -um adj.
the rest其余
31
fāma, -ae f. (1st)
fame, report, rumor声名、传闻
32
ne... quidem adv. phr.
not even甚至不
33
accipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to receive, hear接受、听说
34
vīta, -ae f. (1st)
life生命
35
omnis, omne adj. (3rd, 2-term.)3RD ADJ
all全部
36
vēnātiō, -ōnis f. (3rd)
hunting打猎
37
studium, -iī n. (2nd)
zeal, pursuit热心、追求
38
rēs mīlitāris phr.
military affairs军事
39
cōnsistō, -ere, -stitī v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to consist, stand together, depend on在于、依赖于
40
parvulus, -a, -um adj.
very small, youthful幼小、年少
41
labor, labōris m. (3rd)
toil, hardship劳苦
42
dūritia, -ae f. (1st)
hardness, hardship艰苦
43
ager, agrī m. (2nd)
field, land田、土地
44
modus, -ī m. (2nd)
measure, amount量、限度
45
nēmō indef. pron.PRONOUN
no one无人
46
certus, -a, -um adj.
certain, fixed确定的、固定的
47
licet, -ēre, -uit v. 2nd (impers.)
it is permitted被允许
48
magistrātus, -ūs m. (4th)4TH DECL
magistrate行政官
49
prīnceps, prīncipis m. (3rd)
chief, leading man首领
50
annus, -ī m. (2nd)
year年
51
singulus, -a, -um distrib. adj.
one each, single, individual每一
52
gēns, gentis f. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM
clan, people族、民族
53
cōgnātiō, -ōnis f. (3rd)
kinship, family group亲族
54
homō, hominis m. (3rd)
human, man人
55
quantum adv./n.
how much, as much as多少
56
locus, -ī m. (2nd)
place地方
57
videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsum v. 2nd
to see; (impers. pass.) seem看见；（非人称被动）显得
58
attribuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to assign, allot分配
59
rēs, reī f. (5th)
thing, matter事物
60
causa, -ae f. (1st)
cause, reason原因
61
afferō, -ferre, attulī, allātum v. irreg.
to bring forward, allege提出
62
nē... + subj. conj.
lest, so that not (purpose)免得、以免
63
agrīcultūra, -ae f. (1st)
agriculture农业
64
assiduus, -a, -um adj.
constant, continuous持续的
65
capiō, -ere, cēpī, captum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to take, capture; (pass. capiantur) be captured/captivated夺取、迷恋
66
bellum, -ī n. (2nd)
war战争
67
dēserō, -ere, -seruī, -sertum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to abandon, desert舍弃
68
lātus, -a, -um adj.
wide, broad宽广
69
fīnis, fīnis m. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM
limit; (pl.) territory界限；（复）领土
70
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to prepare, acquire准备、获取
71
potēns, potentis adj. (3rd, 1-term.) (comp. potentior)3RD ADJ
powerful (more powerful)强大
72
humilis, -e (comp. humilior) adj. (3rd, 2-term.)3RD ADJ
lowly (more lowly)卑微
73
possessiō, -ōnis f. (3rd)
possession财产
74
expellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to drive out, expel驱逐
75
accūrātē adv. (comp. accūrātius)
carefully (more carefully)更细心地
76
frīgus, frīgoris n. (3rd)
cold寒冷
77
aestus, -ūs m. (4th)4TH DECL
heat, tide炎热、潮汐
78
vītō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to avoid回避
79
aedificō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to build建造
80
pecūnia, -ae f. (1st)
money, wealth钱财
81
cupiditās, -tātis f. (3rd)
desire, greed欲望
82
orior, orīrī, ortus sum v. 4th (dep.)4TH CONJ
to arise兴起
83
factiō, -ōnis f. (3rd)
faction, party派系
84
dissēnsiō, -ōnis f. (3rd)
disagreement, dissension分歧
85
nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum v. 3rd (dep.)3RD CONJ
to be born, arise出生、兴起
86
aequitās, -tātis f. (3rd)
equity, evenness, calm平等、平心
87
plēbs, plēbis f. (3rd)
common people平民
88
contineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentum v. 2nd
to hold together, restrain约束、保持
89
quisque, quaeque, quidque indef. pron.PRONOUN
each每一人
90
opēs (recurrence) f. pl. (3rd)
resources, power财力、权势
91
aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to make equal使相等
92
cīvitās, -tātis f. (3rd, i-stem)i-STEM
state, community城邦、社会
93
laus, laudis f. (3rd)
praise, glory赞誉、荣耀
94
lātissimē adv. (superl.)
as widely as possible尽可能广
95
circum prep. (+Acc.)
around环绕
96
vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to devastate蹂躏
97
sōlitūdō, -inis f. (3rd)
solitude, wilderness荒凉、无人之地
98
proprius, -a, -um adj.
characteristic of (+Gen.)...所特有的
99
virtūs, virtūtis f. (3rd)
valor, virtue勇武、美德
100
existimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to think, judge认为
101
fīnitimus, -ī m. (2nd)
neighbor邻居
102
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to yield, withdraw退让、撤离
103
quisquam, quidquam (quicquam) indef. pron.PRONOUN
anyone, anything任何人/任何事
104
audeō, -ēre, ausus sum v. 2nd (semi-dep.)
to dare敢
105
prope adv./prep.
near近、靠近
106
cum conj. (+ subj.)
when, since当...时
107
īnferō, -ferre, intulī, illātum v. irreg.
to bring in, wage (war)施加、发动（战争）
108
dēfendō, -ere, -fendī, -fēnsum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to defend防御
109
vīta nex-que (vītae necisque) phr. (gen.)
of life and death生杀（属格）
110
potestās, -tātis f. (3rd)
power, authority权力
111
dēligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to choose, select挑选、推举
112
pāx, pācis f. (3rd)
peace和平
113
commūnis, commūne adj. (3rd, 2-term.)3RD ADJ
common, shared公共的
114
regiō, -ōnis f. (3rd)
region地区
115
pāgus, -ī m. (2nd)
district, canton县、乡
116
iūs, iūris n. (3rd)
law, right法、权利
117
dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to say; (iūs dīcere) administer justice说；iūs dīcere 主持公道
118
controversia, -ae f. (1st)
dispute争端
119
minuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to lessen, diminish减少
120
latrōcinium, -iī n. (2nd)
robbery, raiding劫掠
121
nūllus, -a, -um adj. (UNUS NAUTA)
no没有
122
īnfāmia, -ae f. (1st)
infamy, ill repute恶名
123
extrā prep. (+Acc.)
outside, beyond在...之外
124
cuiusque gen. of quisque
of each每一者之
125
fīō, fierī, factus sum v. irreg.
to be made, become, happen成为、发生
126
iuventūs, -tūtis f. (3rd)
youth, young men青年
127
exerceō, -ēre, -uī, -itum v. 2nd
to exercise, train训练
128
dēsidia, -ae f. (1st)
idleness懒惰
129
praedicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to proclaim, declare宣称
Hour 22 — Battle Task第二十二课 — 战斗任务
The instructor will only give the question paper to the players / let the players turn to the online question page right before the 20-minute countdown starts. 教师将在 20 分钟倒计时开始之前才向学生发放试题 / 开放在线试题页面。
Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则
Task: identify all verbs (finite + infinitives) AND identify all 3rd/4th-conjugation passive forms (including deponents, which are passive-in-form, active-in-meaning).
- Rule #1 — Indicative. Carried.
- Rule #2 — Subjunctive. Caesar's ethnographic prose uses many nē/ut-clauses with subjunctives: praesint (s. 1, relative-of-purpose); capiantur, dēserant (s. 5, nē-clauses); studeant, parāre, expellantur, vītandōs, aedificent (s. 6, nē-clauses); oriātur, contineant, videat (s. 7, nē/ut-clauses); praesint, habeant (s. 10, relative-of-purpose).
- Rule #3 — Connective yellow (carried). Nam (s. 1); Hoc (s. 9); Cum (s. 10); various connectors.
- Rule #4 — Infinitive. habēre (ss. 4, 8); parāre (s. 6); aequārī (s. 7); cēdere, audēre, cōnsīstere (s. 9); fierī (s. 12).
- Rule #5 — Participle. vāstātīs (s. 8, abl. abs.); expulsōs (s. 9); illātum (s. 10).
- Rule #7 — Noun-adj phrase. Carried.
- Rule #8 — Abl. abs. Few in this passage.
- Rule #9 — Noun-case ★. Carried.
New this hour: the Battle Task's second toggle isolates 3rd/3rd-iō/4th-conj. passive forms (or passive-form deponents). Targets in this passage: capiantur (s. 5, 3rd-iō pres. pass. subj.); expellantur (s. 6, 3rd pres. pass. subj.); nāscuntur (s. 7, 3rd dep., passive in form); dēliguntur (s. 10, 3rd pres. pass.); fīunt (s. 12, irreg. fīō — the suppletive passive of faciō). 5 clickable targets.
任务：识别所有动词（限定式 + 不定式），并识别所有第三 / 第四变位法被动形式（含异相动词，形式为被动而意义为主动）。
- 规则 #1，直陈式。沿用。
- 规则 #2，虚拟式。凯撒民族志散文中 nē/ut 从句虚拟密集：praesint, capiantur, dēserant, studeant, parāre, expellantur, vītandōs, aedificent, oriātur, contineant, videat, praesint, habeant 等。
- 规则 #3，连接黄色（沿用）。Nam、Hoc、Cum 等。
- 规则 #4，不定式。habēre, parāre, aequārī, cēdere, audēre, cōnsīstere, fierī。
- 规则 #5，分词。vāstātīs, expulsōs, illātum。
- 规则 #7，名词-形容词短语。沿用。
- 规则 #8，绝对夺格。少见。
- 规则 #9，名词关注格 ★。沿用。
本课新增：战斗任务的第二个切换专用于第三 / 第三 -iō / 第四变位法被动形式（或被动形态的异相动词）。本段目标：capiantur（第 5 句，3rd-iō 现在被动虚拟）；expellantur（第 6 句，3rd 现在被动虚拟）；nāscuntur（第 7 句，3rd 异相，形式被动）；dēliguntur（第 10 句，3rd 现在被动）；fīunt（第 12 句，不规则 fīō，faciō 的代替被动）。共 5 处。
Mission — Identify all verbs, and 3rd/4th-conj. passive forms任务，识别所有动词，并识别所有第三 / 第四变位法被动形式
Set the mode, then click words. Click again to deselect.先选择下方模式，然后点击单词。再次点击可取消选择。
20:00
1 Germānī multum ab Gallōrum cōnsuētūdine differunt. Nam neque druidēs habent quī rēbus dīvīnīs praesint, neque sacrificiīs studēnt.
2 Deōrum numerō eōs sōlōs dūcunt, quōs cernunt et quōrum opibus aperte iuvantur: Sōlem et Vulcānum et Lūnam; reliquōs nē fāmā quidem accēpērunt.
3 Vīta omnis in vēnātiōnibus atque studiīs reī mīlitāris cōnsistit: ab parvulīs labōrī ac duritiae student.
4 Agrī modum nēminem certum habēre licet, sed magistrātūs ac prīncipēs in annōs singulōs gentibus cōgnātiōnibusque hominum quantum et quō locō vīsum est agrī, attribuunt.
5 Eius reī causās hās afferunt: nē, agrīcultūrae assiduā studiō capiantur, bellōrum studium dēserant;
6 nē studeant lātos fīnēs parāre potentiōrēsque humiliōrēs possessiōnibus expellantur; nē accūrātius ad frīgora atque aestūs vītandōs aedificent;
7 nē pecūniae cupiditās oriātur, ex quā factiōnēs et dissensiōnēs nāscuntur; ut animī aequitāte plēbem contineant, cum suās quisque opēs cum potentissimīs aequārī videat.
8 Cīvitātibus maxima laus est quam lātissimē circum sē vāstātīs fīnibus sōlitūdinēs habēre.
9 Hoc proprium virtūtis exīstimant, expulsōs agrīs fīnitimōs cēdere, neque quemquam audēre propē sē cōnsīstere.
10 Cum bellum cīvitās aut illātum dēfendit aut īnfert, magistrātūs quī eī bellō praesint et vītae necisque habeant potestātem dēliguntur.
11 In pāce nūllus est commūnis magistrātus, sed prīncipēs regiōnum atque pagōrum inter suōs iūs dīcunt controversiāsque minuunt.
12 Latrōcinia nūllam habent īnfāmiam quae extrā fīnēs cuiusque cīvitātis fīunt, atque ea iuventūtis exercendae ac dēsidiae minuendae causā fierī praedicant.
Hour 22 — Result & Debrief第二十二课 — 战果与汇报
Submit the Battle Task above to see your score here.提交上方的战斗任务即可在此查看分数。
Hour 22 — Screening第二十二课 — 影片放映
Following the 20-minute countdown, the instructor announces the answer key, then 5-minute Q&A, then the film clip.20 分钟倒计时结束后，教师宣布答案，再进行 5 分钟问答，然后播放影片片段。
Film clip (proposed):推荐影片片段：
For the Germani: Netflix's Barbarians (2020) — set in Teutoburg, AD 9, but with cultural details drawn from Caesar's and Tacitus's ethnography. The series visualizes hunting, displaced-neighbor raiding, and war-leader selection in ways that match Caesar's prose. As intertext: The Vikings (1958) for the stateless-society-of-warriors stereotype that descends from Caesar's Germania through Tacitus to the medieval Anglo-Saxons. Subject to instructor confirmation.
日耳曼人：Netflix（2020）《Barbarians》—— 设定于公元 9 年条顿堡，但文化细节取自凯撒与塔西陀的民族志。剧集对狩猎、驱邻劫掠、战时领袖推举等场景的视觉化与凯撒的散文相符。互文参考：《维京人》（1958）—— 由凯撒《日耳曼志》经塔西陀传至中世纪盎格鲁-撒克逊的"无国家武士社会"刻板印象。由教师确认。
Discussion课堂讨论
- Caesar's ethnographies of the Gauls (Hour 21) and the Germans (this hour) form a deliberate pair. What is the structural logic of the comparison? Is one society described as the inverse of the other because they really are inverses, or because Caesar's rhetorical strategy requires that they be? 凯撒对高卢人（第 21 课）和日耳曼人（本课）的民族志构成一对。这一比较的结构逻辑是什么？是因为两个社会真的互为反面，还是因为凯撒的修辞策略要求它们是？
- The Germans, Caesar says, deliberately reject agriculture, lest they "be captivated" (capiantur) by it. Translate the verb literally — captured. In what other contexts in DBG have we seen this verb? What does it mean for a people to "be captured by farming"? 凯撒说日耳曼人有意拒绝农业，免得他们"被农业所擒"（capiantur）。请字面翻译该动词，被捕获。在《高卢战记》的其他段落里我们也见过该动词。在什么意义上，一个民族会"被农事所擒"？
- Sentence 8: "It is the greatest glory to states to have, as widely as possible around themselves, devastated borders" (vāstātīs fīnibus sōlitūdinēs habēre). This is one of the strangest sentences in Caesar. It seems to invert what Romans would consider "good government." Read this in the light of Caesar's own scorched-earth policy against the Eburones (Hour 18). Is Caesar admiring the Germans? Criticizing them? Acknowledging an uncomfortable similarity? 第 8 句："国家最大的荣誉，是在自己四周尽可能广地拥有被蹂躏的边境"（vāstātīs fīnibus sōlitūdinēs habēre）。这是凯撒最奇怪的一句话之一。它似乎颠倒了罗马人所认为的"良治"。请结合凯撒自己对埃布隆尼斯人的焦土政策（第 18 课）来读。凯撒在赞赏日耳曼人？批评他们？还是承认一种令人不安的相似？
- The Germans use the passive voice grammatically: dēliguntur "are chosen," fīunt "happen." Caesar's account masks who is actually doing the choosing and the raiding. Is this Caesar's representational habit (ethnographic distancing), or is it accurately reporting a society where collective action is described agentlessly? 凯撒以被动语态描写日耳曼人：dēliguntur"被推举"、fīunt"发生"。凯撒的叙述掩盖了"谁"在做选择、"谁"在劫掠。这是凯撒的表征习惯（民族志距离），还是准确报告了一个"集体行动被无施事地描述"的社会？
Intermission课间休息
Break before Hour 23 (Siege of Avaricum — the great pan-Gallic uprising begins; Wheelock Ch. 21 continued / Ch. 22).第二十三课（阿瓦里库姆围攻，全高卢大起义开始；韦洛克第 21 章续 / 第 22 章）开始前的课间。
🗺 Campaign Map & Cursus Honōrum战役地图与晋升阶梯
How advancement works in this course. Rank is reserved for completion of whole DBG books (8 books → 8 promotions). Dōna mīlitāria — Roman military decorations — are awarded for each individual battle (Hour). The default rank cap is Centuriō / 百夫长, reached after Book 7. To rise to Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 or Lēgātus Legiōnis / 军团长, the student must accumulate sufficient dōna through the course.本课晋升机制。军衔（rank）专留给完整通读《高卢战记》之卷（八卷 → 八次晋升）。Dōna mīlitāria，罗马军事勋章，为每场单独战役（课时）所授。百夫长（Centuriō）是默认晋升上限，完成第七卷可达。要晋升至统领（Tribūnus Mīlitum）或军团长（Lēgātus Legiōnis），学生须于课程中累积足够 dōna。
The Cursus Honōrum — 10 ranks, 8 promotions晋升阶梯，十级军衔，八次晋升
- Tīrō 新兵recruit (course start)新兵（课程开始时的起点）
- Mīles 军团兵legionary (after Book 1)军团兵（完成第一卷后）
- Immūnis 免役兵specialist exempt from fatigues (Book 2)免役兵：具专长免劳役（第二卷后）
- Tesserārius 持牌兵watchword-keeper (Book 3)持牌兵：传递口令（第三卷后）
- Optiō 副百夫长centurion's deputy (Book 4)副百夫长：百夫长副手（第四卷后）
- Signifer 掌旗官standard-bearer of a century (Book 5)掌旗官：百人队旗手（第五卷后）
- Aquilifer 鹰旗官eagle-bearer of the legion (Book 6)鹰旗官：军团鹰旗持有者（第六卷后）
- Centuriō 百夫长commander of a century — DEFAULT CAP (Book 7)百夫长：百人队长，默认上限（第七卷后）
- Tribūnus Mīlitum 统领unlocked at Book 8 + ≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna解锁条件：完成第八卷 + 累积 ≥20 项 dōna + ≥1 顶冠
- Lēgātus Legiōnis 军团长all 28 dōna + Corōna Obsidiōnālis + Corōna Triumphālis集齐 28 项 dōna，含解围冠与凯旋冠
Dōna mīlitāria — one per HourDōna mīlitāria，每课时各授一项
T1 · Major corōnaeT1 · 至尊冠
T2 · Specialty corōnaeT2 · 专项冠
T3 · Officer-grade (hasta, vēxillum)T3 · 军官级（净矛、军旗）
T4 · Lower (torques, armillae, phalerae)T4 · 低级（项圈、臂环、胸牌）
T5 · Memorial (Roman defeats)T5 · 哀悼（罗马败战）
T6 · Scholastic (excurses)T6 · 学术（插段）
| # | Battle / Topic战役／主题 | Dōnum勋章 | Rationale缘由 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Battle of the Arar阿拉河战役 | Torques argenteae ／银项圈 | Opening ambush of the Tigurine quarter — modest field action.开战之伏击，规模适中。 |
| 2 | Battle of Bibracte比布拉克特战役 | Armillae ／银臂环 | First major set-piece engagement.首次大型会战。 |
| 3 | Battle of Vosges沃日山战役 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Closing battle of Book 1 — Ariovistus routed.第一卷收束：击溃阿里奥维斯图斯。 |
| END OF Book 1 · Helvetian War — Hours 1–3第一卷 · 赫尔维提战争（1–3）结束 → Mīles / 军团兵→ 晋升 Mīles／军团兵 | |||
| 4 | Battle of the Axona阿克索纳战役 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Ford engagement, encumbered enemy slaughtered.浅滩遭遇战，敌于河中受困被歼。 |
| 5 | Battle of the Sabis萨比斯战役 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar enters the line personally to save his legion — citizens saved (Maxfield p.68).凯撒亲入战阵救援军团，拯救公民（Maxfield 第 68 页）。 |
| 6 | Siege of the Atuatuci阿杜亚图基围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | First siege of the course — first up the wall.课程首次围城，首先登上城墙。 |
| END OF Book 2 · Belgic Campaign — Hours 4–6第二卷 · 贝尔盖战役（4–6）结束 → Immūnis / 免役兵→ 晋升 Immūnis／免役兵 | |||
| 7 | Battle of Octodurus屋大都鲁斯之战 | Corōna Castrēnsis ／军营冠 | Galba defends camp against ambush — first into the enemy camp at counter-attack.伽尔巴守营抗伏击，反扑时率先入敌营。 |
| 8 | Battle of Quiberon Bay基伯龙湾海战 | Corōna Navālis ／海军冠 | First naval engagement — first to board an enemy ship.首次海战，首先登上敌舰。 |
| 9 | Crassus's Aquitanian Camp.克拉苏的阿基坦战役 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | Crassus, a young officer, wins his independent campaign — gold crown for valor.小克拉苏年纪轻轻独立战胜，金冠表勇。 |
| END OF Book 3 · Coast & Aquitania — Hours 7–9第三卷 · 海岸与阿基坦（7–9）结束 → Tesserārius / 持牌兵→ 晋升 Tesserārius／持牌兵 | |||
| 10 | Usipetes & Tencteri乌西佩特斯与滕克特里 | Torques aureae duae ／一对金项圈 | Mass action against two German tribes; controversial.对二日耳曼部族之大规模行动；颇具争议。 |
| 11 | First Rhine Crossing首次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Engineering theater — the ten-day pile-bridge.工程剧场：十日内造起木桩桥。 |
| 12 | First Invasion of Britain首次入侵不列颠 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | The aquilifer of the Tenth leaps with the eagle — gold crown (Maxfield p.79).第十军团掌旗官携鹰跃入海，金冠（Maxfield 第 79 页）。 |
| END OF Book 4 · Rhine & Britain I — Hours 10–12第四卷 · 莱茵河与首征不列颠（10–12）结束 → Optiō / 副百夫长→ 晋升 Optiō／副百夫长 | |||
| 13 | Ambush at Atuatuca阿杜阿都加伏击 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Roman defeat — Sabinus & Cotta killed; memorial decoration for survivors.罗马败战，萨宾努斯与科塔阵亡；幸存者得哀悼臂环。 |
| 14 | Second Invasion of Britain第二次入侵不列颠 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Larger fleet, river crossing, Cassivellaunus engaged.舰队壮大、渡泰晤士、对阵卡西维劳努斯。 |
| 15 | Ethnography of Britain不列颠民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Tacitean excursus — no battle, scholarly stipend awarded.塔西陀插段，非战斗，授学术津贴。 |
| 16 | Britain II: Climate不列颠之二：气候 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Second Tacitean excursus on geography.塔西陀第二段：地理。 |
| 17 | Siege of Cicero's Camp西塞罗营垒被围 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar relieves Cicero's winter camp — citizens saved.凯撒解围西塞罗冬营，拯救公民。 |
| END OF Book 5 · Britain II & Disasters — Hours 13–17第五卷 · 第二次入侵不列颠与挫败（13–17）结束 → Signifer / 掌旗官→ 晋升 Signifer／掌旗官 | |||
| 18 | Eburones Punitive Expedition对埃布隆尼斯人的惩戒 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Revenge for Atuatuca — extensive plunder and destruction.为阿杜阿都加复仇，大规模劫掠破坏。 |
| 19 | Second Rhine Crossing第二次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Repeat engineering theater — another pile-bridge.再演工程剧场，又造一桥。 |
| 20 | Atuatuca Garrison Attacked阿杜阿都加守备遭袭 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Cicero saves the garrison — citizens saved.西塞罗救守备，拯救公民。 |
| 21 | Ethnography of the Galli高卢人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Gauls' Druids/Knights/plebs — no battle.高卢德鲁伊、骑士、平民，非战斗。 |
| 22 | Ethnography of the Germani日耳曼人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Inverse-Gauls stereotype — no battle.高卢之反面刻板印象，非战斗。 |
| END OF Book 6 · Vengeance & Ethnography — Hours 18–22第六卷 · 复仇与民族志（18–22）结束 → Aquilifer / 鹰旗官→ 晋升 Aquilifer／鹰旗官 | |||
| 23 | Siege of Avaricum阿瓦里库姆围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | 25-day siege, walls stormed under cover of rain.25 日围城，雨中破城。 |
| 24 | Defeat at Gergovia热尔戈维亚的败战 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Caesar's only acknowledged defeat — 46 centurions killed.凯撒唯一承认之败战——46 名百夫长阵亡。 |
| 25 | Road to Alesia通往阿莱西亚之路 | Hasta Pūra ／净矛 | Labienus and the German cavalry break Vercingetorix's mobility — officer-grade dōnum.拉比埃努斯与日耳曼骑兵击碎维钦格托里克斯之机动，军官级 dōnum。 |
| 26 | Siege of Alesia阿莱西亚围攻 | Corōna Obsidiōnālis ／解围冠 | Caesar's masterpiece — the double ring relieves nothing; he breaks the relief instead. Highest possible decoration.凯撒之杰作，双重防线击破援军。古罗马最高荣誉。 |
| END OF Book 7 · The Great Revolt — Hours 23–26第七卷 · 大起义（23–26）结束 → Centuriō / 百夫长 (DEFAULT CAP)→ 晋升 Centuriō／百夫长（默认上限） | |||
| 27 | Uxellodunum & Aftermath乌克塞洛杜诺姆与战后 | Vēxillum ／军旗 | Caesar's final field command of the Gallic war — senior officer's banner.凯撒在高卢战争中之最后野战指挥，高级军官之军旗。 |
| 28 | Capstone: Rubicon to Ides总章：自卢比孔至三月之中 | Corōna Triumphālis ／凯旋冠 | Caesar's quadruple triumph (46 BC) — laurel crown of the triumphātor.凯撒四重凯旋（公元前 46 年）——凯旋者所戴桂冠。 |
| END OF Book 8 (Hirtius) & Capstone — Hours 27–28第八卷（希尔提乌斯）与总章（27–28）结束 → gated: Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 (≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna) OR Lēgātus / 军团长 (all 28 dōna + Obsidiōnālis + Triumphālis)→ 解锁条件：Tribūnus Mīlitum／统领（≥20 项 dōna ＋ ≥1 顶冠）；或 Lēgātus／军团长（28 项 dōna 全集，含解围冠与凯旋冠） | |||
Source.来源。 The hierarchy of dōna mīlitāria used here follows Valerie A. Maxfield, The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (London: Batsford, 1981) — the standard modern reference. Maxfield documents that corōnae were stratified by feat (mūrālis for first up the wall, navālis for first to board, obsidiōnālis for raising a siege, etc.), while torques, armillae, and phalerae were the routine awards for soldiers and centurions. Maxfield also notes (p. 251) that Caesar himself used promotion as a substitute for decoration — the system this course follows in reverse: decorations for battles, promotion for completing books.Dōna mīlitāria 的等级体系本课程依据 Valerie A. Maxfield《The Military Decorations of the Roman Army》（London: Batsford, 1981）——该领域之标准现代参考。Maxfield 详述：corōnae 按功勋分级（城墙冠予首登墙者、海军冠予首登敌舰者、解围冠予救援被围之军者，等等）；而 torques、armillae、phalerae 为士兵与百夫长之常规奖励。Maxfield 又指出（第 251 页），凯撒本人即以晋升代替勋章：而本课程恰反其道而行：勋章授与战役，晋升保留给读完一卷。