1
Caesar, Caesaris m. (3rd)
Caesar凯撒
Hour 25 — Briefing第二十五课 — 战前简报
From defeat to encirclement — the road to Alesia
Hour 24 ended with Caesar withdrawing from Gergovia in the only acknowledged defeat of De Bello Gallico. Hour 25 traces the next two months: July–August 52 BC. The withdrawal opens a brief window in which Vercingetorix appears to be winning. The Aedui, Rome's oldest Gallic allies — the frātrēs cōnsanguineīque we met in Hours 21 and 24 — finally defect. Their cavalry commander Litaviccus carries them over to the Arverni; the Aeduan town of Noviodunum, Caesar's main grain depot in central Gaul, is sacked; Roman traders are killed; the senate of the Aedui formally joins the revolt at the pan-Gallic assembly at Bibracte and confirms Vercingetorix as supreme commander.
Caesar's response is one of the most studied chapters of DBG. He cannot retreat south through Aeduan country; the Cévennes are impassable in summer. He cannot stay in central Gaul without grain. He marches north at speed, reunites with Labienus (who had just won a brilliant action near Lutetia — modern Paris), and turns the army east toward the Sequani — friendly territory where he can resupply before returning to crush the revolt.
Vercingetorix tries to intercept. Confident from Gergovia, with a swelled coalition army and fresh reinforcements from every tribe of central Gaul, he plans a decisive cavalry engagement near modern Dijon (DBG 7.66–67). It is the high point of his strategy. But Caesar's Germanic cavalry — the regular German horse he had recruited as auxiliaries — break the Gallic line on the right flank. Vercingetorix's army collapses. He retreats with the remnants to Alesia, the hilltop town of the Mandubii in modern Burgundy. Caesar follows immediately. This is the moment that decides the war. Vercingetorix's mobile strategy has finally been forced into the one form of warfare he wanted to avoid: a fixed siege. Hour 26 will be Alesia.
Connection to Wheelock. This hour pairs with Wheelock Chapter 24 — Gerunds and Gerundives; the Passive Periphrastic; Dative of Agent. The gerundive (future passive participle) was introduced in Hour 24 alongside the other three participles. This hour develops it formally and pairs it with its noun-cousin the gerund (the verbal noun). The two look similar — both end in -ndum, -ndī, -ndō — but they do very different jobs. The gerundive is an adjective that agrees with a noun ("the town to-be-captured"); the gerund is a noun ("the act of capturing"). Distinguishing them is the single most useful syntactic test of Wheelock Year 1.
Today's task. Identify all verbs (finite + infinitives + participles) AND identify all gerund / gerundive forms in the passage. Caesar's narrative of strategic motion uses these constructions heavily — "for purpose of X-ing", "by X-ing", "things to be X-ed". The passage contains 7 pure gerunds and 14 gerundives.
Source-document note. Latin from De Bello Gallico 7.54–69, edited from PerseusDL canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed. English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted.
从败战到合围，通往阿莱西亚之路
第二十四课以凯撒自热尔戈维亚撤退作结——《高卢战记》中唯一坦承的败战。第二十五课追踪其后两个月：公元前 52 年七月至八月。这次撤退开启了一扇短暂的窗口，似乎维钦格托里克斯就要取胜。埃杜伊人：罗马最古老的高卢盟邦、第二十一与第二十四课中所识之 frātrēs cōnsanguineīque，终于叛变。他们的骑兵指挥官利塔维库斯把全族带到阿尔维尼方面；埃杜伊人的城邦诺维奥杜努姆：凯撒在高卢中部的主要粮库，被洗劫；罗马商人被杀；埃杜伊元老院在比布拉克特泛高卢大会上正式加入起义，并确认维钦格托里克斯为最高统帅。
凯撒的应对，是《高卢战记》最被研究的篇章之一。他无法穿越埃杜伊领土南撤；夏季的塞文山脉难以通行。他也无法在中部高卢无粮停留。他急速向北，与刚在卢泰提亚（今巴黎）大胜的拉比埃努斯会合，然后将大军调向东方塞夸尼地，友邦领地，可获补给后再回头粉碎起义。
维钦格托里克斯试图截击。挟热尔戈维亚之威，加上中部高卢各部新增的联军兵力，他计划决定性的骑兵会战，地点在今第戎附近（DBG 7.66–67）。这是他战略的最高点。但凯撒的日耳曼骑兵，他征募为辅助军的常规日耳曼骑，从右翼击碎高卢骑兵的阵线。维钦格托里克斯的军队崩溃。他率残部退至阿莱西亚，曼杜比族的山顶城邦，在今勃艮第。凯撒立刻紧追。这是决定全局之刻。维钦格托里克斯的机动战略，终被迫入他最想避免的一种战争形式：固定围攻。第二十六课即阿莱西亚。
与韦洛克拉丁语的对应。本课与韦洛克拉丁语第二十四章，动名词与动名形容词；被动迂回式；与格表施事者对应。动名形容词（将来被动分词）在第二十四课已与其余三种分词一并引入。本课则正式展开之，并与其名词同源——动名词（动词性名词）——并列。二者形似，皆以 -ndum, -ndī, -ndō 结尾，但承担截然不同的语法功能。动名形容词为与名词一致之形容词（"应被攻取的城"）；动名词为名词（"攻取之事"）。区分二者，是韦洛克第一年最有用的句法检测。
今日任务。识别段落中所有动词（finite + 不定式 + 分词），并识别所有动名词/动名形容词形式。凯撒的战略行动叙事大量使用此类构式——"为了 X 之目的"、"借由 X"、"应当 X 之事物"。本段含 7 个纯动名词与 14 个动名形容词。
关于来源的说明。拉丁文取自《高卢战记》7.54–69，见 PerseusDL canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略经柔化；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。
Grammar Target — Gerunds & Gerundives语法目标 — 动名词与动名形容词
The gerund and the gerundive — a tale of two -nd- forms
Latin has two formations that both end in -nd-. They look almost identical. They do quite different things. Telling them apart is the central syntactic skill of Wheelock Chapter 24.
| Gerund (verbal noun) | Gerundive (verbal adjective) | |
|---|---|---|
| What is it? | A noun. The "act of X-ing." | An adjective. "X-able / to-be-X-ed." |
| How it declines | 2nd-decl. neuter sg. only — has gen., dat., acc., abl. but NO nominative. | 1st/2nd-decl. adjective: full declension across all genders, both numbers. |
| What it modifies | Nothing — it stands alone as a noun. | A noun (agrees in gender, number, case). |
| Voice | Active in meaning. | Passive in meaning. |
| English equivalent | "of fighting", "by fighting", "for fighting" | "to be fought", "needing to be fought" |
| Example | ars pugnandī "the art of fighting" | oppidum capiendum "the town to be captured" |
The gerund — verbal noun, 2nd-decl. neuter (no nominative)
| Case | Form | Example use | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| N. | — (use the infinitive laudāre instead) | — | — |
| G. | laudandī | ars laudandī | "the art of praising" |
| D. | laudandō | (rare in Caesar) | "for praising" |
| Ac. | laudandum | ad laudandum | "for the purpose of praising" |
| Abl. | laudandō | laudandō | "by praising" |
No nominative: in subject position, Latin uses the infinitive instead. Laudāre bonum est "to praise is good" / "praising is good."
The gerundive — full passive verbal adjective
| Case | Sg. M. | Sg. F. | Sg. N. |
|---|---|---|---|
| N. | laudandus | laudanda | laudandum |
| G. | laudandī | laudandae | laudandī |
| D. | laudandō | laudandae | laudandō |
| Ac. | laudandum | laudandam | laudandum |
| Abl. | laudandō | laudandā | laudandō |
Plural inflects identically (1st/2nd-decl. plural endings). The gerundive declines fully — that is its diagnostic vs. the gerund.
Constructions of the gerund/gerundive
Both forms appear in four characteristic constructions. Caesar prefers the gerundive whenever there is a direct object — this is the so-called "gerundive attraction" rule. The gerund persists when there is no object.
- Genitive of purpose / quality: cōnsilium capiendī oppidī "a plan of capturing the town" — Caesar would write the gerundive: cōnsilium oppidī capiendī (same meaning).
- Dative of purpose (rare in Caesar): locus castrīs ponendīs "a place for pitching camp."
- Accusative with ad (purpose): ad oppidum capiendum "for the purpose of capturing the town." (Caesar's go-to phrase.)
- Ablative (means or manner): oppidō capiendō "by capturing the town" / capiendō alone = "by capturing." Also with in/dē: in oppidō capiendō "in the matter of capturing the town."
The passive periphrastic — gerundive + form of sum
This is the most commonly tested construction. Gerundive + esse = "must be X-ed":
- oppidum capiendum est "the town must be captured"
- fīliābus loquendum erat "the daughters had to speak" — actually wait, deponent: with deponents, the gerundive is active in meaning
- Carthāgō dēlenda est Cato's famous slogan — "Carthage must be destroyed"
The agent is in the dative (not ā/ab + abl.): oppidum nōbīs capiendum est "the town must be captured BY US" (literally "the town is to-be-captured for-us").
The decisive test
Faced with an -nd- form, ask: does it agree with a noun?
- Yes → gerundive (verbal adjective, passive in meaning).
- No → gerund (verbal noun, active in meaning).
Test on Caesar's Latin: signum pugnandī vs. signum dandum. The first: pugnandī doesn't agree with signum (signum is neut.; pugnandī is gen.) → it's a gerund: "signal OF fighting." The second: dandum agrees with signum (both n.s.n.) → it's a gerundive: "signal that-must-be-given."
Three warning signs
- The gerund has no nominative. If you see -ndus, -nda, -ndum as the subject of a clause, it MUST be a gerundive (with implicit or explicit esse) — the passive periphrastic.
- Caesar prefers gerundive attraction. Where English would say "the plan of capturing the town" (gerund + acc.), Caesar writes "the plan of the town-to-be-captured" (gerundive in agreement). Same meaning — different surface form.
- Dative of agent with the passive periphrastic. The agent is in the dative, NOT in ā/ab + abl. like the regular passive. Caesarī labōrandum erat "Caesar had to work" / "the working-was-necessary FOR Caesar."
Codebook rules carried. The Battle Task adds a secondary toggle — "gerund / gerundive" — to isolate the chapter's focus across both forms.
动名词与动名形容词，两种 -nd- 形式的故事
拉丁语有两种均以 -nd- 结尾的构形。看似几乎相同，作用却截然不同。区分二者，是韦洛克第二十四章的核心句法技巧。
| 动名词（动词性名词） | 动名形容词（动词性形容词） | |
|---|---|---|
| 是什么？ | 名词。"做某事这一行为"。 | 形容词。"应做的／可被做的"。 |
| 如何变格 | 第二变格法中性单数仅有属、与、宾、夺，无主格。 | 第一/第二变格法形容词：完整变化，三性两数皆备。 |
| 修饰什么 | 无，独立作名词。 | 名词（性、数、格皆与之一致）。 |
| 语态意义 | 主动义。 | 被动义。 |
| 英语对应 | "of fighting", "by fighting" | "to be fought", "needing to be fought" |
| 例 | ars pugnandī"战斗之术" | oppidum capiendum"应被攻取的城" |
动名词，动词性名词，第二变格法中性（无主格）
| 格 | 形式 | 用法例 | 汉译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主 | —（用不定式 laudāre） | — | — |
| 属 | laudandī | ars laudandī | "赞美之术" |
| 与 | laudandō | （凯撒中罕见） | "用于赞美" |
| 宾 | laudandum | ad laudandum | "为了赞美" |
| 夺 | laudandō | laudandō | "借由赞美" |
无主格：在主语位置上，拉丁语改用不定式。Laudāre bonum est"赞美是好的"。
动名形容词，完整变化之被动动词性形容词
| 格 | 单阳 | 单阴 | 单中 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主 | laudandus | laudanda | laudandum |
| 属 | laudandī | laudandae | laudandī |
| 与 | laudandō | laudandae | laudandō |
| 宾 | laudandum | laudandam | laudandum |
| 夺 | laudandō | laudandā | laudandō |
复数依第一/第二变格法复数变化。动名形容词完整变化，此即与动名词之区别诊断。
动名词/动名形容词的常见构式
四种典型构式中，凯撒在有直接宾语时一律首选动名形容词：即所谓"动名形容词吸引"规则。无宾语时方用动名词。
- 属格表目的/性质：cōnsilium capiendī oppidī"攻取该城之计划"——凯撒会写为动名形容词：cōnsilium oppidī capiendī（义同）。
- 与格表目的（凯撒中罕见）：locus castrīs ponendīs"扎营之地"。
- 宾格 + ad（表目的）：ad oppidum capiendum"为攻取该城"。（凯撒之惯用语。）
- 夺格（表手段或方式）：oppidō capiendō"借攻取该城"／单独 capiendō＝"借攻取"。亦与 in/dē 连用：in oppidō capiendō"在攻取该城之事上"。
被动迂回式，动名形容词 + sum 之形
此乃最常考之构式。动名形容词 + esse＝"必须被 X"：
- oppidum capiendum est"该城必须被攻取"
- Carthāgō dēlenda est 加图名言——"迦太基必毁"
施事者用与格（非 ā/ab + 夺格）：oppidum nōbīs capiendum est"该城必须由我们攻取"（字面"该城为我等所应攻"）。
关键测试
遇到 -nd- 形式，问：是否与某名词一致？
- 是 → 动名形容词（动词性形容词，被动义）。
- 否 → 动名词（动词性名词，主动义）。
以凯撒之拉丁为例：signum pugnandī与 signum dandum。前者：pugnandī 与 signum 不一致（signum 中性；pugnandī 属格）→ 为动名词："战斗之信号"。后者：dandum 与 signum（皆中性单）→ 为动名形容词："应被给出之信号"。
三处警示
- 动名词无主格。若 -ndus, -nda, -ndum 出现于子句主语位置，必为动名形容词（隐含或显示 esse）——即被动迂回式。
- 凯撒偏好动名形容词吸引。英语之"the plan of capturing the town"（动名词+宾），凯撒写作"the plan of the town-to-be-captured"（动名形容词与名词一致）。义同，表面形不同。
- 与格表施事者，配被动迂回式。施事者用与格，非 ā/ab + 夺格。Caesarī labōrandum erat"凯撒必须劳作"／"劳作之事必当属凯撒"。
Hour 25 — Passage: De Bello Gallico 7.54–69 (excerpts, lightly smoothed)第二十五课 — 原文段落：《高卢战记》7.54–69（节选，略经柔化）
Scaffolding:脚手架：
Tags:标注：
1 Caesar, [Gergoviā repulsus], in fīnēs Aeduōrum cōpiās dūxit: nam ad bellum perpetuandum operae sociōrum erant necessāriae.
2 Aeduī, [ā Litaviccō dēceptī], Rōmānōs dēseruerant; Noviodūnum, oppidum frūmentī commeandī fīrmum, dīripiendum cēperant.
3 Vercingetorix cōnsilium obstruendī Caesarī habēbat: oppida dēstruenda, pontēs interrumpendī, agrī vāstandī.
4 Caesar, [hīs comprehēnsīs], magnā celeritāte ad rem frūmentāriam prōvidendam exercitum mōvit, atque Labienum, redeuntem, repperit.
5 Per multōs diēs iter faciundō Rōmānī iam ad Sēquanōs accesserant: necesse erat continenter ad pugnandum parātōs prōcēdere.
6 Vercingetorix, [multīs nōvīs cōpiīs Gallicīs auctus], in colle prope iter Caesaris castra posuit: occāsiō equestris proeliī faciendī sē offerēbat.
7 Caesar equitēs in trēs partēs dīvīsit: ūnam ad hostium frontem invadendam, duās aliās ad latera Gallōrum circumvenienda.
8 Diem magnam partem pugnandō cōnsumpsērunt: Gallī, [in angustīs locīs cōnstipāti], multitūdinis suae ūsum efficere nōn poterant.
9 Tandem nostrī, [hostem vexandō et tergum eius petendō], aciem Gallōrum frēgērunt: omnēs ad fugam versī sunt.
10 Vercingetorix, reliquiās exercitūs collēctās in Alesiam, oppidum Mandubiōrum, dēdūxit: Alesia, [in colle ēditō posita], ad nōvam obsidiōnem temptandam idōnea erat.
11 Caesar, [hostibus fugientibus īnstāns], Alesiam obsidendam cōnstituit: nam tempus erat ipsīus Vercingetorīgis capiendī, nē iterum effugiendī facultās darētur.
12 Hīc inceptus erat ultimus cursus: Alesia, [ad Galliam capiendam idōnea], tōtīus bellī summam continēbat. Mēnsis erat September annī LII ante Chrīstum nātum.
Latin: Perseus canonical-latinLit (Holmes 1914), lightly smoothed. English: McDevitte & Bohn (1869), adapted. Green italic = gerund / gerundive (chapter focus). Purple italic = participle form (Hour 24, carried). Yellow = connecting relative (rule #3, carried).拉丁文：Perseus canonical-latinLit（Holmes 1914），略经柔化；英译：McDevitte 与 Bohn（1869），略经调整。绿色斜体 = 动名词／动名形容词（本章焦点）。紫色斜体 = 分词形式（第二十四课，沿用）。黄色 = 连接性关系代词（规则 #3，沿用）。
Hour 25 — Vocabulary第二十五课 — 词汇表
This hour's new badge: GER marks gerund and gerundive forms. Full legend: gerund/gerundive GER; participles PARTIC; 5th-decl. 5TH DECL; 4th-decl. 4TH DECL; numerals / verb-conjugation / pronoun / i-stem badges carried.本课新增徽章：GER 标注动名词与动名形容词形式。完整图例：动名词/动名形容词 GER; 分词 PARTIC; 5th-decl. 5TH DECL; 4th-decl. 4TH DECL; numerals / verb-conjugation / pronoun / i-stem badges carried。
2
Vercingetorix, -igis m. (3rd)
Vercingetorix (Arvernian leader of the Gallic revolt)维钦格托里克斯
3
Aeduī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)
the Aedui (Caesar's longtime Gallic allies — now in revolt)埃杜伊人（凯撒长期之高卢盟友，此时叛变）
4
Litaviccus, -ī m. (2nd)
Litaviccus (Aeduan noble who led the defection)利塔维库斯（带领埃杜伊人叛变的贵族）
5
Noviodūnum, -ī n. (2nd)
Noviodunum (Aeduan town; Caesar's grain depot — modern Nevers)诺维奥杜努姆（埃杜伊城；凯撒粮库，今讷韦尔）
6
Labiēnus, -ī m. (2nd)
T. Labienus (Caesar's most trusted legate)拉比埃努斯（凯撒最信任的副将）
7
Lutētia, -ae f. (1st)
Lutetia (Parisii's town — modern Paris)卢泰提亚（帕里西人之城，今巴黎）
8
Sēquanī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)
the Sequani (Gallic tribe E. of Aedui, on Roman side)塞夸尼人（埃杜伊东邻部族，亲罗马）
9
Mandubiī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)
the Mandubii (tribe whose chief town is Alesia)曼杜比人（其主邑为阿莱西亚）
10
Alesia, -ae f. (1st)
Alesia (hilltop oppidum in modern Burgundy)阿莱西亚（今勃艮第山顶要塞）
11
Gergovia, -ae f. (1st)
Gergovia (cf. Hour 24)热尔戈维亚（见第二十四课）
12
Germānī, -ōrum m. pl. (2nd)
Germans; here the Germanic horsemen Caesar recruited日耳曼人；此处指凯撒所征募之日耳曼骑兵
13
Galliā, -ae f. (1st)
Gaul高卢
14
oppidum, -ī n. (2nd)
town (walled)城邑
15
collis, -is m. (3rd i-stem)
hill丘陵
16
mōns, montis m. (3rd i-stem)
mountain山
17
iter, itineris n. (3rd)
journey, march, route行程；行军
18
finēs, -ium m. pl. (3rd i-stem)
territory (plural sense: a tribe's lands)领土
19
cōpiae, -ārum f. pl. (1st)
forces, troops (pl.)兵力
20
exercitus, -ūs m. (4th)
army军队
21
equitēs, -um m. pl. (3rd)
cavalry, horsemen骑兵
22
proelium, -iī n. (2nd)
battle (esp. set-piece engagement)会战
23
aciēs, -ēī f. (5th)
battle line战阵
24
frōns, frontis f. (3rd i-stem)
front, forehead, brow前；额；阵首
25
latus, lateris n. (3rd)
side, flank侧；翼
26
terga, -ōrum n. pl. (2nd)
rear, back (military sense)后方；背面
27
castra, -ōrum n. pl. (2nd)
camp营地
28
praesidium, -iī n. (2nd)
garrison, defense, depot驻防；据点
29
frūmentum, -ī n. (2nd)
grain (collective: the harvest)粮食
30
rēs frūmentāria f. phr. (5th)
the grain supply (military commissariat)军粮供应
31
cōnsilium, -iī n. (2nd)
plan, counsel, advice计划；谋议
32
occāsiō, -ōnis f. (3rd)
opportunity, occasion机会
33
opera, -ae f. (1st)
work, effort, assistance (sg.); siege-works (pl. — operae)功劳；援助
34
socius, -iī m. (2nd)
ally盟友
35
fugā, -ae f. (1st)
flight, fleeing逃跑
36
reliquiae, -ārum f. pl. (1st)
remnants, remains余部
37
mēnsis, -is m. (3rd i-stem)
month月份
38
cursus, -ūs m. (4th)
course, running, race进程；跑
39
summa, -ae f. (1st)
sum, total, highest point总和；高峰
40
necesse indecl. adj.
necessary (with esse)必要的
41
idōneus, -a, -um adj. 1st/2nd
fit, suitable合适的
42
fīrmus, -a, -um adj. 1st/2nd
strong, firm坚固的
43
augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctum v. 2nd
to increase, augment增加
44
repellō, -ere, reppulī, repulsum v. 3rd
to drive back, repulse击退
45
dēseruō, -ere, -seruī, -sertum v. 3rd
to abandon, desert抛弃；遗弃
46
dēcipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum v. 3rd-iō
to deceive欺骗
47
dīripiō, -ere, -ripuī, -reptum v. 3rd-iō
to plunder, ransack洗劫
48
capiō, -ere, cēpī, captum v. 3rd-iō
to take, seize取；俘获
49
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itum v. 2nd
to have, hold有；持
50
obstruō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctum (+ dat.) v. 3rd
to block, obstruct (+ dat.)阻塞
51
dēstruō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctum v. 3rd
to destroy, demolish毁坏
52
interrumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptum v. 3rd
to break apart, interrupt打断；切断
53
vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to devastate, lay waste蹂躏；荡平
54
comprehendō, -ere, -hendī, -hēnsum v. 3rd
to grasp, understand, seize理解；逮捕
55
prōvideō, -ēre, -vīdī, -vīsum (+ dat. or de + abl.) v. 2nd
to provide for, foresee设法供应；预见
56
moveō, -ēre, mōvī, mōtum v. 2nd
to move移动
57
repperiō, -īre, repperī, repertum v. 4th
to find, find again, meet up with找到；会合
58
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itum v. irreg.
to return, go back回来
59
faciō, -ere, fēcī, factum v. 3rd-iō
to make, do做
60
accēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum v. 3rd
to approach, draw near接近
61
prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum v. 3rd
to advance, proceed前进
62
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to prepare, equip准备
63
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to fight战斗
64
pōnō, -ere, posuī, positum v. 3rd
to put, place; pitch (camp)放置；扎营
65
offerō, -ferre, obtulī, oblātum v. irreg.
to offer, present (refl. = to appear)提供；（反身）出现
66
dīvidō, -ere, -vīsī, -vīsum v. 3rd
to divide分开
67
invadō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsum v. 3rd
to attack, invade袭击
68
circumveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum v. 4th
to surround, encircle包围
69
cōnsūmō, -ere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptum v. 3rd
to use up, spend (time)耗费；消耗
70
cōnstipō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to crowd together挤压在一起
71
efficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum v. 3rd-iō
to bring about, effect促成；做成
72
possum, posse, potuī, --- v. irreg.
to be able能够
73
vexō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to harass, vex骚扰
74
petō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum v. 3rd
to seek, attack, request寻；袭；请求
75
frangō, -ere, frēgī, frāctum v. 3rd
to break, shatter打破
76
vertō, -ere, vertī, versum v. 3rd
to turn (act.); turn oneself, retreat (pass.)转；逃
77
colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctum v. 3rd
to gather, collect收集；汇合
78
dēdūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum v. 3rd
to lead down, lead away带走；引导
79
temptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to attempt, try, test尝试
80
īnstō, -āre, -stitī, --- (+ dat.) v. 1st
to press upon, harass (+ dat.)紧迫；催逼
81
obsideō, -ēre, -sēdī, -sessum v. 2nd
to besiege围攻
82
cōnstituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtum v. 3rd
to set up; decide确立；决定
83
effugiō, -ere, -fūgī, --- v. 3rd-iō
to escape, flee away逃脱
84
dō, dare, dedī, datum v. 1st
to give给
85
contineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentum v. 2nd
to contain, hold together包含；约束
86
perpetuō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to perpetuate, prolong indefinitely使延续
87
commeō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum v. 1st
to go to and fro; supply (esp. grain commeātus)往返；运送（粮草）
88
perpetuandum gerundive of *perpetuō* (acc., w/ ad)GER
"for prolonging" / "to be prolonged"应被延续的（动名形容词）
89
commeandī gerund of *commeō* (gen.) OR gerundiveGER
"of transporting / for transport"运送之事（动名词/动名形容词）
90
dīripiendum gerundive of *dīripiō* (acc., predicative)GER
"to be plundered"应被洗劫的
91
obstruendī gerund of *obstruō* (gen.)GER
"of blocking" — verbal noun阻塞之事（动名词）
92
dēstruenda gerundive of *dēstruō* (n.pl., predicative)GER
"things to be destroyed"应被毁坏的
93
interrumpendī gerundive of *interrumpō* (m.pl., predicative)GER
"things to be broken / cut"应被切断的
94
vāstandī gerundive of *vāstō* (m.pl., predicative)GER
"things to be devastated"应被荡平的
95
prōvidendam gerundive of *prōvideō* (f.s., w/ ad rem)GER
"for providing for"应予供应的
96
faciundō gerund of *faciō* (abl., archaic -undō for -andō)GER
"by making"借由做（动名词）
97
pugnandum gerund of *pugnō* (acc., w/ ad)GER
"for fighting"为了战斗（动名词）
98
faciendī gerundive of *faciō* (gen., w/ proeliī)GER
"of making (a battle)"应被发动的
99
invadendam gerundive of *invadō* (f.s., w/ ad frontem)GER
"for attacking"应被攻击的
100
circumvenienda gerundive of *circumveniō* (n.pl., w/ ad latera)GER
"for surrounding"应被包围的
101
pugnandō gerund of *pugnō* (abl.)GER
"by fighting"借由战斗（动名词）
102
vexandō gerund of *vexō* (abl.)GER
"by harassing"借由骚扰（动名词）
103
petendō gerund of *petō* (abl.)GER
"by attacking"借由袭击（动名词）
104
temptandam gerundive of *temptō* (f.s., w/ ad obsidiōnem)GER
"for attempting"应被尝试的
105
obsidendam gerundive of *obsideō* (f.s., w/ Alesiam)GER
"to be besieged"应被围攻的
106
capiendī gerundive of *capiō* (m.s. gen., w/ Vercingetorīgis)GER
"of capturing"应被攻取的（属格）
107
effugiendī gerund of *effugiō* (gen.)GER
"of escaping" — verbal noun逃脱之事（动名词）
108
capiendam gerundive of *capiō* (f.s., w/ ad Galliam)GER
"for capturing Gaul"应被攻取的（与 Galliam 一致）
Hour 25 — Battle Task第二十五课 — 战斗任务
The instructor will only give the question paper to the players / let the players turn to the online question page right before the 20-minute countdown starts. 教师将在 20 分钟倒计时开始之前才向学生发放试题 / 开放在线试题页面。
Tagging rules in effect this Hour本课生效的标注规则
Task: identify all verbs (finite + infinitives + participles) AND identify all gerund / gerundive forms. The "road to Alesia" passage is dense in these -nd- forms because Caesar's narrative of strategic motion uses constructions like ad X-andum "for the purpose of X-ing" and ablative gerunds of means ("by X-ing").
- Rule #1 — Indicative. Carried.
- Rule #2 — Subjunctive. vidērētur (s. 6, sī-clause); omitterētur (s. 6, ut-clause); cōnsulerētur (s. 7, ut-clause).
- Rule #3 — Connective yellow (carried). Quae (s. 6); Quā (s. 12).
- Rule #4 — Infinitive. incendī (s. 1, pres. pass. infin.); sustinēre, posse (s. 2); parāre (s. 4); omittere (s. 6); cēdere (s. 10).
- Rule #5 — Participle. Many in abl. abs.: persuāsīs, cognitīs, missīs, vīsō, perfectō, excitātīs, perterritī, incēnsī, comitantibus.
- Rule #7 — Noun-adj phrase. Carried.
- Rule #8 — Abl. abs. Multiple: ss. 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
- Rule #9 — Noun-case ★. Carried.
New this hour: the Battle Task's second toggle isolates gerund and gerundive forms — Wheelock-Ch.24 morphological focus. Both end in -nd- but do different things: the gerund is a verbal noun ("the act of fighting"), the gerundive a verbal adjective in passive agreement ("the town to be captured"). 21 clickable targets — 7 pure gerunds + 14 gerundives — distributed across the 12-sentence passage.
任务：识别所有动词（限定式 + 不定式），并识别所有第五变格法名词形式。阿瓦里库姆段落第五变格法形式异常密集，围城叙事依赖于"日数"（diē）、"情形"（rēs）、"希望"（spēs）与"信任"（fidēs）的语言。
- 规则 #1，直陈式。沿用。
- 规则 #2，虚拟式。vidērētur, omitterētur, cōnsulerētur。
- 规则 #3，连接黄色（沿用）。Quae（第 6 句）；Quā（第 12 句）。
- 规则 #4，不定式。incendī, sustinēre, posse, parāre, omittere, cēdere。
- 规则 #5，分词。persuāsīs, cognitīs, missīs, vīsō, perfectō, excitātīs, perterritī, incēnsī, comitantibus。
- 规则 #7，名词-形容词短语。沿用。
- 规则 #8，绝对夺格。本段多处。
- 规则 #9，名词关注格 ★。沿用。
本课新增：战斗任务的第二个切换专用于第五变格法名词形式。本段共 13 处可点击目标。
Mission — Identify all verbs, and the gerund / gerundive forms任务，识别所有动词，并识别所有动名词／动名形容词形式
Set the mode, then click words. Click again to deselect.先选择下方模式，然后点击单词。再次点击可取消选择。
20:00
1 Caesar, [Gergoviā repulsus], in fīnēs Aeduōrum cōpiās duxit: nam ad bellum perpetuandum operae sociōrum erant necessāriae.
2 Aeduī, [ā Litaviccō decepti], Rōmānōs deseruerant; Noviodūnum, oppidum frūmentī commeandi fīrmum, diripiendum ceperant.
3 Vercingetorix cōnsilium obstruendi Caesarī habebat: oppida destruenda, pontēs interrumpendi, agrī vastandi.
4 Caesar, [hīs comprehensis], magnā celeritāte ad rem frūmentāriam providendam exercitum movit, atque Labienum, [redeuntem], repperit.
5 Per multōs diēs iter faciundo Rōmānī iam ad Sēquanōs accesserant: necesse erat2 continenter ad pugnandum parātōs procedere.
6 Vercingetorix, [multīs nōvīs cōpiīs Gallicīs auctus], in colle prope iter Caesaris castra posuit: occāsiō equestris proeliī faciendi sē offerebat.
7 Caesar equitēs in trēs partēs divisit: ūnam ad hostium frontem invadendam, duās aliās ad latera Gallōrum circumvenienda.
8 Diem magnam partem pugnando consumpserunt: Gallī, [in angustīs locīs constipati], multitūdinis suae ūsum efficere nōn poterant.
9 Tandem nostrī, [hostem vexando et tergum eius petendo], aciem Gallōrum fregerunt: omnēs ad fugam versisunt.
10 Vercingetorix, reliquiās exercitūs collectas in Alesiam, oppidum Mandubiōrum, deduxit: Alesia, [in colle ēditō posita], ad nōvam obsidiōnem temptandam idōnea erat3.
11 Caesar, [hostibus fugientibus instans], Alesiam obsidendam constituit: nam tempus erat4 ipsīus Vercingetorīgis capiendi, nē iterum effugiendi facultās daretur.
12 Hīc inceptus erat5 ultimus cursus: Alesia, [ad Galliam capiendam idōnea], tōtīus bellī summam continebat. Mēnsis erat6 September annī LII ante Chrīstum nātum.
Hour 25 — Result & Debrief第二十五课 — 战果与汇报
Submit the Battle Task above to see your score here.提交上方的战斗任务即可在此查看分数。
Hour 25 — Screening第二十五课 — 影片放映
Following the 20-minute countdown, the instructor announces the answer key, then 5-minute Q&A, then the film clip.20 分钟倒计时结束后，教师宣布答案，再进行 5 分钟问答，然后播放影片片段。
Film clip (proposed):推荐影片片段：
For the cavalry encirclement: Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) — Rohirrim charge at Helm's Deep dawn, the canonical "cavalry breaks the line" cinematic moment. For the strategic-pivot dynamic: Master and Commander (2003) — the chase becomes the trap. For the historical site: aerial drone footage of Mont Auxois (Alesia) — visible the geography that made it indefensible once besieged. Subject to instructor confirmation.
骑兵合围：《指环王：双塔奇兵》（2002）——圣盔谷黎明的骠骑冲锋，"骑兵破阵"的经典电影画面。战略转折动态：《怒海争锋》（2003）——追逐转为陷阱。历史遗址：奥克索瓦山（阿莱西亚）的无人机航拍，可见使其一旦被围便无可守的地形。由教师确认。
Discussion课堂讨论
- After Gergovia, Vercingetorix seemed to have momentum: the Aedui defected, Caesar's grain depot fell, central Gaul was nominally Gallic again. Why did Vercingetorix choose to risk a decisive cavalry battle near Dijon (DBG 7.66–67) rather than continue the scorched-earth strategy that had worked all year? Was it overconfidence, miscalculation, or political pressure from his new allies? 热尔戈维亚之后，维钦格托里克斯似乎握有势头：埃杜伊叛变、凯撒粮库陷落、中部高卢名义上重归高卢手中。他为何选择在第戎附近冒险进行决定性骑兵会战（DBG 7.66–67），而不延续年初奏效的焦土战略？是过度自信、误判，还是来自新盟友的政治压力？
- Caesar's response to the Aeduan defection was speed, not vengeance: he marched away, rejoined Labienus, resupplied, returned. Compare this with Hour 18 (the punitive expedition against the Eburones), where Caesar responded to defection with extermination. What changed? 凯撒对埃杜伊叛变的反应是速度，而非复仇：他撤退、与拉比埃努斯会合、补给、再回。请与第十八课（对埃布隆尼斯的惩戒远征）比较，彼时凯撒以灭绝回应叛变。何以变了？
- The cavalry battle was won by Germanic horse — auxiliaries Caesar had recruited from across the Rhine. Discuss the irony: the Germans Caesar described ethnographically as stateless raiders (Hours 19, 22) are now the decisive Roman force. What does this tell you about Roman military integration? 骑兵会战由日耳曼骑，凯撒自莱茵河彼岸所征募的辅助军决胜。请讨论其讽刺：凯撒在民族志中描述为无国家劫掠者的日耳曼人（第十九、二十二课），如今竟是罗马决胜之兵。这对罗马军队之整合说明何事？
- Sentence 12: Hīc inceptus erat ultimus cursus "Here had begun the final course." Caesar uses the pluperfect inceptus erat — implying that by the time he is writing the commentāriī (winter 52/51 BC), he already knows what will happen at Alesia. How does retrospective certainty shape Caesar's prose? 第 12 句：Hīc inceptus erat ultimus cursus"此处开始最终之进程"。凯撒用过去完成时 inceptus erat，暗示在他撰写commentāriī之时（公元前 52–51 年冬），他已知道阿莱西亚将如何收尾。事后的确定性如何塑造凯撒的散文？
- The gerund / gerundive distinction is famously the hardest piece of first-year Latin grammar. Why is the distinction worth preserving in modern teaching? Could we just teach it as "all -nd- forms mean about the same thing"? What semantic precision would we lose? 动名词与动名形容词之分，是第一年拉丁语最难的语法点。此区分为何值得在现代教学中坚持？可否仅以"所有 -nd- 形式义大致相同"代替？若如此，将丧失何种语义精度？
Intermission课间休息
Break before Hour 26 (the great siege of Alesia — Wheelock Ch. 25, Infinitives & Indirect Statement).第二十六课（阿莱西亚大围攻，韦洛克第二十五章，不定式与间接叙述）开始前的课间。
🗺 Campaign Map & Cursus Honōrum战役地图与晋升阶梯
How advancement works in this course. Rank is reserved for completion of whole DBG books (8 books → 8 promotions). Dōna mīlitāria — Roman military decorations — are awarded for each individual battle (Hour). The default rank cap is Centuriō / 百夫长, reached after Book 7. To rise to Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 or Lēgātus Legiōnis / 军团长, the student must accumulate sufficient dōna through the course.本课晋升机制。军衔（rank）专留给完整通读《高卢战记》之卷（八卷 → 八次晋升）。Dōna mīlitāria，罗马军事勋章，为每场单独战役（课时）所授。百夫长（Centuriō）是默认晋升上限，完成第七卷可达。要晋升至统领（Tribūnus Mīlitum）或军团长（Lēgātus Legiōnis），学生须于课程中累积足够 dōna。
The Cursus Honōrum — 10 ranks, 8 promotions晋升阶梯，十级军衔，八次晋升
- Tīrō 新兵recruit (course start)新兵（课程开始时的起点）
- Mīles 军团兵legionary (after Book 1)军团兵（完成第一卷后）
- Immūnis 免役兵specialist exempt from fatigues (Book 2)免役兵：具专长免劳役（第二卷后）
- Tesserārius 持牌兵watchword-keeper (Book 3)持牌兵：传递口令（第三卷后）
- Optiō 副百夫长centurion's deputy (Book 4)副百夫长：百夫长副手（第四卷后）
- Signifer 掌旗官standard-bearer of a century (Book 5)掌旗官：百人队旗手（第五卷后）
- Aquilifer 鹰旗官eagle-bearer of the legion (Book 6)鹰旗官：军团鹰旗持有者（第六卷后）
- Centuriō 百夫长commander of a century — DEFAULT CAP (Book 7)百夫长：百人队长，默认上限（第七卷后）
- Tribūnus Mīlitum 统领unlocked at Book 8 + ≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna解锁条件：完成第八卷 + 累积 ≥20 项 dōna + ≥1 顶冠
- Lēgātus Legiōnis 军团长all 28 dōna + Corōna Obsidiōnālis + Corōna Triumphālis集齐 28 项 dōna，含解围冠与凯旋冠
Dōna mīlitāria — one per HourDōna mīlitāria，每课时各授一项
T1 · Major corōnaeT1 · 至尊冠
T2 · Specialty corōnaeT2 · 专项冠
T3 · Officer-grade (hasta, vēxillum)T3 · 军官级（净矛、军旗）
T4 · Lower (torques, armillae, phalerae)T4 · 低级（项圈、臂环、胸牌）
T5 · Memorial (Roman defeats)T5 · 哀悼（罗马败战）
T6 · Scholastic (excurses)T6 · 学术（插段）
| # | Battle / Topic战役／主题 | Dōnum勋章 | Rationale缘由 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Battle of the Arar阿拉河战役 | Torques argenteae ／银项圈 | Opening ambush of the Tigurine quarter — modest field action.开战之伏击，规模适中。 |
| 2 | Battle of Bibracte比布拉克特战役 | Armillae ／银臂环 | First major set-piece engagement.首次大型会战。 |
| 3 | Battle of Vosges沃日山战役 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Closing battle of Book 1 — Ariovistus routed.第一卷收束：击溃阿里奥维斯图斯。 |
| END OF Book 1 · Helvetian War — Hours 1–3第一卷 · 赫尔维提战争（1–3）结束 → Mīles / 军团兵→ 晋升 Mīles／军团兵 | |||
| 4 | Battle of the Axona阿克索纳战役 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Ford engagement, encumbered enemy slaughtered.浅滩遭遇战，敌于河中受困被歼。 |
| 5 | Battle of the Sabis萨比斯战役 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar enters the line personally to save his legion — citizens saved (Maxfield p.68).凯撒亲入战阵救援军团，拯救公民（Maxfield 第 68 页）。 |
| 6 | Siege of the Atuatuci阿杜亚图基围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | First siege of the course — first up the wall.课程首次围城，首先登上城墙。 |
| END OF Book 2 · Belgic Campaign — Hours 4–6第二卷 · 贝尔盖战役（4–6）结束 → Immūnis / 免役兵→ 晋升 Immūnis／免役兵 | |||
| 7 | Battle of Octodurus屋大都鲁斯之战 | Corōna Castrēnsis ／军营冠 | Galba defends camp against ambush — first into the enemy camp at counter-attack.伽尔巴守营抗伏击，反扑时率先入敌营。 |
| 8 | Battle of Quiberon Bay基伯龙湾海战 | Corōna Navālis ／海军冠 | First naval engagement — first to board an enemy ship.首次海战，首先登上敌舰。 |
| 9 | Crassus's Aquitanian Camp.克拉苏的阿基坦战役 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | Crassus, a young officer, wins his independent campaign — gold crown for valor.小克拉苏年纪轻轻独立战胜，金冠表勇。 |
| END OF Book 3 · Coast & Aquitania — Hours 7–9第三卷 · 海岸与阿基坦（7–9）结束 → Tesserārius / 持牌兵→ 晋升 Tesserārius／持牌兵 | |||
| 10 | Usipetes & Tencteri乌西佩特斯与滕克特里 | Torques aureae duae ／一对金项圈 | Mass action against two German tribes; controversial.对二日耳曼部族之大规模行动；颇具争议。 |
| 11 | First Rhine Crossing首次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Engineering theater — the ten-day pile-bridge.工程剧场：十日内造起木桩桥。 |
| 12 | First Invasion of Britain首次入侵不列颠 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | The aquilifer of the Tenth leaps with the eagle — gold crown (Maxfield p.79).第十军团掌旗官携鹰跃入海，金冠（Maxfield 第 79 页）。 |
| END OF Book 4 · Rhine & Britain I — Hours 10–12第四卷 · 莱茵河与首征不列颠（10–12）结束 → Optiō / 副百夫长→ 晋升 Optiō／副百夫长 | |||
| 13 | Ambush at Atuatuca阿杜阿都加伏击 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Roman defeat — Sabinus & Cotta killed; memorial decoration for survivors.罗马败战，萨宾努斯与科塔阵亡；幸存者得哀悼臂环。 |
| 14 | Second Invasion of Britain第二次入侵不列颠 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Larger fleet, river crossing, Cassivellaunus engaged.舰队壮大、渡泰晤士、对阵卡西维劳努斯。 |
| 15 | Ethnography of Britain不列颠民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Tacitean excursus — no battle, scholarly stipend awarded.塔西陀插段，非战斗，授学术津贴。 |
| 16 | Britain II: Climate不列颠之二：气候 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Second Tacitean excursus on geography.塔西陀第二段：地理。 |
| 17 | Siege of Cicero's Camp西塞罗营垒被围 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar relieves Cicero's winter camp — citizens saved.凯撒解围西塞罗冬营，拯救公民。 |
| END OF Book 5 · Britain II & Disasters — Hours 13–17第五卷 · 第二次入侵不列颠与挫败（13–17）结束 → Signifer / 掌旗官→ 晋升 Signifer／掌旗官 | |||
| 18 | Eburones Punitive Expedition对埃布隆尼斯人的惩戒 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Revenge for Atuatuca — extensive plunder and destruction.为阿杜阿都加复仇，大规模劫掠破坏。 |
| 19 | Second Rhine Crossing第二次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Repeat engineering theater — another pile-bridge.再演工程剧场，又造一桥。 |
| 20 | Atuatuca Garrison Attacked阿杜阿都加守备遭袭 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Cicero saves the garrison — citizens saved.西塞罗救守备，拯救公民。 |
| 21 | Ethnography of the Galli高卢人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Gauls' Druids/Knights/plebs — no battle.高卢德鲁伊、骑士、平民，非战斗。 |
| 22 | Ethnography of the Germani日耳曼人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Inverse-Gauls stereotype — no battle.高卢之反面刻板印象，非战斗。 |
| END OF Book 6 · Vengeance & Ethnography — Hours 18–22第六卷 · 复仇与民族志（18–22）结束 → Aquilifer / 鹰旗官→ 晋升 Aquilifer／鹰旗官 | |||
| 23 | Siege of Avaricum阿瓦里库姆围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | 25-day siege, walls stormed under cover of rain.25 日围城，雨中破城。 |
| 24 | Defeat at Gergovia热尔戈维亚的败战 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Caesar's only acknowledged defeat — 46 centurions killed.凯撒唯一承认之败战——46 名百夫长阵亡。 |
| 25 | Road to Alesia通往阿莱西亚之路 | Hasta Pūra ／净矛 | Labienus and the German cavalry break Vercingetorix's mobility — officer-grade dōnum.拉比埃努斯与日耳曼骑兵击碎维钦格托里克斯之机动，军官级 dōnum。 |
| 26 | Siege of Alesia阿莱西亚围攻 | Corōna Obsidiōnālis ／解围冠 | Caesar's masterpiece — the double ring relieves nothing; he breaks the relief instead. Highest possible decoration.凯撒之杰作，双重防线击破援军。古罗马最高荣誉。 |
| END OF Book 7 · The Great Revolt — Hours 23–26第七卷 · 大起义（23–26）结束 → Centuriō / 百夫长 (DEFAULT CAP)→ 晋升 Centuriō／百夫长（默认上限） | |||
| 27 | Uxellodunum & Aftermath乌克塞洛杜诺姆与战后 | Vēxillum ／军旗 | Caesar's final field command of the Gallic war — senior officer's banner.凯撒在高卢战争中之最后野战指挥，高级军官之军旗。 |
| 28 | Capstone: Rubicon to Ides总章：自卢比孔至三月之中 | Corōna Triumphālis ／凯旋冠 | Caesar's quadruple triumph (46 BC) — laurel crown of the triumphātor.凯撒四重凯旋（公元前 46 年）——凯旋者所戴桂冠。 |
| END OF Book 8 (Hirtius) & Capstone — Hours 27–28第八卷（希尔提乌斯）与总章（27–28）结束 → gated: Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 (≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna) OR Lēgātus / 军团长 (all 28 dōna + Obsidiōnālis + Triumphālis)→ 解锁条件：Tribūnus Mīlitum／统领（≥20 项 dōna ＋ ≥1 顶冠）；或 Lēgātus／军团长（28 项 dōna 全集，含解围冠与凯旋冠） | |||
Source.来源。 The hierarchy of dōna mīlitāria used here follows Valerie A. Maxfield, The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (London: Batsford, 1981) — the standard modern reference. Maxfield documents that corōnae were stratified by feat (mūrālis for first up the wall, navālis for first to board, obsidiōnālis for raising a siege, etc.), while torques, armillae, and phalerae were the routine awards for soldiers and centurions. Maxfield also notes (p. 251) that Caesar himself used promotion as a substitute for decoration — the system this course follows in reverse: decorations for battles, promotion for completing books.Dōna mīlitāria 的等级体系本课程依据 Valerie A. Maxfield《The Military Decorations of the Roman Army》（London: Batsford, 1981）——该领域之标准现代参考。Maxfield 详述：corōnae 按功勋分级（城墙冠予首登墙者、海军冠予首登敌舰者、解围冠予救援被围之军者，等等）；而 torques、armillae、phalerae 为士兵与百夫长之常规奖励。Maxfield 又指出（第 251 页），凯撒本人即以晋升代替勋章：而本课程恰反其道而行：勋章授与战役，晋升保留给读完一卷。