1
Caesar, Caesaris m. (3rd)3RD DECL
Caesar凯撒
Hour 10 — Briefing第十课 — 战前简报
From Hour 9 to Hour 10 — across the Rhine, into controversy
Hour 9 closed with Crassus's victory in Aquitania. Caesar's fourth campaigning year (55 BC) begins on a darker note. Two German peoples — the Usipetes and the Tencteri — driven from their lands by Suebian pressure, have crossed the lower Rhine in winter with somewhere between 100,000 and 430,000 people (Caesar's figure; modern historians estimate far fewer, perhaps 60,000–100,000 including non-combatants). They settle on the territories of the Menapii, north of where the river meets the Atlantic. Caesar moves north to meet them. The negotiation that follows would, within twenty years, become a war-crime accusation thrown at him in the Roman Senate.
The Germans request land and peace; Caesar offers them territory among the friendly Ubii on condition that they re-cross the Rhine first. Negotiations stall. On the day fixed for German envoys to return with their answer, German cavalry — perhaps without authorization, perhaps not — attacks the Roman cavalry foraging. The Roman cavalry, recently reinforced by Caesar with 4,000 Gallic auxiliaries, panics and breaks. The dead include a young Roman noble, Piso the Aquitanian, whose grandfather had received Roman citizenship from the Senate (DBG 4.12; cf. the dramatis personae of Hour 9).
Caesar's response is, by his own framing, decisive and just. He treats the cavalry attack as a violation of the truce. The next morning, when a delegation of leading German chiefs arrives at Caesar's camp to apologize, he arrests them all and immediately marches the Roman legions against the German camp. The Germans, without their leaders, are caught by surprise. What follows in DBG 4.14–15 is the rout: the German warriors are killed or fled, the non-combatants (women, children, elderly) are driven toward the Rhine, and the survivors drown attempting to cross. Caesar gives the total casualty figure as 430,000. The campaign — including the subsequent Rhine bridge (which we will read in a later hour) — would seal Caesar's reputation in Rome as both unstoppable and unscrupulous.
Connection to Wheelock. This hour pairs with Wheelock Chapter 10 — 4th Conjugation and 3rd-Conjugation -iō Verbs. After 3rd-conjugation regulars (Hour 8) and demonstratives (Hour 9), this chapter handles two related verb families: (a) 4th conjugation with infinitive in -īre (audīre, venīre, mūnīre), and (b) 3rd-conjugation -iō verbs, sometimes called "3rd-iō" or "mixed" verbs (capere, facere, cupere, iacere, fugere). Both groups insert an -i- in places where the regular 3rd conjugation has none, producing partial overlap with the 4th-conj. paradigm. Memorize the patterns side by side: audiō / audīs / audit / audīmus / audītis / audiunt vs. capiō / capis / capit / capimus / capitis / capiunt.
Today's task. Identify all the verbs in the passage AND, as the new pedagogical focus, all forms belonging to the 4th-conj. + 3rd-iō family (audiō-like and capiō-like verbs).
Source-document note. Hour 10 is composed in the same paradigm as Hours 3–9 — Latin from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), English from McDevitte & Bohn (1869), grammar from Wheelock Ch. 10. No dedicated source .docx exists for this hour (file 10 in the resource folder, 10 De Bello Gallico 4.28-29.docx, treats the British-coast storm and will serve a later hour); macrons here are restored from Perseus.
从第九课到第十课，渡过莱茵河，步入争议
第九课以克拉苏在阿基坦的胜利收尾。凯撒的第四个征战年（公元前 55 年）以更阴暗的方式开启。两支日耳曼民族——乌西佩特斯与滕克特里：因苏维比人的压迫而被迫离开故土，在冬天越过下游的莱茵河，人数据凯撒所言约在 10 万至 43 万之间（现代史家估计要少得多，包括非战斗人员可能 6 万至 10 万）。他们定居于梅纳皮人（Menapii）的领地，莱茵河入海口以北。凯撒北上前往会战。接下来这场谈判，将在二十年后成为罗马元老院对他抛出的"战争罪"指控。
日耳曼人请求土地与和平；凯撒提议把他们安置在友善的乌比人（Ubii）领土上，条件是他们须先返回莱茵河东岸。谈判陷入僵局。在日耳曼使者约定带回答复的当天，日耳曼骑兵，也许未经授权、也许并非如此，袭击了正在搜寻粮草的罗马骑兵。罗马骑兵中包括凯撒新近补充的 4,000 名高卢辅助骑兵，他们仓促败退。阵亡者中包括年轻的罗马贵族皮索·阿基坦努斯：其祖父曾由元老院授予罗马公民权（《高卢战记》4.12；参见第九课的"出场人物"）。
凯撒的回应，按他自己的叙述，是"果断而公正"的。他将骑兵袭击视为破坏停战。次日清晨，当一批日耳曼首领前来道歉时，他将他们全部扣押，并立即率罗马军团袭击日耳曼营地。日耳曼人失去了首领，措手不及。接下来便是《高卢战记》4.14–15 所述的溃败：日耳曼战士被杀或逃散；妇女、儿童、老人被赶向莱茵河；幸存者在试图渡河中淹死。凯撒给出的总伤亡数字是 43 万。这场战役，以及随后的莱茵河大桥（将在后面的课时阅读）——使他在罗马的声望兼具"不可阻挡"与"不择手段"两面。
与韦洛克拉丁语的对应。本课与韦洛克拉丁语第十章，第四变位法以及第三变位法 -iō 动词对应。在第三变位法常规动词（第八课）和指示代词（第九课）之后，本章处理两个相关的动词族系：(a) 第四变位法，不定式作 -īre（audīre, venīre, mūnīre）；(b) 第三变位法 -iō 动词，有时称作"3rd-iō"或"混合型"（capere, facere, cupere, iacere, fugere）。两组都在常规第三变位法没有 -i- 的位置插入 -i-，与第四变位法部分重合。请并列记忆：audiō / audīs / audit / audīmus / audītis / audiunt 与 capiō / capis / capit / capimus / capitis / capiunt。
今日任务。识别段落中所有动词；作为本课新的教学焦点，识别所有属于第四变位法 + 第三变位法 -iō 族系的动词形式（audiō 型与 capiō 型）。
关于来源的说明。第十课按第三至第九课范式构建，拉丁文取自 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），英译取自 McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），语法对照取自韦洛克第 10 章。本课无专用源 .docx 文件（资源文件夹中编号 10 的 10 De Bello Gallico 4.28-29.docx 处理不列颠海岸风暴，将供后面课时使用）；本课长音标记由 Perseus 文本恢复。
Grammar Target — 4th Conjugation & 3rd-iō Verbs语法目标 — 第四变位法与第三变位法 -iō 动词
Two verb families that pattern together
The 4th conjugation has infinitive in -īre (long ī): audīre "to hear", venīre "to come", mūnīre "to fortify". Its present-stem vowel i stays long (or short before vowels): audiō, audīs, audit, audīmus, audītis, audiunt.
The 3rd-conjugation -iō subgroup (a.k.a. "3rd-iō", "mixed", "capiō-type") has infinitive in -ere (short e) like the regular 3rd conjugation, but inserts a thematic i in the 1 sg., 3 pl., and most non-present forms: capiō, capis, capit, capimus, capitis, capiunt. Common 3rd-iō verbs in Caesar: capiō, faciō, fugiō, iaciō, cupiō, accipiō, conspiciō, ēripiō, interficiō, perspiciō, prōficiō.
Paradigm — audiō, audīre (4th conj.)
| Present | Future | Imperfect | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | audiō | audiam | audiēbam |
| 2 sg. | audīs | audiēs | audiēbās |
| 3 sg. | audit | audiet | audiēbat |
| 1 pl. | audīmus | audiēmus | audiēbāmus |
| 2 pl. | audītis | audiētis | audiēbātis |
| 3 pl. | audiunt | audient | audiēbant |
Paradigm — capiō, capere (3rd-iō)
| Present | Future | Imperfect | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | capiō | capiam | capiēbam |
| 2 sg. | capis | capiēs | capiēbās |
| 3 sg. | capit | capiet | capiēbat |
| 1 pl. | capimus | capiēmus | capiēbāmus |
| 2 pl. | capitis | capiētis | capiēbātis |
| 3 pl. | capiunt | capient | capiēbant |
Three warning signs to memorize
- The 4th conj. and the 3rd-iō paradigms are nearly identical in the future and imperfect (both use the -iēs, -iet, -iēbam, -iēbat series). The decisive difference is in the present: 4th conj. has audīs, audit, audīmus, audītis with long-ī; 3rd-iō has capis, capit, capimus, capitis with no i in those positions. The infinitive tells you which is which: -īre = 4th, -ere = 3rd-iō.
- Both families' 3rd-plural present ends in -iunt (audiunt, capiunt). This is the trap: a student reading capiunt may misread it as "they were taking" if they expect capunt (the regular-3rd-conj. agunt-style ending). It's actually "they take" / "they capture."
- The 3rd-iō infinitive is -ere, NOT -īre. The 1 sg. present capiō looks like a 4th conjugation form (audiō), but the second principal part capere reveals it as 3rd-iō. Always check the dictionary entry.
The 3rd-iō verbs you have already met
You have already seen many 3rd-iō verbs without naming the pattern: capiō (Hour 8: captīs oppidīs); ēripiō (Hour 8: ēriperētur); interficiō (Hour 9: interfectus esset); profugiō (Hour 9: profūgisset); perspiciō, efficiō, cupiō (Hour 9 result, all -iō). The Hour 10 passage gives several more.
Codebook rules carried, no new color activation. The Battle Task adds a secondary toggle — "4th-conj. + 3rd-iō verb" — so students can isolate the chapter's grammar focus.
两类同形动词族系
第四变位法不定式作 -īre（长 ī）：audīre"听"、venīre"来"、mūnīre"筑工事"。其现在词干元音 i 保持长音（元音前变短）：audiō, audīs, audit, audīmus, audītis, audiunt。
第三变位法 -iō 子类（亦称"3rd-iō"、"混合型"、"capiō 型"）不定式作 -ere（短 e），与常规第三变位法相同；但其第一单、第三复以及大部分非现在时形式中插入了主题元音 i：capiō, capis, capit, capimus, capitis, capiunt。凯撒中常见的 3rd-iō 动词包括：capiō, faciō, fugiō, iaciō, cupiō, accipiō, conspiciō, ēripiō, interficiō, perspiciō, prōficiō。
范式，audiō, audīre（第四变位法）
| 现在时 | 将来时 | 未完成时 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 第一单 | audiō | audiam | audiēbam |
| 第二单 | audīs | audiēs | audiēbās |
| 第三单 | audit | audiet | audiēbat |
| 第一复 | audīmus | audiēmus | audiēbāmus |
| 第二复 | audītis | audiētis | audiēbātis |
| 第三复 | audiunt | audient | audiēbant |
范式，capiō, capere（第三变位法 -iō）
| 现在时 | 将来时 | 未完成时 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 第一单 | capiō | capiam | capiēbam |
| 第二单 | capis | capiēs | capiēbās |
| 第三单 | capit | capiet | capiēbat |
| 第一复 | capimus | capiēmus | capiēbāmus |
| 第二复 | capitis | capiētis | capiēbātis |
| 第三复 | capiunt | capient | capiēbant |
三条务必牢记的警示
- 第四变位法与第三变位法 -iō 的将来时、未完成时几乎相同（都使用 -iēs, -iet, -iēbam, -iēbat 系列）。决定性区别在现在时：第四变位法的 audīs, audit, audīmus, audītis 带长 ī；第三变位法 -iō 的 capis, capit, capimus, capitis 在这些位置不带 i。不定式形态即告知你属于哪一类：-īre = 第四；-ere = 第三 -iō。
- 两族系的第三复现在时词尾都是 -iunt（audiunt, capiunt）。这是陷阱：学生看到 capiunt，若按规则第三变位的 agunt 思维预期，就可能误读为"他们正在抓取"——其实是"他们抓取 / 捕获"。
- 第三变位法 -iō 的不定式作 -ere，绝非 -īre。capiō 看似第四变位（audiō），但第二主要部分 capere 即透露其为第三 -iō。务必查词典。
你已经见过的 3rd-iō 动词
许多 3rd-iō 动词在前几课已出现，只是当时未点名：capiō（第 8 课：captīs oppidīs）；ēripiō（第 8 课：ēriperētur）；interficiō（第 9 课：interfectus esset）；profugiō（第 9 课：profūgisset）；perspiciō, efficiō, cupiō（第 9 课成果区，全部 -iō）。第十课段落将提供更多。
沿用旧规则，本课无新颜色。战斗任务新增副切换："第四变位法 + 第三 -iō"——以隔离本章语法焦点。
Hour 10 — Passage: De Bello Gallico 4.14–15 (excerpt)第十课 — 原文段落：《高卢战记》4.14–15（节选）
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1 Caesar, postquam vīdit illōs perfidiā morāsAc.p. nectere, ac sua cōpiaAbl.s. iam advēnisse cognōvit,
2 etsi quae imperāret nōn audiēbantur, tamen statim profectus est.
3 Itaque, [equitātū praemissō], ipse cum legiōnibus signaAc.p. contulit.
4 [Repentīnō adventū attonitī et perturbātī hostēsN.p.], partim arma capere, partim ex castrīsAbl.p. sē prōripere coepērunt.
5 Quōrum perculsō exercitū et in fugam coniectō, nostrī equitēsN.p. cōnsecūtī sunt, et magnam multitūdinemAc.s. eōrum interfēcērunt.
6 Reliquī, [āmissā omnī spēAbl.s. resistendī], ad cōnfluentem Mosae et Rhēnī pervēnērunt;
7 reliquā fugāAbl.s. dēspērātā, magnō numerōAbl.s. suōrum interfectō, reliquī sē in flūmenAc.s. praecipitāvērunt,
8 atque ibi timōreAbl.s., lassitūdine, vī flūminisG.s. oppressī periērunt.
9 Nostrī, ad eum diemAc.s. nūllō prōrsus vulnereAbl.s. acceptō, victōriae compōtēs discēssērunt.
10 Caesar eīs quōs in castrīs retinuerat discēdendī potestātemAc.s. fēcit.
11 Illī, suppliciōrumG.p. cruciātūs verītī, quōs ā Gallīs ob suam in eum crūdēlitātemAc.s. tīmerent, sē apud eum remanēre velle dīxērunt.
12 Hīs Caesar lībertātemAc.s. concessit.
Latin: Perseus canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914). English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), lightly adapted. ★ = 3rd-decl. noun forms; brackets [ ] = ablative absolutes; dotted-underline = demonstratives.拉丁文：Perseus canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914）；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869）。★ = 第三变格法名词形式；方括号 [ ] = 绝对夺格；点状下划线 = 指示代词。
Hour 10 — Vocabulary第十课 — 词汇表
This hour's focus badges: 4TH CONJ & 3RD-iō; 3rd-conj. verbs 3RD CONJ; demonstratives DEM; 3rd-decl. nouns 3RD DECL; 3rd-decl. adjectives 3RD ADJ.本课重点徽章：4TH CONJ & 3RD-iō; 3rd-conj. verbs 3RD CONJ; demonstratives DEM; 3rd-decl. nouns 3RD DECL; 3rd-decl. adjectives 3RD ADJ。
2
postquam conj.
after, when在...之后
3
videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsum v. 2nd
to see看见
4
ille, illa, illud dem. pron./adj.DEM
that (one)那、那个
5
perfidia, -ae f. (1st)
treachery, faithlessness背信、奸诈
6
mora, -ae f. (1st)
delay, hindrance拖延、阻碍
7
nectō, -ere, nexuī, nexum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to bind, weave; (morās nectere) to spin out delays编织、连接；nectere morās 拖延时间
8
ac / atque conj.
and, and also和、并且
9
suus, -a, -um refl. poss. adj.
his/her/their own他/她/他们自己的
10
cōpia, -ae f. (1st)
abundance; supplies; (pl. cōpiae) forces丰盛；物资；（复）军队
11
iam adv.
now, already已经、此时
12
adveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum v. 4th4TH CONJ
to arrive, come to (e.g. supplies arrived)到达、抵达
13
cognōscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to learn, find out知晓、识得
14
etsī conj.
even if, although即使、尽管
15
imperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st (+Dat.)
to order, command (+Dat.)命令（+与格）
16
nōn adv.
not不
17
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum v. 4th4TH CONJ
to hear, listen to听、聆听
18
tamen adv.
nevertheless, yet然而、仍然
19
statim adv.
at once, immediately立刻、马上
20
profīciscor, -fīcisci, -fectus sum v. 3rd (dep.)3RD CONJ
to set out, depart出发、动身
21
itaque conj.
and so, therefore因此
22
equitātus, -ūs m. (4th)
cavalry骑兵
23
praemittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to send ahead, send in advance先派、前遣
24
ipse, ipsa, ipsum intens. pron.
himself, herself, itself自己
25
legiō, legiōnis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
legion军团
26
signum, -ī n. (2nd)
sign, standard; (signa cōnferre = to engage battle)旗、军旗；signa cōnferre 投入战斗
27
cōnferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum v. irreg.
to bring together, join汇合、调集
28
repentīnus, -a, -um adj.
sudden突然的
29
adventus, -ūs m. (4th)
arrival, approach到达、临近
30
attonitus, -a, -um perf. pass. part.
thunderstruck, astounded震惊的
31
perturbō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to throw into disorder, confuse扰乱、惊慌
32
hostis, hostis m./f. (3rd, i-stem)3RD DECL
enemy敌人
33
partim... partim adv. (correlative)
some... others一部分...另一部分
34
arma, -ōrum n. pl. (2nd)
arms, weapons武器
35
capiō, -ere, cēpī, captum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to take, take up, capture拿取、捕获
36
ex prep. (+Abl.)
out of, from出自
37
castra, -ōrum n. pl. (2nd)
camp营寨
38
sē refl. pron. (Acc./Abl.)
himself, herself, themselves自己（反身代词）
39
prōripiō, -ere, -ripuī, -reptum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to drag forth; (refl.) dash out, rush forth拖出；（反身）冲出
40
coepī, coepisse, coeptum v. defective (perf. only)
began (perf. only — uses esse in pres.)开始（仅完成体系）
41
quōrum / quā / quod rel. pron.
of whom, which的（关系代词属格）
42
percellō, -ere, -culī, -culsum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to strike down, overthrow击倒、击溃
43
exercitus, -ūs m. (4th)
army军队
44
fuga, -ae f. (1st)
flight, rout败退、溃逃
45
coniciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to throw, hurl; (in fugam c. =) put to flight投掷、抛入；in fugam c. 使溃逃
46
noster, -tra, -trum poss. adj.
our我们的
47
eques, equitis m. (3rd)3RD DECL
horseman; (pl.) cavalry骑兵
48
cōnsequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum v. 3rd (dep.)3RD CONJ
to follow up, overtake, pursue追上、追击
49
magnus, -a, -um adj.
great, large大的
50
multitūdō, -inis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
multitude, great number众多、大群
51
interficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to kill, slay杀死
52
reliquus, -a, -um adj.
the rest, remaining其余的
53
āmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to lose, let go失去
54
omnis, omne adj. (3rd)3RD ADJ
all, every全部
55
spēs, speī f. (5th)
hope希望
56
resistō, -ere, -stitī v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to resist, stand against抵抗
57
ad prep. (+Acc.)
to, toward向、朝
58
cōnfluēns, -entis m. (3rd; subst.)3RD DECL
confluence (of rivers); the place where two rivers join汇流点
59
Mosa, -ae f. (1st)
the Maas (river)默兹河（马斯河）
60
Rhēnus, -ī m. (2nd)
the Rhine (river)莱茵河
61
perveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum v. 4th4TH CONJ
to arrive at, reach抵达
62
dēspērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to despair of, give up hope绝望、放弃希望
63
numerus, -ī m. (2nd)
number数目
64
sē refl. pron.
themselves自己
65
flūmen, flūminis n. (3rd)3RD DECL
river河流
66
praecipitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to hurl down; (refl.) plunge headlong投下；（反身）跳入
67
atque conj.
and, and also和
68
ibī adv.
there, in that place在那里
69
timor, timōris m. (3rd)3RD DECL
fear, dread恐惧
70
lassitūdō, -inis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
weariness, exhaustion疲倦、力竭
71
vīs (vī Abl.) f. (irreg. 3rd)
force, violence力量、暴力
72
opprimō, -ere, -pressī, -pressum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to overwhelm, crush压倒、镇压
73
pereō, -īre, -iī, -itum v. irreg.
to perish, die灭亡、死亡
74
nūllus, -a, -um adj. (UNUS NAUTA)
no, none没有的
75
prōrsus adv.
absolutely, entirely完全地、彻底地
76
vulnus, vulneris n. (3rd)3RD DECL
wound伤口
77
accipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to receive, accept; sustain (a wound)接受；蒙受
78
victōria, -ae f. (1st)
victory胜利
79
compos, -potis adj. (3rd)3RD ADJ
in possession of (+Gen.)得到、占有（+属格）
80
discēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to depart, withdraw离去、撤退
81
is, ea, id dem. pron./adj.DEM
he/she/it; this, that, the aforementioned他/她/它；这、那
82
retineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentum v. 2nd
to hold back, detain, keep扣留、保留
83
dis-cēdō (gerund: discēdendī) v. 3rd3RD CONJ
(here gerund:) of departing（此处动名词）离去之
84
potestās, -tātis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
power, authority, permission权力、权限
85
faciō, -ere, fēcī, factum v. 3rd (-iō)3RD-iō
to do, make; (potestātem facere) to grant permission做、造；potestātem facere 准许
86
supplicium, -iī n. (2nd)
punishment; (pl.) prayers, supplications惩罚；（复）祈求
87
cruciātus, -ūs m. (4th)
torture, torment酷刑、折磨
88
vereor, verērī, veritus sum v. 2nd (dep.)
to fear, dread害怕
89
Gallī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)
Gauls高卢人
90
ob prep. (+Acc.)
on account of, because of由于
91
crūdēlitās, -tātis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
cruelty, harshness残忍
92
tīmeō, -ēre, -uī v. 2nd
to fear害怕
93
apud prep. (+Acc.)
with, among, at the house of在...身边
94
remaneō, -ēre, -mānsī, -mānsum v. 2nd
to remain, stay behind留下
95
velle (volō, velle, voluī) v. irreg.
to wish, want希望
96
dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to say, speak说
97
hic, haec, hoc dem. pron./adj.DEM
this, these这
98
lībertās, -tātis f. (3rd)3RD DECL
freedom, liberty自由
99
concēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum v. 3rd3RD CONJ
to grant, yield, allow授予、允许
Hour 10 — Battle Task第十课 — 战斗任务
The instructor will only give the question paper to the players / let the players turn to the online question page right before the 20-minute countdown starts. 教师将在 20 分钟倒计时开始之前才向学生发放试题 / 开放在线试题页面。
Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则
Task: identify all verbs (finite + infinitives) AND identify all 4th-conj. and 3rd-iō verbs. No new codebook color this hour; Wheelock Ch. 10 is a verb chapter, so the new layer lives in the Battle Task's mode toggle.
- Rule #1 — Indicative (red). Carried.
- Rule #2 — Subjunctive. imperāret (s. 2, indef. relative), tīmerent (s. 11, relative cl. of indir. statement).
- Rule #4 — Infinitive (green). nectere (s. 1), advēnisse (s. 1, perf. infin.), capere, prōripere (s. 4), remanēre, velle (s. 11).
- Rule #5 — Participle. Many — mostly in abl. abs.: praemissō, perturbātī, attonitī, perculsō, coniectō, āmissā, dēspērātā, interfectō, oppressī, acceptō, verītī.
- Rule #7 — Noun-adj phrase. Carried; not focus this hour.
- Rule #8 — Abl. abs. [brackets]. Many in this passage: [equitātū praemissō] (s. 3), [Repentīnō adventū…] (s. 4), implicit in ss. 5–7.
- Rule #9 — Noun-case ★ — carried, 3rd-decl. only.
New this hour: the Battle Task's second toggle isolates 4th-conj. and 3rd-iō verb forms — the Wheelock-Ch.10 grammar focus. Targets: advēnisse (s. 1, adveniō 4th), audiēbantur (s. 2, audiō 4th), capere (s. 4, capiō 3rd-iō), prōripere (s. 4, prōripiō 3rd-iō), coniectō (s. 5, coniciō 3rd-iō), interfēcērunt (s. 5, interficiō 3rd-iō), pervēnērunt (s. 6, perveniō 4th), interfectō (s. 7, interficiō 3rd-iō), acceptō (s. 9, accipiō 3rd-iō), fēcit (s. 10, faciō 3rd-iō).
任务：识别所有动词（限定式 + 不定式）；并识别所有第四变位法和第三变位法 -iō 动词。本课不增加新的标注颜色，韦洛克第 10 章是动词章节，新的教学层在战斗任务的模式切换中。
- 规则 #1，直陈式（红色）。沿用。
- 规则 #2，虚拟式。imperāret（第 2 句，泛指关系从句）、tīmerent（第 11 句，间接陈述中的关系从句）。
- 规则 #4，不定式（绿色）。nectere（第 1 句）、advēnisse（第 1 句，完成不定式）、capere, prōripere（第 4 句）、remanēre, velle（第 11 句）。
- 规则 #5，分词。大多在绝对夺格中：praemissō, perturbātī, attonitī, perculsō, coniectō, āmissā, dēspērātā, interfectō, oppressī, acceptō, verītī。
- 规则 #7，名词-形容词短语。沿用；非本课焦点。
- 规则 #8，绝对夺格 [方括号]。本段中多处。
- 规则 #9，名词关注格 ★，沿用，仅限三变名词。
本课新增：战斗任务的第二个切换专用于第四变位法与第三 -iō 动词形式：韦洛克第 10 章的语法核心。识别目标：advēnisse, audiēbantur, capere, prōripere, coniectō, interfēcērunt, pervēnērunt, interfectō, acceptō, fēcit。
Mission — Identify all verbs (incl. infinitives), and all 4th-conj. + 3rd-iō verbs任务，识别所有动词（含不定式），并识别所有第四变位法 + 第三 -iō 动词
Set the mode, then click words. Click again to deselect.先选择下方模式，然后点击单词。再次点击可取消选择。
20:00
1 Caesar, postquam vīdit illōs perfidiā morās nectere, ac sua cōpia iam advēnisse cognōvit,
2 etsi quae imperāret nōn audiēbantur, tamen statim profectus est.
3 Itaque, [equitātū praemissō], ipse cum legiōnibus signa contulit.
4 [Repentīnō adventū attonitī et perturbātī hostēs], partim arma capere, partim ex castrīs sē prōripere coepērunt.
5 Quōrum perculsō exercitū et in fugam coniectō, nostrī equitēs cōnsecūtī sunt, et magnam multitūdinem eōrum interfēcērunt.
6 Reliquī, [āmissā omnī spē resistendī], ad cōnfluentem Mosae et Rhēnī pervēnērunt;
7 reliquā fugā dēspērātā, magnō numerō suōrum interfectō, reliquī sē in flūmen praecipitāvērunt,
8 atque ibi timōre, lassitūdine, vī flūminis oppressī periērunt.
9 Nostrī, ad eum diem nūllō prōrsus vulnere acceptō, victōriae compōtēs discēssērunt.
10 Caesar eīs quōs in castrīs retinuerat discēdendī potestātem fēcit.
11 Illī, suppliciōrum cruciātūs verītī, quōs ā Gallīs ob suam in eum crūdēlitātem tīmerent, sē apud eum remanēre velle dīxērunt.
12 Hīs Caesar lībertātem concessit.
Hour 10 — Result & Debrief第十课 — 战果与汇报
Submit the Battle Task above to see your score here.提交上方的战斗任务即可在此查看分数。
Hour 10 — Screening第十课 — 影片放映
Following the 20-minute countdown, the instructor announces the answer key, then 5-minute Q&A, then the film clip.20 分钟倒计时结束后，教师宣布答案，再进行 5 分钟问答，然后播放影片片段。
Film clip (proposed):推荐影片片段：
For this hour, the instructor may choose to screen a documentary discussion rather than a dramatization, because the moral weight of DBG 4.14–15 deserves direct engagement: BBC I, Caesar (1997) episode 1 — covers the Usipetes/Tencteri controversy with Mary Beard and Adrian Goldsworthy commentary; or Yale OpenCourse Roman Architecture Prof. Diana E. E. Kleiner's brief excursus on Roman war ethics. As a dramatized counterpoint: HBO's Rome Season 1, Episode 3 ("An Owl in a Thornbush") shows a Roman force massacring civilians in a way Caesar would find familiar — and disturbing. Subject to instructor confirmation.
本课时教师或可选择纪录片讨论而非戏剧化片段——《高卢战记》4.14–15 的道德分量值得直接面对：BBC《I, Caesar》（1997）第 1 集，介绍乌西佩特斯/滕克特里争议，并附 Mary Beard 与 Adrian Goldsworthy 的评论；或耶鲁公开课《Roman Architecture》中 Diana E. E. Kleiner 教授关于罗马战争伦理的简短闲谈。作为戏剧化对照：HBO《Rome》第一季第三集"An Owl in a Thornbush"——展示罗马军队屠杀平民的场面，凯撒会觉得熟悉，且令人不安。由教师确认。
Discussion课堂讨论
- Caesar's narrative arc here depends on one premise: that the German cavalry's skirmish during the truce broke the truce, retroactively justifying the next morning's surprise attack on a delegation that came to apologize. Is this an honest reading of "perfidia"? Compare Caesar's own use of the word at other moments — when he attributes it to his enemies (here) vs. when others might apply it to him. 凯撒此处的叙事弧线建立在一个前提之上：日耳曼骑兵在停战期间的袭击破坏了停战，因而可在次日清晨对前来道歉的代表团发动突袭。这是对"perfidia（背信）"的诚实理解吗？请比较凯撒在其他时刻对此词的使用，他在何时将之归于敌方（如此处），以及他人何时可能将之归于他自己。
- The Roman senator Cato the Younger demanded in 55 BC that Caesar be handed over to the Germans as expiation for what happened in DBG 4.14–15 (Plutarch, Caesar 22; Suetonius, Iulius 24.3). Cato's argument was that Caesar's perfidia in arresting the German chiefs voided their inviolable status as ambassadors and threatened the entire framework of Roman foreign relations. Was Cato right? What would Caesar's reply have been? 公元前 55 年，罗马元老小加图在元老院要求把凯撒交给日耳曼人，以赎罪 4.14–15 的暴行（普鲁塔克《凯撒》22；苏维托尼乌斯《儒略》24.3）。加图的论据是：凯撒扣押日耳曼首领之 perfidia 否定了使者神圣不可侵犯的身份，并威胁罗马对外关系的整个架构。加图说得对吗？凯撒的反驳会是什么？
- Sentence 11 has Caesar's prisoners — the German chiefs he had arrested — choosing to remain with him rather than face Gallic revenge. Caesar reports this without comment. Is the silence rhetorically effective? Compare it to how he handles the surrender of the Atuatuci in Hour 6 (which he does NOT narrate in silence). 第 11 句，凯撒扣押的日耳曼首领，宁愿留在他身边，也不愿面对高卢人的报复。凯撒不加评论地报告了这一点。这种沉默在修辞上是否有效？请将之与他对第六课中阿杜亚图基人投降的处理（他没有沉默地叙述）做对比。
- The casualty figure Caesar gives elsewhere for this massacre — 430,000 — is widely regarded by modern historians as inflated, possibly by a factor of 4 or 5. Yet the passage we read shows zero Roman casualties. What is the rhetorical economy of a war narrative that inflates enemy losses and elides own losses? How does this compare to modern wartime reporting? 凯撒在他处给出的此役伤亡数字——43 万，被现代史家普遍视为夸大，可能高估 4–5 倍。然而我们所读的段落却显示罗马一方零伤亡。一个夸大敌方损失、抹去己方损失的战争叙述，其修辞经济学是什么？请与现代战时报道做比较。
Intermission课间休息
Break before Hour 11 (the Rhine Bridge — Wheelock Ch. 11, Personal Pronouns ego, tū, is; Caesar's spectacular engineering response to the German question).第十一课（莱茵河大桥，韦洛克第 11 章，人称代词 ego, tū, is；凯撒对日耳曼问题给出的工程奇观式回应）开始前的课间。
🗺 Campaign Map & Cursus Honōrum战役地图与晋升阶梯
How advancement works in this course. Rank is reserved for completion of whole DBG books (8 books → 8 promotions). Dōna mīlitāria — Roman military decorations — are awarded for each individual battle (Hour). The default rank cap is Centuriō / 百夫长, reached after Book 7. To rise to Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 or Lēgātus Legiōnis / 军团长, the student must accumulate sufficient dōna through the course.本课晋升机制。军衔（rank）专留给完整通读《高卢战记》之卷（八卷 → 八次晋升）。Dōna mīlitāria，罗马军事勋章，为每场单独战役（课时）所授。百夫长（Centuriō）是默认晋升上限，完成第七卷可达。要晋升至统领（Tribūnus Mīlitum）或军团长（Lēgātus Legiōnis），学生须于课程中累积足够 dōna。
The Cursus Honōrum — 10 ranks, 8 promotions晋升阶梯，十级军衔，八次晋升
- Tīrō 新兵recruit (course start)新兵（课程开始时的起点）
- Mīles 军团兵legionary (after Book 1)军团兵（完成第一卷后）
- Immūnis 免役兵specialist exempt from fatigues (Book 2)免役兵：具专长免劳役（第二卷后）
- Tesserārius 持牌兵watchword-keeper (Book 3)持牌兵：传递口令（第三卷后）
- Optiō 副百夫长centurion's deputy (Book 4)副百夫长：百夫长副手（第四卷后）
- Signifer 掌旗官standard-bearer of a century (Book 5)掌旗官：百人队旗手（第五卷后）
- Aquilifer 鹰旗官eagle-bearer of the legion (Book 6)鹰旗官：军团鹰旗持有者（第六卷后）
- Centuriō 百夫长commander of a century — DEFAULT CAP (Book 7)百夫长：百人队长，默认上限（第七卷后）
- Tribūnus Mīlitum 统领unlocked at Book 8 + ≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna解锁条件：完成第八卷 + 累积 ≥20 项 dōna + ≥1 顶冠
- Lēgātus Legiōnis 军团长all 28 dōna + Corōna Obsidiōnālis + Corōna Triumphālis集齐 28 项 dōna，含解围冠与凯旋冠
Dōna mīlitāria — one per HourDōna mīlitāria，每课时各授一项
T1 · Major corōnaeT1 · 至尊冠
T2 · Specialty corōnaeT2 · 专项冠
T3 · Officer-grade (hasta, vēxillum)T3 · 军官级（净矛、军旗）
T4 · Lower (torques, armillae, phalerae)T4 · 低级（项圈、臂环、胸牌）
T5 · Memorial (Roman defeats)T5 · 哀悼（罗马败战）
T6 · Scholastic (excurses)T6 · 学术（插段）
| # | Battle / Topic战役／主题 | Dōnum勋章 | Rationale缘由 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Battle of the Arar阿拉河战役 | Torques argenteae ／银项圈 | Opening ambush of the Tigurine quarter — modest field action.开战之伏击，规模适中。 |
| 2 | Battle of Bibracte比布拉克特战役 | Armillae ／银臂环 | First major set-piece engagement.首次大型会战。 |
| 3 | Battle of Vosges沃日山战役 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Closing battle of Book 1 — Ariovistus routed.第一卷收束：击溃阿里奥维斯图斯。 |
| END OF Book 1 · Helvetian War — Hours 1–3第一卷 · 赫尔维提战争（1–3）结束 → Mīles / 军团兵→ 晋升 Mīles／军团兵 | |||
| 4 | Battle of the Axona阿克索纳战役 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Ford engagement, encumbered enemy slaughtered.浅滩遭遇战，敌于河中受困被歼。 |
| 5 | Battle of the Sabis萨比斯战役 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar enters the line personally to save his legion — citizens saved (Maxfield p.68).凯撒亲入战阵救援军团，拯救公民（Maxfield 第 68 页）。 |
| 6 | Siege of the Atuatuci阿杜亚图基围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | First siege of the course — first up the wall.课程首次围城，首先登上城墙。 |
| END OF Book 2 · Belgic Campaign — Hours 4–6第二卷 · 贝尔盖战役（4–6）结束 → Immūnis / 免役兵→ 晋升 Immūnis／免役兵 | |||
| 7 | Battle of Octodurus屋大都鲁斯之战 | Corōna Castrēnsis ／军营冠 | Galba defends camp against ambush — first into the enemy camp at counter-attack.伽尔巴守营抗伏击，反扑时率先入敌营。 |
| 8 | Battle of Quiberon Bay基伯龙湾海战 | Corōna Navālis ／海军冠 | First naval engagement — first to board an enemy ship.首次海战，首先登上敌舰。 |
| 9 | Crassus's Aquitanian Camp.克拉苏的阿基坦战役 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | Crassus, a young officer, wins his independent campaign — gold crown for valor.小克拉苏年纪轻轻独立战胜，金冠表勇。 |
| END OF Book 3 · Coast & Aquitania — Hours 7–9第三卷 · 海岸与阿基坦（7–9）结束 → Tesserārius / 持牌兵→ 晋升 Tesserārius／持牌兵 | |||
| 10 | Usipetes & Tencteri乌西佩特斯与滕克特里 | Torques aureae duae ／一对金项圈 | Mass action against two German tribes; controversial.对二日耳曼部族之大规模行动；颇具争议。 |
| 11 | First Rhine Crossing首次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Engineering theater — the ten-day pile-bridge.工程剧场：十日内造起木桩桥。 |
| 12 | First Invasion of Britain首次入侵不列颠 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | The aquilifer of the Tenth leaps with the eagle — gold crown (Maxfield p.79).第十军团掌旗官携鹰跃入海，金冠（Maxfield 第 79 页）。 |
| END OF Book 4 · Rhine & Britain I — Hours 10–12第四卷 · 莱茵河与首征不列颠（10–12）结束 → Optiō / 副百夫长→ 晋升 Optiō／副百夫长 | |||
| 13 | Ambush at Atuatuca阿杜阿都加伏击 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Roman defeat — Sabinus & Cotta killed; memorial decoration for survivors.罗马败战，萨宾努斯与科塔阵亡；幸存者得哀悼臂环。 |
| 14 | Second Invasion of Britain第二次入侵不列颠 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Larger fleet, river crossing, Cassivellaunus engaged.舰队壮大、渡泰晤士、对阵卡西维劳努斯。 |
| 15 | Ethnography of Britain不列颠民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Tacitean excursus — no battle, scholarly stipend awarded.塔西陀插段，非战斗，授学术津贴。 |
| 16 | Britain II: Climate不列颠之二：气候 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Second Tacitean excursus on geography.塔西陀第二段：地理。 |
| 17 | Siege of Cicero's Camp西塞罗营垒被围 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar relieves Cicero's winter camp — citizens saved.凯撒解围西塞罗冬营，拯救公民。 |
| END OF Book 5 · Britain II & Disasters — Hours 13–17第五卷 · 第二次入侵不列颠与挫败（13–17）结束 → Signifer / 掌旗官→ 晋升 Signifer／掌旗官 | |||
| 18 | Eburones Punitive Expedition对埃布隆尼斯人的惩戒 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Revenge for Atuatuca — extensive plunder and destruction.为阿杜阿都加复仇，大规模劫掠破坏。 |
| 19 | Second Rhine Crossing第二次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Repeat engineering theater — another pile-bridge.再演工程剧场，又造一桥。 |
| 20 | Atuatuca Garrison Attacked阿杜阿都加守备遭袭 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Cicero saves the garrison — citizens saved.西塞罗救守备，拯救公民。 |
| 21 | Ethnography of the Galli高卢人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Gauls' Druids/Knights/plebs — no battle.高卢德鲁伊、骑士、平民，非战斗。 |
| 22 | Ethnography of the Germani日耳曼人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Inverse-Gauls stereotype — no battle.高卢之反面刻板印象，非战斗。 |
| END OF Book 6 · Vengeance & Ethnography — Hours 18–22第六卷 · 复仇与民族志（18–22）结束 → Aquilifer / 鹰旗官→ 晋升 Aquilifer／鹰旗官 | |||
| 23 | Siege of Avaricum阿瓦里库姆围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | 25-day siege, walls stormed under cover of rain.25 日围城，雨中破城。 |
| 24 | Defeat at Gergovia热尔戈维亚的败战 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Caesar's only acknowledged defeat — 46 centurions killed.凯撒唯一承认之败战——46 名百夫长阵亡。 |
| 25 | Road to Alesia通往阿莱西亚之路 | Hasta Pūra ／净矛 | Labienus and the German cavalry break Vercingetorix's mobility — officer-grade dōnum.拉比埃努斯与日耳曼骑兵击碎维钦格托里克斯之机动，军官级 dōnum。 |
| 26 | Siege of Alesia阿莱西亚围攻 | Corōna Obsidiōnālis ／解围冠 | Caesar's masterpiece — the double ring relieves nothing; he breaks the relief instead. Highest possible decoration.凯撒之杰作，双重防线击破援军。古罗马最高荣誉。 |
| END OF Book 7 · The Great Revolt — Hours 23–26第七卷 · 大起义（23–26）结束 → Centuriō / 百夫长 (DEFAULT CAP)→ 晋升 Centuriō／百夫长（默认上限） | |||
| 27 | Uxellodunum & Aftermath乌克塞洛杜诺姆与战后 | Vēxillum ／军旗 | Caesar's final field command of the Gallic war — senior officer's banner.凯撒在高卢战争中之最后野战指挥，高级军官之军旗。 |
| 28 | Capstone: Rubicon to Ides总章：自卢比孔至三月之中 | Corōna Triumphālis ／凯旋冠 | Caesar's quadruple triumph (46 BC) — laurel crown of the triumphātor.凯撒四重凯旋（公元前 46 年）——凯旋者所戴桂冠。 |
| END OF Book 8 (Hirtius) & Capstone — Hours 27–28第八卷（希尔提乌斯）与总章（27–28）结束 → gated: Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 (≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna) OR Lēgātus / 军团长 (all 28 dōna + Obsidiōnālis + Triumphālis)→ 解锁条件：Tribūnus Mīlitum／统领（≥20 项 dōna ＋ ≥1 顶冠）；或 Lēgātus／军团长（28 项 dōna 全集，含解围冠与凯旋冠） | |||
Source.来源。 The hierarchy of dōna mīlitāria used here follows Valerie A. Maxfield, The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (London: Batsford, 1981) — the standard modern reference. Maxfield documents that corōnae were stratified by feat (mūrālis for first up the wall, navālis for first to board, obsidiōnālis for raising a siege, etc.), while torques, armillae, and phalerae were the routine awards for soldiers and centurions. Maxfield also notes (p. 251) that Caesar himself used promotion as a substitute for decoration — the system this course follows in reverse: decorations for battles, promotion for completing books.Dōna mīlitāria 的等级体系本课程依据 Valerie A. Maxfield《The Military Decorations of the Roman Army》（London: Batsford, 1981）——该领域之标准现代参考。Maxfield 详述：corōnae 按功勋分级（城墙冠予首登墙者、海军冠予首登敌舰者、解围冠予救援被围之军者，等等）；而 torques、armillae、phalerae 为士兵与百夫长之常规奖励。Maxfield 又指出（第 251 页），凯撒本人即以晋升代替勋章：而本课程恰反其道而行：勋章授与战役，晋升保留给读完一卷。