1
cum conj.
when, since, although当...时；因为；尽管
Hour 7 — Briefing第七课 — 战前简报
From Hour 6 to Hour 7 — the Alpine outpost
Caesar's second campaigning year had ended with the Atuatuci surrendered and the Belgae quieted (Hour 6). Before setting out for Italy (the Cisalpine and Illyrian provinces he governed in his civilian capacity), Caesar turned to one strategic problem that had nothing to do with conquest and everything to do with roads and trade. The mountain pass through the Great St Bernard — running from the Rhone valley up over the Alps into Italy — was infested by armed local tribes (Nantuates, Veragri, Seduni) who extorted heavy portoria (tolls) from Roman merchants. Caesar wanted that pass patefierī ("opened"). He detached Servius Sulpicius Galba with the Twelfth Legion and a portion of cavalry to subdue the tribes, secure the pass, and winter in the Alps.
Galba's campaign opened well: a few favorable engagements (secundīs aliquot proeliīs factīs), several captured strongholds (castellīsque complūribus eōrum expugnātīs), hostages handed over, peace. Galba split his force, stationed two cohorts among the Nantuates, and took the remaining cohorts to winter at a Veragran village called Octodurus (modern Martigny, in the Swiss canton of Valais, at the elbow where the Rhone bends north toward Lake Geneva). The village lay in a tight valley, hemmed in on every side by the highest mountains, with a narrow plain alongside. A river divided the settlement in two. Galba gave the Gauls one half, kept the other for the legion, and fortified his half with rampart and ditch.
Several days into winter quarters, with grain supplies still being convoyed in, scouts brought the news: the Gauls had vanished overnight. The overhanging mountain peaks were now thick with a maxima multitūdō of Seduni and Veragri. Galba's under-strength force, in a narrow valley, in deep winter, was about to be attacked from above. This is where De Bello Gallico 3.1–2 ends — and the assault narrated in 3.3–6 will be Hour 7's payoff in the next session's prose. For now, the language of the trap is what we read.
Connection to Wheelock. This hour pairs with Wheelock Chapter 7 — Third Declension Nouns. Caesar's brief topographical narrative is saturated with 3rd-declension nouns — legiō, pars, fīnis, flūmen, mōns, pāx, cohors, vallis, mercātor, multitūdō, explōrātor, opus, iter, obses, rēx. After two declensions of relative stability, the 3rd declension introduces nominatives of unpredictable shape (you can't tell from rēx that the stem is rēg-, or from pāx that the stem is pāc-); you must memorize nominative + genitive together. The genitive is the key that unlocks the rest of the declension.
Today's task. Identify all the verbs and all the 3rd-declension noun forms in the passage. The codebook rule #9 ★ (case star), introduced in Hour 2 for 1st-declension and extended in Hour 3 to 2nd-declension, now extends to 3rd-declension nouns. Every 3rd-decl. noun is marked with a ★ encoding its case + number (e.g., legiōnis = ★ G.s., "of a legion"; montēs = ★ N./Ac.p.).
Source-document note. Hour 7 is composed in the same paradigm as Hours 3–6 — Latin from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), English translation from McDevitte & Bohn (1869), grammar from Wheelock Ch. 7, with vocabulary and macron-correct text drawn from the course's source document 7 De Bello Gallico 3.1-2.docx.
从第六课到第七课，阿尔卑斯的孤军
第二个征战年以阿杜亚图基人投降、贝尔盖高卢平定（第六课）告终。在动身前往意大利（凯撒同时担任山南高卢与伊利里亚省总督）之前，凯撒着手处理一件与征服无关、与道路与贸易息息相关的战略问题：穿越大圣伯尔纳山口的阿尔卑斯通道，从罗讷河谷越过阿尔卑斯进入意大利的要道，被本地武装部落（南图阿提人 Nantuates、维拉格里人 Veragri、塞杜尼人 Seduni）所控制，他们对罗马商人征收沉重的过路税（portoria）。凯撒要让这条道路patefierī（"打开"）。他派 塞尔维乌斯·苏尔皮基乌斯·伽尔巴（Servius Sulpicius Galba）率第十二军团与一部分骑兵前往压服各部、控制山口，并在阿尔卑斯过冬。
伽尔巴的战役开局顺利：数次取胜（secundīs aliquot proeliīs factīs）、攻克若干堡垒（castellīsque complūribus eōrum expugnātīs）、收纳人质、缔结和约。他随即分兵：两个营驻南图阿提，其余诸营随他本人前往维拉格里人的一座村庄 屋大都鲁斯（Octodurus，今瑞士瓦莱州马蒂尼 Martigny，正位于罗讷河北折往日内瓦湖处的肘弯）。这村庄坐落于一片狭窄山谷之中，四面被最高的群山所围，仅有一小片平地相邻。一条河将村庄一分为二。伽尔巴把一半留给高卢人，另一半留给军团，并以壁垒与壕沟（vāllō fossāque）加固。
冬营开始数日之后，正当军粮仍在向此地集运之时，斥候带回一个消息：高卢人在夜间消失得无影无踪。俯瞰山谷的群山之巅，此刻已挤满塞杜尼人与维拉格里人的maxima multitūdō（庞大队伍）。伽尔巴一支兵力不足的部队，被困于狭谷之中、深冬之时，行将自上而下遭受袭击。《高卢战记》3.1–2 即止于此——3.3–6 将叙述真正的攻击，那将是下一课时的成果文。本课时所读，是这一陷阱布成的语言。
与韦洛克拉丁语的对应。本课与韦洛克拉丁语第七章，第三变格法名词相对应。凯撒这段简明的地理叙述充满第三变格法名词——legiō, pars, fīnis, flūmen, mōns, pāx, cohors, vallis, mercātor, multitūdō, explōrātor, opus, iter, obses, rēx。在前两个变格法相对稳定之后，第三变格法引入了主格形态不可预测的特点（从 rēx 看不出词干是 rēg-；从 pāx 看不出词干是 pāc-）——所以必须主格与属格连背。属格才是打开整个变格法的钥匙。
今日任务。识别段落中所有动词以及所有第三变格法名词形式。第二课开始用于第一变格法名词、第三课延伸至第二变格法的规则 #9 ★（格星），本课进一步延伸至第三变格法。每个三变名词都会标 ★ 并编码格 + 数（如 legiōnis = ★ 属格单数，"军团的"；montēs = ★ 主/宾格复数）。
关于来源的说明。第七课按第三至第六课范式构建，拉丁文取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），英译取自 McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），语法对照取自韦洛克拉丁语第 7 章，词汇与长音标记取自课程源文件 7 De Bello Gallico 3.1-2.docx。
Grammar Target — Third Declension Nouns语法目标 — 第三变格法名词
What's new about the 3rd declension
The 1st and 2nd declensions are forgiving: their nominative singular tells you almost everything (puella → stem puell-; amīcus → stem amīc-; bellum → stem bell-). The 3rd declension is not forgiving. The nominative often masks the stem, and you cannot decline a 3rd-decl. noun without the genitive singular. Always memorize nominative + genitive together.
- rēx, rēgis — stem rēg- (m.) "king"
- pāx, pācis — stem pāc- (f.) "peace"
- flūmen, flūminis — stem flūmin- (n.) "river"
- iter, itineris — stem itiner- (n.) "journey, route" (highly irregular nominative)
The 3rd-declension endings (consonant stems)
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | rēx | rēgēs |
| Gen. | rēgis | rēgum |
| Dat. | rēgī | rēgibus |
| Acc. | rēgem | rēgēs |
| Abl. | rēge | rēgibus |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom./Acc. | flūmen | flūmina |
| Gen. | flūminis | flūminum |
| Dat. | flūminī | flūminibus |
| Abl. | flūmine | flūminibus |
Neuter rule (same as 2nd-decl. neuters): Nominative = Accusative, and the plural Nom./Acc. ending is -a.
Note on i-stems
A small but high-frequency sub-pattern — the i-stem 3rd declension — produces forms with an extra i in genitive plural (-ium instead of -um) and sometimes accusative plural (-īs) and ablative singular (-ī). Wheelock introduces this fully in Ch. 14. For now, just notice the marked i-stem nouns in our vocabulary: pars/partis, fīnis/fīnis, Alpēs/Alpium, cohors/cohortis, vallis/vallis, mōns/montis.
Codebook rule #9 ★ — extended to 3rd declension. Hour 2 introduced the ★ case-star for 1st-decl. nouns; Hour 3 extended it to 2nd-decl. Hour 7 extends ★ to 3rd-declension nouns. Every 3rd-decl. form in the passage will carry a ★ encoded with its case + number (e.g., legiōnis = ★ G.s.; flūmine = ★ Abl.s.; montēs = ★ N./Ac.p.). Watch carefully — third-declension plurals often look identical between nominative and accusative.
第三变格法的新挑战
第一、第二变格法很宽容：主格单数几乎透露了全部信息（puella → 词干 puell-；amīcus → 词干 amīc-；bellum → 词干 bell-）。第三变格法不宽容。主格常常掩盖词干，没有属格单数是无法变格的，所以一定要主格 + 属格连背。属格才是钥匙。
- rēx, rēgis — 词干 rēg-（阳性）"国王"
- pāx, pācis — 词干 pāc-（阴性）"和平"
- flūmen, flūminis — 词干 flūmin-（中性）"河流"
- iter, itineris — 词干 itiner-（中性）"行程、道路"（主格极不规则）
第三变格法的词尾（辅音干）
| 单数 | 复数 | |
|---|---|---|
| 主格 | rēx | rēgēs |
| 属格 | rēgis | rēgum |
| 与格 | rēgī | rēgibus |
| 宾格 | rēgem | rēgēs |
| 夺格 | rēge | rēgibus |
| 单数 | 复数 | |
|---|---|---|
| 主/宾 | flūmen | flūmina |
| 属格 | flūminis | flūminum |
| 与格 | flūminī | flūminibus |
| 夺格 | flūmine | flūminibus |
中性规则（与第二变格法中性相同）：主格 = 宾格；复数主/宾词尾为 -a。
关于 i-词干的提示
有一个数量不大但高频的子范式——i-词干第三变格法：属格复数为 -ium（而非 -um），有时宾格复数为 -īs，夺格单数为 -ī。韦洛克在第 14 章会完整介绍。现在只需注意词汇表中标注的 i-词干名词：pars/partis、fīnis/fīnis、Alpēs/Alpium、cohors/cohortis、vallis/vallis、mōns/montis。
规则 #9 ★，延伸至第三变格法。第二课为第一变格法名词引入"格星"★；第三课延伸至第二变格法。第七课进一步延伸至第三变格法名词。段落中每个三变名词形式都将以 ★ 标记其格 + 数（如 legiōnis = ★ 属格单数；flūmine = ★ 夺格单数；montēs = ★ 主/宾格复数）。请特别留意，第三变格法的复数常常主、宾格同形。
Hour 7 — Passage: De Bello Gallico 3.1–2 (full)第七课 — 原文段落：《高卢战记》3.1–2（全文）
Scaffolding:脚手架：
Tags:标注：
1 Cum in Italiam proficīscerētur Caesar, Galbam cum legiōneAbl.s. duodecimā et parteAbl.s. equitātūs in NantuātēsAc.p., Verāgrōs Sedūnōsque mīsit,
2 quī ā fīnibusAbl.p. Allobrogum et lacū Lemannō et flūmineAbl.s. Rhodanō ad summās AlpēsAc.p. pertinent.
3 Causa mittendī fuit quod iterN.s. per AlpēsAc.p., quō magnō cum perīculō magnīsque cum portōriīs mercātōrēsN.p. īre cōnsuērant, patefierī volēbat.
4 Huic permīsit, sī opusN.s. esse arbitrārētur, utī in hīs locīs legiōnemAc.s. hiemandī causā conlocāret.
5 Galba [secundīs aliquot proeliīs factīs] [castellīsque complūribus eōrum expugnātīs], [missīs ad eum undique lēgātīs] [obsidibusAbl.p.que datīs] et [pāceAbl.s. factā],
6 cōnstituit cohortēsAc.p. duās in Nantuātibus conlocāre et ipse cum reliquīs eius legiōnisG.s. cohortibusAbl.p. in vīcō Verāgrōrum, quī appellātur Octodūrus, hiemāre;
7 quī vīcus positus in valleAbl.s. nōn magnā adiectā plānitiē altissimīs montibusAbl.p. undique continētur.
8 Cum hic in duās partēsAc.p. flūmineAbl.s. dīviderētur, alteram partemAc.s. eius vīcī Gallīs ad hiemandum concessit,
9 alteram vacuam ab hīs relictam cohortibusDat.p. attribuit.
10 Eum locum vāllō fossāque mūnīvit.
11 Cum diēs hibernōrum complūrēs trānsīssent frūmentumque eō comportārī iussisset,
12 subitō per explōrātōrēsAc.p. certior factus est ex eā parteAbl.s. vīcī, quam Gallīs concesserat,
13 omnēs noctū discēssisse montēsAc.p.que quī impendērent ā maximā multitūdineAbl.s. Sedūnōrum et Verāgrōrum tenērī.
Latin: Perseus canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914); macrons restored from course source 7 De Bello Gallico 3.1-2.docx. English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), lightly adapted to track our chunks. ★ tags mark 3rd-declension forms only (Hour 7's new rule).拉丁文：Perseus canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），长音标记取自课程源文件 7 De Bello Gallico 3.1-2.docx；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），随我们切分稍作调整。★ 仅用于标注第三变格法名词形式（第七课新规则）。
Hour 7 — Vocabulary第七课 — 词汇表
Third-declension nouns flagged 3RD DECL. Special focus this hour: memorize nominative + genitive together; i-stems noted in the parts.第三变格法名词以 3RD DECL 标记。本课重点：主格 + 属格连背；i-词干已在词形栏注明。
2
in prep.
into, against (+Acc.); in, among (+Abl.)进入（+宾格）；在...中（+夺格）
3
Italia, -ae f. (1st)
Italy意大利
4
profīciscor, -fīcisci, -fectus sum v. 3rd (dep.)
to set out, depart, march出发、动身
5
Caesar, Caesaris m. (3rd) 3RD DECL
Caesar凯撒
6
Servius (Ser.), -iī m. (2nd)
Servius (a Roman praenomen)塞尔维乌斯（罗马名字）
7
Galba, -ae m. (1st)
Galba (Caesar's legate Ser. Sulpicius Galba)伽尔巴（凯撒的副将）
8
legiō, legiōnis f. (3rd) 3RD DECL
legion军团
9
duodecim (XII) indecl. num.
twelve十二
10
et conj.
and和、与
11
pars, partis f. (3rd, i-stem) 3RD DECL
part, portion, direction部分、方向
12
equitātus, -ūs m. (4th)
cavalry, horsemen骑兵
13
Nantuātēs, -um m. pl. (3rd) 3RD DECL
the Nantuates (Alpine Celtic tribe near upper Rhone)南图阿提人（罗讷河上游的高卢部落）
14
Verāgrī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)
the Veragri (Alpine Celtic tribe)维拉格里人（阿尔卑斯山的高卢部落）
15
Sedūnī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)
the Seduni (Alpine Celtic tribe near modern Sion)塞杜尼人（今西翁附近的高卢部落）
16
-que enclit.
and (attached to the end of a word)和（后置连词，附于词尾）
17
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum v. 3rd
to send, dispatch派遣、送
18
quī, quae, quod rel. pron.
who, which, that谁、哪个（关系代词）
19
ā / ab prep. (+Abl.)
from, away from; by (agent)从、由；被（施事）
20
fīnis, fīnis m. (3rd, i-stem) 3RD DECL
end, limit; (pl.) borders, territory尽头、边界；（复）领土
21
Allobrogēs, -um m. pl. (3rd) 3RD DECL
the Allobroges (powerful Gallic tribe in the Roman Province)阿洛布罗格斯人（罗马行省内的强大高卢部落）
22
lacus, -ūs m. (4th)
lake湖
23
Lemannus, -ī m. (2nd)
Lake Lemannus (modern Lake Geneva)莱蒙湖（今日内瓦湖）
24
flūmen, flūminis n. (3rd) 3RD DECL
river河流
25
Rhodanus, -ī m. (2nd)
the Rhone River罗讷河
26
ad prep. (+Acc.)
to, toward, near向、朝、靠近
27
summus, -a, -um adj. (superl.)
highest, topmost, greatest最高的
28
Alpēs, Alpium f. pl. (3rd, i-stem) 3RD DECL
the Alps阿尔卑斯山
29
pertineō, -ēre, -uī v. 2nd
to extend to, reach, pertain延伸至、涉及
30
causa, -ae f. (1st)
cause, reason, pretext原因、理由
31
quod conj.
because, the fact that因为、由于
32
iter, itineris n. (3rd, irreg.) 3RD DECL
journey, march, route, road行程、道路（不规则）
33
per prep. (+Acc.)
through, across, by means of穿过、经由
34
quō rel. adv.
whither; by which (route)往何处；经由（路线）
35
magnus, -a, -um adj.
great, large大的
36
cum prep. (+Abl.)
with与（介词）
37
perīculum, -ī n. (2nd)
danger, peril, risk危险
38
portōrium, -iī n. (2nd)
toll, customs duty通行税、关税
39
mercātor, mercātōris m. (3rd) 3RD DECL
merchant, trader商人
40
eō, īre, iī (īvī), itum v. irreg.
to go, march去、行
41
cōnsuēscō, -ere, -suēvī, -suētum v. 3rd
to become accustomed; (perf.) be accustomed习惯
42
patefaciō, -ere, -fēcī, -factum v. 3rd
to open up, lay open, expose打开、暴露
43
volō, velle, voluī v. irreg.
to wish, want, be willing愿意、想要
44
hic, haec, hoc dem. pron.
this, these; (huic) to this man这个；这些
45
permittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum v. 3rd
to entrust, allow, grant (+Dat.)允许、托付（+与格）
46
sī conj.
if如果
47
opus, operis n. (3rd) 3RD DECL
work, fortification; (opus esse =) to be necessary工事；（opus esse=）需要
48
arbitror, -ārī, -ātus sum v. 1st (dep.)
to think, consider, judge认为、判断
49
uti (ut) conj. (+ subj.)
that, so that, in order that为了、以使
50
locus, -ī m. (2nd)
place, region; (n. pl. loca, -ōrum)地点、地区
51
hiemō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to spend the winter过冬
52
causā prep. noun (Abl.)
for the sake of (after gen.)为了...的缘故（接属格后）
53
conlocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to place, station, quarter安置、布防
54
secundus, -a, -um adj.
second, favorable, successful顺利的；第二的
55
aliquot indecl. adj.
some, several, a few若干、几个
56
proelium, -iī n. (2nd)
battle, engagement战斗
57
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum v. 3rd
to do, make; (factīs) having been done做、造
58
castellum, -ī n. (2nd)
fort, stronghold, redoubt堡垒、要塞
59
complūrēs, complūra adj. (3rd, pl. only) 3RD DECL
several, quite a few, many好几个、若干
60
is, ea, id pers./dem. pron.
he, she, it; this, that他、她、它；这、那
61
expugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to take by storm, capture攻取、攻克
62
undique adv.
from all sides, everywhere从四面八方
63
lēgātus, -ī m. (2nd)
envoy; legate (deputy commander)使者；副将
64
obses, obsidis m./f. (3rd) 3RD DECL
hostage人质
65
dō, dare, dedī, datum v. 1st (irreg.)
to give; (datīs) having been given给（不规则）
66
pāx, pācis f. (3rd) 3RD DECL
peace和平
67
cōnstituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum v. 3rd
to decide, station, set up, halt决定、设置
68
cohors, cohortis f. (3rd, i-stem) 3RD DECL
cohort (1/10 of a legion)营（一军团的十分之一）
69
duo, duae, duo card. num.
two二
70
ipse, -a, -um intens. pron.
himself, herself, itself自己（强调代词）
71
reliquus, -a, -um adj.
the remaining, the rest of剩余的
72
vīcus, -ī m. (2nd)
village, settlement村庄、聚落
73
appellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to call, name, address称呼、命名
74
Octodūrus, -ī m. (2nd)
Octodurus (a Veragran village, modern Martigny)屋大都鲁斯（维拉格里村庄，今马蒂尼）
75
pōnō, -ere, posuī, positum v. 3rd
to place, put; (positus) situated放置；（被动分词）位于
76
vallis (valles), vallis f. (3rd, i-stem) 3RD DECL
valley山谷
77
nōn adv.
not不
78
adiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum v. 3rd
to throw to, add, join添加、附加
79
plānitiēs, -ēī f. (5th)
plain, flat ground平地、平原
80
altus, -a, -um adj.
high, deep; (altissimīs) very high高的；（最高级）极高
81
mōns, montis m. (3rd, i-stem) 3RD DECL
mountain山
82
contineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentum v. 2nd
to hold together, hem in, surround围困、限制
83
dīvidō, -ere, -vīsī, -vīsum v. 3rd
to divide, separate分开
84
alter, altera, alterum pron. adj. (irreg.)
the one, the other (of two)（两者中的）一个、另一个
85
Gallī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)
Gauls高卢人
86
concēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum v. 3rd
to yield, grant, assign让渡、赐予
87
vacuus, -a, -um adj.
empty, vacant, free from空的
88
relinquō, -ere, relīquī, relictum v. 3rd
to leave behind, abandon留下、放弃
89
attribuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum v. 3rd
to assign, allot, attribute分配、归于
90
vāllum, -ī n. (2nd)
rampart, palisade, wall土垒、栅栏
91
fossa, -ae f. (1st)
ditch, trench壕沟
92
mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum v. 4th
to fortify, protect, build筑防、保护
93
diēs, diēī m./f. (5th)
day日、白天
94
hiberna, -ōrum n. pl. (2nd)
winter quarters, winter camp冬营
95
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itum v. irreg.
to cross, go across, pass by越过、穿过
96
frūmentum, -ī n. (2nd)
grain谷物
97
eō adv.
to that place, thither向那里
98
comportō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to bring together, collect, convey运送、汇集
99
iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussum v. 2nd
to order, command命令
100
subitō adv.
suddenly, unexpectedly突然
101
explōrātor, explōrātōris m. (3rd) 3RD DECL
scout, spy斥候、侦察兵
102
certus, -a, -um adj.
certain, sure; (certior fierī) to be informed确定的；（certior fierī）得到通知
103
quam rel. pron. / adv.
which (Ac.s.f. of quī); than, as（关系代词阴宾单）；比、如
104
omnis, omne adj. (3rd) 3RD DECL
all, every全部、每个
105
noctū adv.
by night, at night在夜里
106
discēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum v. 3rd
to depart, leave, withdraw离去、撤退
107
impendeō, -ēre v. 2nd
to overhang, loom over, threaten (+Dat.)悬于...之上；威胁（+与格）
108
maximus, -a, -um adj. (superl.)
greatest, very great (superl. of magnus)最大的（magnus 的最高级）
109
multitūdō, multitūdinis f. (3rd) 3RD DECL
multitude, great number, crowd众多、群、大批
110
teneō, -ēre, tenuī, tentum v. 2nd
to hold, keep, possess, occupy持有、占据
Hour 7 — Battle Task第七课 — 战斗任务
The instructor will only give the question paper to the players / let the players turn to the online question page right before the 20-minute countdown starts. 教师将在 20 分钟倒计时开始之前才向学生发放试题 / 开放在线试题页面。
Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则
Task: identify all verbs (finite + infinitives) and all 3rd-declension noun forms. New activation this hour: rule #9 ★ extends to 3rd-declension nouns (introduced in Hour 2 for 1st-decl., extended in Hour 3 to 2nd-decl., now to 3rd-decl.). Every clickable 3rd-decl. noun in the passage carries a ★ superscript encoding its case + number.
- Rule #1 — Indicative (red). Carried. Indicative verbs this hour: mīsit, pertinent, fuit, cōnsuērant, volēbat, permīsit, cōnstituit, appellātur, continētur, concessit, attribuit, mūnīvit, certior factus est.
- Rule #2 — Subjunctive. Cum-clause and indirect-statement subjunctives: proficīscerētur (s. 1), arbitrārētur, conlocāret (s. 4), dīviderētur (s. 8), trānsīssent, iussisset (s. 11), concesserat (pluperf. ind., in s. 12 — still feels subj.-like), impendērent (s. 13, in relative clause of indirect statement).
- Rule #4 — Infinitive (green). īre, patefierī (s. 3); esse (s. 4); conlocāre, hiemāre (s. 6); comportārī (s. 11); discēssisse, tenērī (s. 13, in the indirect statement after certior factus est).
- Rule #5 — Participle. Many — but here they cluster in ablative-absolute brackets (rule #8 shading): factīs, expugnātīs, missīs, datīs, factā, adiectā, relictam, positus, factus. Not clickable in this hour's task.
- Rule #7 — Noun-adj phrase (underlined). Carried; not focus this hour.
- Rule #8 — Abl. abs. [brackets]. Visible in s. 5 (a chain of 5 abl. abs.) and ss. 7, 8, 9. Full rule arrives in Hour 26; here, just notice the bracket shape.
- Rule #9 — Noun-case ★ — EXTENDED to 3rd decl. this hour. Every 3rd-decl. noun form is starred with case + number, e.g. legiōne ★ Abl.s., fīnibus ★ Abl.p., iter ★ N.s., cohortēs ★ Ac.p., multitūdine ★ Abl.s.
Suppressed: #3 (yellow connectives — Hour 17), #6 (purple subjects — Hour 11), #10 (set-phrase shading — discretion). Non-3rd-decl. nouns kept un-starred so the new rule is unambiguous.
任务：识别所有动词（限定式 + 不定式）和所有第三变格法名词形式。本课新启用：规则 #9 ★ 延伸至第三变格法名词（第二课为第一变格法引入，第三课延伸至第二变格法，本课延伸至第三变格法）。段落中每一个可点击的三变名词都带有 ★ 上标，编码格 + 数。
- 规则 #1，直陈式（红色）。沿用。本课直陈式动词：mīsit, pertinent, fuit, cōnsuērant, volēbat, permīsit, cōnstituit, appellātur, continētur, concessit, attribuit, mūnīvit, certior factus est。
- 规则 #2，虚拟式。从句与间接陈述中的虚拟式：proficīscerētur（第 1 句）、arbitrārētur, conlocāret（第 4 句）、dīviderētur（第 8 句）、trānsīssent, iussisset（第 11 句）、concesserat（第 12 句过去完成直陈，但语境似虚拟）、impendērent（第 13 句，间接陈述中的关系从句）。
- 规则 #4，不定式（绿色）。īre, patefierī（第 3 句）；esse（第 4 句）；conlocāre, hiemāre（第 6 句）；comportārī（第 11 句）；discēssisse, tenērī（第 13 句，certior factus est 之后的间接陈述）。
- 规则 #5，分词。本段分词大多嵌于绝对夺格（规则 #8 灰底方括号）：factīs, expugnātīs, missīs, datīs, factā, adiectā, relictam, positus, factus。本课任务不要求点击。
- 规则 #7，名词-形容词短语（下划线）。沿用；非本课焦点。
- 规则 #8，绝对夺格 [方括号]。第 5 句（5 个绝对夺格连用）以及第 7、8、9 句中可见。完整规则在第 26 课展开；本课只须注意"方括号"形态。
- 规则 #9，名词关注格 ★，本课延伸至第三变格法。每个三变名词形式都带有 ★（格 + 数），如 legiōne ★ Abl.s.、fīnibus ★ Abl.p.、iter ★ N.s.、cohortēs ★ Ac.p.、multitūdine ★ Abl.s.。
本课不启用：#3（黄色连接词，第 17 课）、#6（紫色主语，第 11 课）、#10（设色固定短语，教师自定）。非第三变格法名词不加 ★，以保证新规则边界清晰。
Mission — Identify all verbs (incl. infinitives), and all 3rd-decl. noun forms任务，识别所有动词（含不定式）与所有第三变格法名词形式
Set the mode, then click words. Click again to deselect.先选择下方模式，然后点击单词。再次点击可取消选择。
20:00
1 Cum in Italiam proficīscerētur Caesar, Galbam cum legiōne duodecimā et parte equitātūs in Nantuātēs, Verāgrōs Sedūnōsque mīsit,
2 quī ā fīnibus Allobrogum et lacū Lemannō et flūmine Rhodanō ad summās Alpēs pertinent.
3 Causa mittendī fuit quod iter per Alpēs, quō magnō cum perīculō magnīsque cum portōriīs mercātōrēs īre cōnsuērant, patefierī volēbat.
4 Huic permīsit, sī opus esse arbitrārētur, utī in hīs locīs legiōnem hiemandī causā conlocāret.
5 Galba [secundīs aliquot proeliīs factīs] [castellīsque complūribus eōrum expugnātīs], [missīs ad eum undique lēgātīs] [obsidibusque datīs] et [pāce factā],
6 cōnstituit cohortēs duās in Nantuātibus conlocāre et ipse cum reliquīs eius legiōnis cohortibus in vīcō Verāgrōrum, quī appellātur Octodūrus, hiemāre;
7 quī vīcus positus in valle nōn magnā adiectā plānitiē altissimīs montibus undique continētur.
8 Cum hic in duās partēs flūmine dīviderētur, alteram partem eius vīcī Gallīs ad hiemandum concessit,
9 alteram vacuam ab hīs relictam cohortibus attribuit.
10 Eum locum vāllō fossāque mūnīvit.
11 Cum diēs hibernōrum complūrēs trānsīssent frūmentumque eō comportārī iussisset,
12 subitō per explōrātōrēs certior factus est ex eā parte vīcī, quam Gallīs concesserat,
13 omnēs noctū discēssisse montēsque quī impendērent ā maximā multitūdine Sedūnōrum et Verāgrōrum tenērī.
Hour 7 — Result & Debrief第七课 — 战果与汇报
Submit the Battle Task above to see your score here.提交上方的战斗任务即可在此查看分数。
Hour 7 — Screening第七课 — 影片放映
Following the 20-minute countdown, the instructor announces the answer key, then 5-minute Q&A, then the film clip.20 分钟倒计时结束后，教师宣布答案，再进行 5 分钟问答，然后播放影片片段。
Film clip (proposed):推荐影片片段：
The Eagle (2011) Alpine-pass sequences for the mountain terrain feel, or — better — the Great St Bernard Pass episode from The Story of the Romans (BBC, 2016), which traces the exact route Caesar wanted opened. Alternatively, drone footage of Martigny (modern Octodurus) showing the elbow of the Rhone and the very steep mountains that "hem in" (continētur) the village. Subject to instructor confirmation.
《The Eagle》（2011）中的阿尔卑斯山口场景以传递山地地形的感觉；或更好——BBC（2016）《The Story of the Romans》中关于大圣伯尔纳山口的一集，正是凯撒希望打开的那条道路。也可以播放今马蒂尼（即古屋大都鲁斯）的无人机航拍，展示罗讷河的弯曲与四围"包围"村庄（continētur）的陡峭群山。由教师确认。
Discussion课堂讨论
- Caesar opens with the economic motive — Roman merchants paid heavy portoria on the Alpine pass — but in his narrative this rationale gets one subordinate clause and then disappears. Why? What does it mean that Galba's campaign is justified, in Caesar's prose, by trade rather than conquest? 凯撒以经济动机开篇，罗马商人在阿尔卑斯山口缴纳沉重过路税，但在他的叙述中，这一理由只占一个从句便消失了。为什么？以"贸易"而非"征服"为伽尔巴的战役开脱，意味着什么？
- The five ablative absolutes in sentence 5 (secundīs aliquot proeliīs factīs, castellīsque complūribus eōrum expugnātīs, missīs ad eum undique lēgātīs, obsidibusque datīs et pāce factā) compress an entire successful campaign into a participial chain. What rhetorical effect does this telescoping have just before the surprise reversal? 第 5 句中的五个绝对夺格连用（secundīs aliquot proeliīs factīs, castellīsque complūribus eōrum expugnātīs, missīs ad eum undique lēgātīs, obsidibusque datīs et pāce factā）把一场完整成功的战役压缩成分词链。在突然反转到来之前，这种"望远镜式"叙述会产生怎样的修辞效果？
- The geography is the trap: positus in valle nōn magnā… altissimīs montibus undique continētur. Caesar makes the topography do the work of foreshadowing. Compare to how a modern military historian (Goldsworthy, Adcock) might narrate the same scene with explicit risk-assessment language. What is gained by Caesar's restraint? 地形即陷阱：positus in valle nōn magnā… altissimīs montibus undique continētur。凯撒让地理本身完成"预兆"的修辞工作。把这一处与现代军事史家（Goldsworthy、Adcock）使用显性"风险评估"语言的叙述方式做比较，凯撒的克制赢得了什么？
Intermission课间休息
Break before Hour 8 (Battle of Quiberon Bay — Wheelock Ch. 8, Third Conjugation; from the Alps we move to the Atlantic, and the Veneti fleet).第八课（基伯龙湾海战，韦洛克第 8 章，第三变位法；从阿尔卑斯山转向大西洋海岸，迎战维内蒂舰队）开始前的课间。
🗺 Campaign Map & Cursus Honōrum战役地图与晋升阶梯
How advancement works in this course. Rank is reserved for completion of whole DBG books (8 books → 8 promotions). Dōna mīlitāria — Roman military decorations — are awarded for each individual battle (Hour). The default rank cap is Centuriō / 百夫长, reached after Book 7. To rise to Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 or Lēgātus Legiōnis / 军团长, the student must accumulate sufficient dōna through the course.本课晋升机制。军衔（rank）专留给完整通读《高卢战记》之卷（八卷 → 八次晋升）。Dōna mīlitāria，罗马军事勋章，为每场单独战役（课时）所授。百夫长（Centuriō）是默认晋升上限，完成第七卷可达。要晋升至统领（Tribūnus Mīlitum）或军团长（Lēgātus Legiōnis），学生须于课程中累积足够 dōna。
The Cursus Honōrum — 10 ranks, 8 promotions晋升阶梯，十级军衔，八次晋升
- Tīrō 新兵recruit (course start)新兵（课程开始时的起点）
- Mīles 军团兵legionary (after Book 1)军团兵（完成第一卷后）
- Immūnis 免役兵specialist exempt from fatigues (Book 2)免役兵：具专长免劳役（第二卷后）
- Tesserārius 持牌兵watchword-keeper (Book 3)持牌兵：传递口令（第三卷后）
- Optiō 副百夫长centurion's deputy (Book 4)副百夫长：百夫长副手（第四卷后）
- Signifer 掌旗官standard-bearer of a century (Book 5)掌旗官：百人队旗手（第五卷后）
- Aquilifer 鹰旗官eagle-bearer of the legion (Book 6)鹰旗官：军团鹰旗持有者（第六卷后）
- Centuriō 百夫长commander of a century — DEFAULT CAP (Book 7)百夫长：百人队长，默认上限（第七卷后）
- Tribūnus Mīlitum 统领unlocked at Book 8 + ≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna解锁条件：完成第八卷 + 累积 ≥20 项 dōna + ≥1 顶冠
- Lēgātus Legiōnis 军团长all 28 dōna + Corōna Obsidiōnālis + Corōna Triumphālis集齐 28 项 dōna，含解围冠与凯旋冠
Dōna mīlitāria — one per HourDōna mīlitāria，每课时各授一项
T1 · Major corōnaeT1 · 至尊冠
T2 · Specialty corōnaeT2 · 专项冠
T3 · Officer-grade (hasta, vēxillum)T3 · 军官级（净矛、军旗）
T4 · Lower (torques, armillae, phalerae)T4 · 低级（项圈、臂环、胸牌）
T5 · Memorial (Roman defeats)T5 · 哀悼（罗马败战）
T6 · Scholastic (excurses)T6 · 学术（插段）
| # | Battle / Topic战役／主题 | Dōnum勋章 | Rationale缘由 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Battle of the Arar阿拉河战役 | Torques argenteae ／银项圈 | Opening ambush of the Tigurine quarter — modest field action.开战之伏击，规模适中。 |
| 2 | Battle of Bibracte比布拉克特战役 | Armillae ／银臂环 | First major set-piece engagement.首次大型会战。 |
| 3 | Battle of Vosges沃日山战役 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Closing battle of Book 1 — Ariovistus routed.第一卷收束：击溃阿里奥维斯图斯。 |
| END OF Book 1 · Helvetian War — Hours 1–3第一卷 · 赫尔维提战争（1–3）结束 → Mīles / 军团兵→ 晋升 Mīles／军团兵 | |||
| 4 | Battle of the Axona阿克索纳战役 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Ford engagement, encumbered enemy slaughtered.浅滩遭遇战，敌于河中受困被歼。 |
| 5 | Battle of the Sabis萨比斯战役 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar enters the line personally to save his legion — citizens saved (Maxfield p.68).凯撒亲入战阵救援军团，拯救公民（Maxfield 第 68 页）。 |
| 6 | Siege of the Atuatuci阿杜亚图基围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | First siege of the course — first up the wall.课程首次围城，首先登上城墙。 |
| END OF Book 2 · Belgic Campaign — Hours 4–6第二卷 · 贝尔盖战役（4–6）结束 → Immūnis / 免役兵→ 晋升 Immūnis／免役兵 | |||
| 7 | Battle of Octodurus屋大都鲁斯之战 | Corōna Castrēnsis ／军营冠 | Galba defends camp against ambush — first into the enemy camp at counter-attack.伽尔巴守营抗伏击，反扑时率先入敌营。 |
| 8 | Battle of Quiberon Bay基伯龙湾海战 | Corōna Navālis ／海军冠 | First naval engagement — first to board an enemy ship.首次海战，首先登上敌舰。 |
| 9 | Crassus's Aquitanian Camp.克拉苏的阿基坦战役 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | Crassus, a young officer, wins his independent campaign — gold crown for valor.小克拉苏年纪轻轻独立战胜，金冠表勇。 |
| END OF Book 3 · Coast & Aquitania — Hours 7–9第三卷 · 海岸与阿基坦（7–9）结束 → Tesserārius / 持牌兵→ 晋升 Tesserārius／持牌兵 | |||
| 10 | Usipetes & Tencteri乌西佩特斯与滕克特里 | Torques aureae duae ／一对金项圈 | Mass action against two German tribes; controversial.对二日耳曼部族之大规模行动；颇具争议。 |
| 11 | First Rhine Crossing首次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Engineering theater — the ten-day pile-bridge.工程剧场：十日内造起木桩桥。 |
| 12 | First Invasion of Britain首次入侵不列颠 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | The aquilifer of the Tenth leaps with the eagle — gold crown (Maxfield p.79).第十军团掌旗官携鹰跃入海，金冠（Maxfield 第 79 页）。 |
| END OF Book 4 · Rhine & Britain I — Hours 10–12第四卷 · 莱茵河与首征不列颠（10–12）结束 → Optiō / 副百夫长→ 晋升 Optiō／副百夫长 | |||
| 13 | Ambush at Atuatuca阿杜阿都加伏击 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Roman defeat — Sabinus & Cotta killed; memorial decoration for survivors.罗马败战，萨宾努斯与科塔阵亡；幸存者得哀悼臂环。 |
| 14 | Second Invasion of Britain第二次入侵不列颠 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Larger fleet, river crossing, Cassivellaunus engaged.舰队壮大、渡泰晤士、对阵卡西维劳努斯。 |
| 15 | Ethnography of Britain不列颠民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Tacitean excursus — no battle, scholarly stipend awarded.塔西陀插段，非战斗，授学术津贴。 |
| 16 | Britain II: Climate不列颠之二：气候 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Second Tacitean excursus on geography.塔西陀第二段：地理。 |
| 17 | Siege of Cicero's Camp西塞罗营垒被围 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar relieves Cicero's winter camp — citizens saved.凯撒解围西塞罗冬营，拯救公民。 |
| END OF Book 5 · Britain II & Disasters — Hours 13–17第五卷 · 第二次入侵不列颠与挫败（13–17）结束 → Signifer / 掌旗官→ 晋升 Signifer／掌旗官 | |||
| 18 | Eburones Punitive Expedition对埃布隆尼斯人的惩戒 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Revenge for Atuatuca — extensive plunder and destruction.为阿杜阿都加复仇，大规模劫掠破坏。 |
| 19 | Second Rhine Crossing第二次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Repeat engineering theater — another pile-bridge.再演工程剧场，又造一桥。 |
| 20 | Atuatuca Garrison Attacked阿杜阿都加守备遭袭 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Cicero saves the garrison — citizens saved.西塞罗救守备，拯救公民。 |
| 21 | Ethnography of the Galli高卢人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Gauls' Druids/Knights/plebs — no battle.高卢德鲁伊、骑士、平民，非战斗。 |
| 22 | Ethnography of the Germani日耳曼人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Inverse-Gauls stereotype — no battle.高卢之反面刻板印象，非战斗。 |
| END OF Book 6 · Vengeance & Ethnography — Hours 18–22第六卷 · 复仇与民族志（18–22）结束 → Aquilifer / 鹰旗官→ 晋升 Aquilifer／鹰旗官 | |||
| 23 | Siege of Avaricum阿瓦里库姆围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | 25-day siege, walls stormed under cover of rain.25 日围城，雨中破城。 |
| 24 | Defeat at Gergovia热尔戈维亚的败战 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Caesar's only acknowledged defeat — 46 centurions killed.凯撒唯一承认之败战——46 名百夫长阵亡。 |
| 25 | Road to Alesia通往阿莱西亚之路 | Hasta Pūra ／净矛 | Labienus and the German cavalry break Vercingetorix's mobility — officer-grade dōnum.拉比埃努斯与日耳曼骑兵击碎维钦格托里克斯之机动，军官级 dōnum。 |
| 26 | Siege of Alesia阿莱西亚围攻 | Corōna Obsidiōnālis ／解围冠 | Caesar's masterpiece — the double ring relieves nothing; he breaks the relief instead. Highest possible decoration.凯撒之杰作，双重防线击破援军。古罗马最高荣誉。 |
| END OF Book 7 · The Great Revolt — Hours 23–26第七卷 · 大起义（23–26）结束 → Centuriō / 百夫长 (DEFAULT CAP)→ 晋升 Centuriō／百夫长（默认上限） | |||
| 27 | Uxellodunum & Aftermath乌克塞洛杜诺姆与战后 | Vēxillum ／军旗 | Caesar's final field command of the Gallic war — senior officer's banner.凯撒在高卢战争中之最后野战指挥，高级军官之军旗。 |
| 28 | Capstone: Rubicon to Ides总章：自卢比孔至三月之中 | Corōna Triumphālis ／凯旋冠 | Caesar's quadruple triumph (46 BC) — laurel crown of the triumphātor.凯撒四重凯旋（公元前 46 年）——凯旋者所戴桂冠。 |
| END OF Book 8 (Hirtius) & Capstone — Hours 27–28第八卷（希尔提乌斯）与总章（27–28）结束 → gated: Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 (≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna) OR Lēgātus / 军团长 (all 28 dōna + Obsidiōnālis + Triumphālis)→ 解锁条件：Tribūnus Mīlitum／统领（≥20 项 dōna ＋ ≥1 顶冠）；或 Lēgātus／军团长（28 项 dōna 全集，含解围冠与凯旋冠） | |||
Source.来源。 The hierarchy of dōna mīlitāria used here follows Valerie A. Maxfield, The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (London: Batsford, 1981) — the standard modern reference. Maxfield documents that corōnae were stratified by feat (mūrālis for first up the wall, navālis for first to board, obsidiōnālis for raising a siege, etc.), while torques, armillae, and phalerae were the routine awards for soldiers and centurions. Maxfield also notes (p. 251) that Caesar himself used promotion as a substitute for decoration — the system this course follows in reverse: decorations for battles, promotion for completing books.Dōna mīlitāria 的等级体系本课程依据 Valerie A. Maxfield《The Military Decorations of the Roman Army》（London: Batsford, 1981）——该领域之标准现代参考。Maxfield 详述：corōnae 按功勋分级（城墙冠予首登墙者、海军冠予首登敌舰者、解围冠予救援被围之军者，等等）；而 torques、armillae、phalerae 为士兵与百夫长之常规奖励。Maxfield 又指出（第 251 页），凯撒本人即以晋升代替勋章：而本课程恰反其道而行：勋章授与战役，晋升保留给读完一卷。