1
flūmen, flūminis n.
river河流
About the Course关于本课程
This innovative, game-based, elective first-year Latin course reimagines the traditional language-learning experience. The course is divided into two 15-week semesters: the first semester focuses exclusively on Caesar's De Bello Gallico, and the second semester centers on De Bello Civili.
Game-Based Latin I — Dual-Identity System
To fully immerse students in the experience, the course employs a dual-identity system. For formal academic assessments, grading, and official communication with the instructor, students will use their real names and student IDs. However, for the gamified components of the course, each student will select a specific character from a historical roster provided by the instructor. As we follow the narrative arc and scenarios of Caesar's commentaries, students will navigate different battle scenes and compete under their chosen aliases, aiming for the overall end-of-semester championship.
While the grammar progression strictly follows the foundational framework of Wheelock's Latin, the vocabulary and reading passages are entirely Caesarian. Caesar is the gold standard for completing year-one Latin; by diving straight into the heart of his works, we eliminate the traditional "bridging" effort usually required to connect introductory grammar studies with authentic reading courses.
The "Battle" Methodology
Caesar's Commentaries are, at their core, military reports. These tactical topics provide fantastic source material for game design. This course allows students to explore authentic language materials through time-limited, battle-scene-structured linguistic tasks.
Classes meet for two hours per week. Each 50-minute block centers around a ~200-word passage drawn from the most famous battle scenes in Caesar's works. The class time is meticulously structured to maximize engagement:
10 min
The Briefing.
The instructor introduces the historical context of the battle scene, explains the
targeted grammar concept, provides necessary instructions, and starts the timer.
20 min
The Battle Task.
Students execute a highly focused linguistic task. To prevent cognitive overload, all
necessary vocabulary and information beyond the specific linguistic target are
provided. At the end of the timer, students submit their results via an online,
real-time scoring system.
5 min
Result & Score.
The instructor announces the answers and points out key method for analysis.
15 min
The Debrief & Culture.
The instructor plays a curated 3–5-minute clip from historically relevant films to
bring the text to life. The remainder of the session is dedicated to cultural
exploration, where students can ask questions, discuss the passage, or search for
available materials for further study.
Modular & Accessible Learning
The core linguistic tasks — such as mastering 1st conjugation morphology, verb personal endings, or 1st declension noun suffixes — mirror the chapter-by-chapter progression of Wheelock's Latin. However, unlike traditional methods where difficulty strictly accumulates and compounds, every 20-minute task in this course is designed to be modular and independent. Absolute beginners can experience the mechanics of the Latin language and Roman culture with a comparatively low level of intellectual pressure. Simultaneously, students interested in a traditional, rigorous mastery of Latin can study progressively alongside the course, with the instructor providing dedicated supervision and feedback for their work.
Technology & Collaboration
To facilitate the gamified environment, students are required to bring their own internet-enabled devices to access our real-time task scoring system (e.g., Wenjuanxing / Cloud Polling). Additionally, the course heavily utilizes cloud collaboration: a Public Cloud Document open to all course members for open Q&A regarding texts, grammar, and culture; and a Private Cloud Document in which each student maintains a private, shared folder with the instructor to upload notes and assignments for assessment.
Course Assessment
Grading for the course is divided into three key components:
- Class Attendance & Task Performance. Based on participation and scores from the 20-minute battle tasks.
- Term Project. A comprehensive project exploring Roman history, culture, or language.
- Final Exam. A multiple-choice assessment testing linguistic knowledge and the comprehension of Caesar's works.
这是一门创新的、以游戏为基础的、可选修的第一年拉丁语课程，重新构想了传统的语言学习体验。课程分为两个为期15周的学期：第一学期专注于凯撒的《高卢战记》（De Bello Gallico），第二学期则以《内战记》（De Bello Civili）为中心。
游戏化拉丁语 I — 双重身份系统
为了让学生充分沉浸于课程体验，本课程采用双重身份系统。在正式的学业评估、评分以及与教师的官方交流中，学生使用真实姓名和学号。但在课程的游戏化环节中，每位学生将从教师提供的历史角色名册中选择一位特定人物作为化名。当我们跟随凯撒《战记》的叙事脉络与场景推进时，学生将以所选化名参与不同的战斗场面，争夺学期末的总冠军。
语法进度严格遵循韦洛克拉丁语（Wheelock's Latin）的基础框架，但词汇与阅读段落完全取自凯撒。凯撒是完成第一年拉丁语学习的黄金标准；通过直接进入他作品的核心，我们消除了传统上将入门语法学习与真实阅读课程衔接时所需的"过渡"步骤。
"战斗"教学法
凯撒的《战记》本质上是军事报告。这些战术性主题为游戏设计提供了极佳的素材。本课程让学生通过限时的、以战斗场景结构化的语言任务来探索真实的语言材料。
每周上课两小时。每节50分钟围绕约200字的段落展开，取自凯撒作品中最著名的战斗场景。课堂时间精心设计以最大化参与度：
10 分钟
战前简报。教师介绍战斗场景的历史背景，解释目标语法概念，提供必要说明，并启动计时器。
20 分钟
战斗任务。学生执行高度集中的语言任务。为防止认知超载，所有超出特定语言目标的必要词汇与信息均已提供。计时结束时，学生通过在线实时评分系统提交结果。
5 分钟
结果与得分。教师宣布答案并指出分析要点。
15 分钟
总结与文化。教师播放精心挑选的3–5分钟历史相关电影片段，让文本鲜活起来。其余时间用于文化探索：学生可提问、讨论段落，或寻找进一步学习的资料。
模块化与可达成的学习
核心语言任务，如掌握第一变位法（1st conjugation）形态、动词人称词尾、第一变格名词后缀，与韦洛克拉丁语的章节进度一一对应。然而，与传统方法（难度严格累积）不同，本课程的每个20分钟任务都设计为模块化且独立的。完全的初学者能以相对较低的智力压力体验拉丁语的运作机制与罗马文化；同时，志在严格掌握拉丁语的学生可与课程同步深入学习，教师为其提供专门的督导与反馈。
技术与协作
为支持游戏化环境，学生须携带能上网的设备访问实时任务评分系统（如问卷星 / 云投票）。课程同时大量使用云协作：开放给全体成员的公共云文档用于文本、语法、文化的开放式问答；每位学生与教师共享的私人云文档用于上传笔记与作业以供评估。
课程评估
成绩由三部分构成：
- 课堂出勤与任务表现：基于参与度与20分钟战斗任务的得分。
- 学期项目：探索罗马历史、文化或语言的综合项目。
- 期末考试：测试语言知识与对凯撒作品理解的选择题考试。
Hour 1 — Briefing第一课 — 战前简报
Setting: 58 BCE, Commentāriī Dē Bellō Gallicō
In the opening chapters of De Bello Gallico, Caesar describes Gaul as divided into three parts: the Belgae, the Aquitani, and the Celts (Gauls). He identifies the Helvetii as the most courageous, constantly warring with neighboring Germans. Driven by the ambition of the nobleman Orgetorix, the Helvetii plan a massive migration to conquer all of Gaul. Following Orgetorix's mysterious death, the tribe continues their exodus, burning their homes to prevent retreat. Caesar, alerted to their plan to cross the Roman Province, rushes to Geneva. He employs strategic delays and fortifications to block their path, forcing the Helvetii to negotiate transit through the lands of the Sequani and Haedui instead.
Hour 1: Battle of the Arar (Saône) — Source: DBG 1.12
"There is a river [called] the Arar, which flows through the territories of the Haedui and the Sequani into the Rhone with incredible slowness, such that it cannot be determined by the eyes in which direction it flows. The Helvetii were crossing this by means of rafts and boats joined together. When Caesar was informed by scouts that the Helvetii had already led three parts of their forces across that river, but that the fourth part truly remained on this side of the river Arar, having set out from the camp during the third watch with three legions, he reached that part which had not yet crossed the river. Attacking them while they were hampered and unsuspecting, he cut down a great part of them; the rest committed themselves to flight and hid in the nearby woods. This canton was called the Tigurinus; for the entire Helvetian state is divided into four cantons. This one canton, when it had set out from home within the memory of our fathers, had killed the consul Lucius Cassius and had sent his army under the yoke. Thus, whether by chance or by the design of the immortal gods, that part of the Helvetian state which had brought a signal calamity upon the Roman people was the first to pay the penalty. In this matter, Caesar avenged not only public but also private wrongs, because the Tigurini had killed the legate Lucius Piso, the grandfather of his father-in-law Lucius Piso, in the same battle in which they had killed Cassius."
Grammar target: the verb and its personal endings
A verb has 4 principal parts: present 1st person singular, infinitive, perfect 1st person singular, past passive participle. For example, the most frequent irregular verbs are "to be" and "to be able." Their 4 principal parts are as below:
- sum, esse, fuī, futūrus — to be
- possum, posse, potuī — to be able
Many of a time you will see a verb with personal endings. There are 6 personal endings for verbs in Latin:
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | -ō / -m | -mus |
| 2nd | -s | -tis |
| 3rd | -t | -nt |
Connection to Wheelock. This hour pairs with Wheelock Chapter 1
— Verbs; First and Second Conjugations: Present Infinitive, Indicative, and
Imperative Active, and with Wheelock Chapter 4 — Indicative of Sum
(Wheelock's Latin, 6th edn. revised, LaFleur 2005, pp. 2–3 and p. 26). Read those
pages before class.
Today's task. With the translation and vocabulary provided, identify all of the verbs in the given Latin passage and answer the questions about the text. For students who pass the first task within 20 minutes, or who have learnt Latin, they can move on to the translation section.
背景设定：公元前58年，《高卢战记》（Commentāriī Dē Bellō Gallicō）
《高卢战记》开篇章节中，凯撒将高卢（Gaul）描述为分为三部分：比利时人（Belgae）、阿基坦人（Aquitani）、凯尔特人（Celts，即高卢人 Gauls）。他指出赫尔维提人（Helvetii）最为勇猛，不断与邻近的日耳曼人作战。在贵族奥格托里克斯（Orgetorix）的野心驱使下，赫尔维提人计划大规模迁徙以征服整个高卢。奥格托里克斯神秘死亡后，部落继续他们的迁徙，烧毁家园以断退路。凯撒得知他们计划越过罗马行省（Roman Province，今普罗旺斯一带）后，急赴日内瓦（Geneva）。他采取战略性拖延和构筑工事来阻挡他们，迫使赫尔维提人转而通过塞夸尼人（Sequani）和爱杜威人（Haedui）的领地通过。
第一课：阿拉河（索恩河）战役，出处：DBG 1.12
"有一条名为阿拉（Arar，今索恩河 Saône）的河流，流经爱杜威人和塞夸尼人的领地汇入罗讷河（Rhodanus），水流极其缓慢，以致用眼睛无法判断它流向哪个方向。赫尔维提人正用木筏（ratis）和绑在一起的小船（linter）渡河。当凯撒经由侦察兵（explōrātor）得知赫尔维提人已经将四分之三的军队带过此河、但确有第四部分留在阿拉河此岸时，他在第三夜更（tertia vigilia）时从军营出发，带着三个军团（legiōnēs trēs），到达尚未渡河的那部分敌军。在他们受阻而毫无防备（impedītōs et inopīnantēs）之时发起攻击，凯撒砍倒了他们当中很大一部分；其余的人投身于逃跑（fuga），躲入附近的森林。这一氏族被称为提古林尼（Tigurinus）；因为整个赫尔维提国家分为四个氏族（pāgī）。这一氏族，在我们父辈的记忆中，曾从家乡出发，杀死了执政官（cōnsul）路奇乌斯·卡西乌斯（Lucius Cassius），并使其军队从轭下通过（sub iugum mittere，罗马军事中最大的耻辱仪式之一）。因此，无论是出于偶然还是不朽诸神的安排，赫尔维提国家中那部分曾给罗马人民带来重大灾难的，第一个为之付出了代价。在这件事上，凯撒不仅报复了公共的，也报复了私人的冤屈：因为提古林尼人曾在杀死卡西乌斯的同一场战斗中，杀死了使节（lēgātus）路奇乌斯·皮索，凯撒岳父路奇乌斯·皮索的祖父。"
本课语法目标：动词及其人称词尾
一个拉丁语动词有 4 个主要部分（principal parts）：现在时第一人称单数（present 1st person sg.）、不定式（infinitive 不定式）、完成时第一人称单数（perfect 1st person sg.）、过去被动分词（past passive participle 过去被动分词）。例如，最常见的两个不规则动词是"是"和"能够"。它们的四个主要部分如下：
- sum, esse, fuī, futūrus，是（to be）
- possum, posse, potuī，能够（to be able）
很多时候你会看到带有人称词尾（personal endings）的动词。拉丁语动词共有6 个人称词尾：
| 人称 | 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|---|
| 第一人称（I / we） | -ō / -m | -mus |
| 第二人称（you / you all） | -s | -tis |
| 第三人称（he, she, it / they） | -t | -nt |
与韦洛克拉丁语的对应。本课与韦洛克拉丁语第一章，动词；第一与第二变位法：现在时不定式、直陈式与命令式主动态（Verbs; First & Second Conjugations: Present Infinitive, Indicative, and Imperative Active），以及韦洛克第四章——Sum 的直陈式（Indicative of Sum）相对应（《韦洛克拉丁语》第6版修订版，LaFleur 2005，第 2–3 页与第 26 页）。课前请先阅读这些页码。
今日任务。使用所提供的英文翻译和词汇表，识别给定拉丁语段落中的所有动词，并回答有关文本的问题。在 20 分钟内完成第一项任务的学生（或已学过拉丁语的学生），可进入翻译练习部分。
Hour 1 — Passage: De Bello Gallico 1.12
Scaffolding level:
Codebook tags:
Personal endings:
1 Flūmen est Arar.
2 Arar per fīnēs Haeduōrum et Sēquanōrum in Rhodanum influit.
3 Oculīs in utram partem fluat iūdicārī nōn potest.
4 Id Helvētiī ratibus ac lintribus iūnctīs trānseunt.
5 Caesar certior factus est.
6 Trēs partēs cōpiārum Helvētiōrum id flūmen trādūcunt.
7 Quārta vērō pars citrā flūmen Ararim reliqua est.
8 Dē tertiā vigiliā cum legiōnibus tribus ē castrīs proficīscitur et ad eam partem pervenit.
9 Id nōndum flūmen trānsit.
10 Eōs impedītōs et inopīnantēs adoritur et māgnam partem eōrum concīdit.
11 Reliquī sēsē fugae mandant atque in proximās silvās abdunt.
12 Is pāgus appellātur Tigurīnus.
13 Omnis cīvitās Helvētia in quattuor pāgōs dīvīsa est.
14 Hic pāgus ūnus patrum nostrōrum memoriā Lūcium Cassium cōnsulem interficit et eius exercitum sub iugum mittit.
15 Ita sīve cāsū sīve cōnsiliō deōrum immortālium, quae pars cīvitātis Helvētiae īnsīgnem calamitātem populō Rōmānō infert, ea prīnceps poenās persolvit.
16 Quā in rē Caesar nōn sōlum pūblicās, sed etiam prīvātās iniūriās ulcīscitur, quod Tigurīnī Cassium Lūcium Pīsōnemque interficiunt.
1. There is a river (called) the Arar.
2. The Arar flows into the Rhone through the territories of the Haedui and the Sequani.
3. It cannot be judged by the eyes in which direction it flows.
4. The Helvetii cross this (river) by rafts and boats joined together.
5. Caesar has been informed.
6. Three parts of the forces of the Helvetii lead that river across (themselves).
7. The fourth part, however, remains on this side of the river Arar.
8. From the third watch, with three legions, he sets out from the camp, and arrives at that part.
9. It has not yet crossed the river.
10. He attacks them while they are hampered and unsuspecting, and cuts down a great part of them.
11. The rest commit themselves to flight and hide in the nearest woods.
12. This canton is called the Tigurinus.
13. The whole Helvetian state is divided into four cantons.
14. This one canton, within the memory of our fathers, killed the consul Lucius Cassius and sent his army under the yoke.
15. Thus, whether by chance or by the design of the immortal gods, that part of the Helvetian state which brought a signal calamity upon the Roman people was the first to pay the penalty in full.
16. In this matter Caesar avenges not only public but also private wrongs, because the Tigurini kill Cassius (Lucius) and Piso.
Latin text follows the source-document chunking (sentences 1–16, DBG 1.12). Editions consulted per the course bibliography: T. R. Holmes (Oxford, 1914) and W. Duncan, The Commentaries of Caesar (St. Louis, 1856).
Hour 1 — Vocabulary第一课 — 词汇表
All vocabulary and information beyond the specific linguistic target are provided in advance, per the course design. Read through the list before starting the Battle Task.根据课程设计，所有超出本课语言目标的词汇与信息均提前提供。请在开始战斗任务前通读本词汇表。
2
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
to be是；存在
3
Arar, Araris m.
the Arar (modern Saône) river阿拉河（今索恩河 Saône）
4
per prep. + acc.
through, across（介词+宾格）穿过、横越
5
fīnēs, fīnium m. pl.
borders, territory边境、领土（常作复数）
6
Haeduī, -ōrum m. pl.
the Haedui (a Gallic tribe)爱杜威人（一支高卢部落）
7
et conj.
and和、以及
8
Sēquanī, -ōrum m. pl.
the Sequani (a Gallic tribe)塞夸尼人（一支高卢部落）
9
in prep. + acc.
into（介词+宾格）进入、向
10
Rhodanus, -ī m.
the Rhone river罗讷河
11
īnfluō, īnfluere
to flow into流入、注入
12
incrēdibilis, -e
incredible, extraordinary难以置信的、非凡的
13
lēnitās, lēnitātis f.
smoothness, gentleness, slowness缓慢、平稳
14
ita adv.
so, in such a way（副词）如此、这样
15
ut conj.
that, so that（连词）以致、为了
16
oculus, -ī m.
eye眼睛
17
uter, utra, utrum
which (of two)（两者中的）哪一个
18
pars, partis f.
part, direction部分、方向、一边
19
fluō, fluere
to flow流动
20
iūdicō, iūdicāre
to judge, determine判断、决定
21
nōn adv.
not（副词）不、不是
22
possum, posse, potuī
to be able能够、能
23
is, ea, id dem. pron.
this, that, he, she, it（指示代词）这、那；他、她、它
24
Helvētiī, -ōrum m. pl.
the Helvetii赫尔维提人（高卢东部部落）
25
ratis, ratis f.
raft木筏
26
ac conj.
and（连词）和、与
27
linter, lintris f.
small boat, skiff, canoe小船、轻舟
28
iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctum
to join, fasten together连接、绑在一起
29
trāneō, trānsīre, trānsiī, trānsitum
to cross, go across（= trānseō）越过、穿越
30
ubi adv./conj.
when, where（副词/连词）当...时；在何处
31
explōrātor, explōrātōris m.
scout, spy侦察兵、密探
32
Caesar, Caesaris m.
Caesar凯撒（盖乌斯·尤利乌斯·凯撒）
33
certus, -a, -um
certain (often with fīerī: to be informed)确定的；certior fīerī = 被告知
34
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum
to make, do做、造
35
trēs, tria
three三
36
iam adv.
already, now（副词）已经、现在
37
cōpiae, -ārum f. pl.
forces, troops军队、部队（常作复数）
38
trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductum
to lead across带领过去、引渡
39
quārtus, -a, -um
fourth第四
40
vērō adv.
truly, however, but（副词）真的、然而、但是
41
citrā prep. + acc.
on this side of（介词+宾格）在...的此岸
42
reliquus, -a, -um
remaining, left over剩余的、剩下的
43
dē prep. + abl.
from, concerning, during（介词+夺格）从、关于、在...期间
44
tertius, -a, -um
third第三
45
vigilia, -ae f.
watch (a period of the night)更（罗马夜间分四更，每更约三小时）
46
cum prep. + abl.
with（介词+夺格）与、和
47
legiō, legiōnis f.
legion军团（罗马最大军事单位，约4000–6000人）
48
castra, -ōrum n. pl.
camp营地、军营（中性复数）
49
proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum
to set out, depart（异相动词）出发、起程
50
ad prep. + acc.
to, toward（介词+宾格）向、朝
51
perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum
to arrive, reach到达、抵达
52
nōndum adv.
not yet（副词）尚未
53
hic, haec, hoc dem. pron.
this（指示代词）这
54
impedītus, -a, -um
hindered, encumbered, burdened受阻的、受困的
55
inopīnāns, inopīnantis
unaware, not expecting毫无防备的、未预料的
56
adorior, adorīrī, adortus sum
to attack, rise up against（异相动词）攻击、突袭
57
māgnus, -a, -um
large, great大的、伟大的
58
concīdō, concīdere, concīdī, concīsum
to cut down, kill砍倒、杀死
59
suī, sibi, sē refl. pron.
himself, herself, itself, themselves（反身代词）他自己、她自己、他们自己
60
fuga, -ae f.
flight, escape逃跑、逃亡
61
mandō, mandāre
to commit, entrust托付、委托；sēsē fugae mandāre = 投身逃亡
62
atque conj.
and（连词）和、并且
63
proximus, -a, -um
nearest, very close最近的、紧邻的
64
silva, -ae f.
forest, woods森林、树林
65
abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditum
to hide, conceal藏起、隐匿
66
pāgus, -ī m.
district, canton, clan区、氏族（部落细分单位）
67
appellō, appellāre
to call, name称为、命名
68
Tigurīnus, -a, -um
Tigurine (a canton of the Helvetii)提古林尼的（赫尔维提的一个氏族）
69
nam conj.
for（连词）因为
70
omnis, -e
all, every, the whole所有的、每一个
71
cīvitās, cīvitātis f.
state, citizenship, community国家、城邦、公民团体
72
Helvētia, -ae f.
Helvetia赫尔维提（今瑞士一带）
73
quattuor
four四
74
dīvidō, dīvidere, dīvīsī, dīvīsum
to divide划分、分开
75
ūnus, -a, -um
one一
76
domus, -ūs f.
house, home家、房屋（第四变格）
77
exeō, exīre, exiī, exitum
to go out, depart出去、离开
78
pater, patris m.
father父亲
79
noster, nostra, nostrum
our我们的
80
memoria, -ae f.
memory, time记忆、时代
81
Lūcius Cassius, -ī m.
Lucius Cassius (Roman consul)路奇乌斯·卡西乌斯（罗马执政官）
82
cōnsul, cōnsulis m.
consul执政官（罗马最高政务官，年选两位）
83
interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectum
to kill杀死
84
eius gen. of is
his, her, its他的、她的、它的（is 的属格）
85
exercitus, -ūs m.
army军队
86
sub prep. + acc.
under（介词+宾格）在...之下
87
iugum, -ī n.
yoke轭（罗马军事屈辱仪式：败者列队从三支长枪搭成的拱下穿过）
88
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum
to send派遣、送
89
sīve... sīve... conj.
whether... or...不论是...还是...
90
cāsus, -ūs m.
chance, accident, misfortune偶然、意外、机遇
91
cōnsilium, -ī n.
plan, counsel, wisdom计划、谋略
92
deus, -ī m.
god神
93
immortālis, -e
immortal不朽的
94
īnsīgnis, -e
remarkable, notable, signal显著的、值得注意的
95
calamitās, calamitātis f.
disaster, misfortune灾难、不幸
96
populus, -ī m. · Rōmānus, -a, -um
people · Roman民众·罗马人（populus Rōmānus = 罗马人民）
97
inferō, inferre, intulī, illātum
to bring upon, inflict施加、加于
98
prīnceps, prīncipis
first, chief首要的、第一个
99
poena, -ae f.
punishment, penalty惩罚、刑罚
100
persolvō, persolvere, persolvī, persolūtum
to pay in full, suffer完全偿付、全数承担
101
rēs, reī f.
thing, matter, affair事物、事件、事务
102
sōlum adv.
only（副词）仅仅
103
pūblicus, -a, -um
public公共的
104
sed conj.
but（连词）但是
105
etiam adv.
also, even（副词）也、甚至
106
prīvātus, -a, -um
private, personal私人的、个人的
107
iniūria, -ae f.
injury, wrong, insult冤屈、伤害
108
ulcīscor, ulcīscī, ultus sum
to avenge, punish（异相动词）报复、雪恨
109
socer, socerī m.
father-in-law岳父
110
Lūcius Pīsō, Pīsōnis m.
Lucius Piso路奇乌斯·皮索（凯撒岳父之祖父）
111
avus, -ī m.
grandfather祖父
112
lēgātus, -ī m.
legate, lieutenant, envoy使节、副官
113
eōdem adv./adj.
in the same在同一（处）
114
proelium, -ī n.
battle战斗、战役
Hour 1 — Battle Task第一课 — 战斗任务
The instructor will only give the question paper to the players / let the players turn to the online question page right before the 20-minute countdown starts. 教师将在 20 分钟倒计时开始之前才向学生发放试题 / 开放在线试题页面。
Tagging rules in effect this Hour
Your task is to identify all the finite verbs in the passage — including both indicative and subjunctive forms (every verb that takes a personal ending: -t, -nt, -tur, -ntur, etc.). Four codebook rules fire in this hour; the rest are suppressed.
- Rule #1 — Indicative verb (red). The bulk of the verbs you must find: est, influit, potest, trānseunt, trādūcunt, proficīscitur, pervenit, trānsit, adoritur, concīdit, mandant, abdunt, appellātur, interficit, mittit, infert, persolvit, ulcīscitur, interficiunt. After you submit, every verb you correctly identified turns red per the codebook.
- Rule #2 — Subjunctive verb (white on black). One subjunctive appears: fluat in sentence 3 (inside an indirect question, in utram partem fluat). Subjunctives ARE finite verbs — count this one. Formal study of subjunctives waits for Year 2.
- Rule #4 — Infinitive (green). Infinitives like iūdicārī (s. 3, passive infinitive) are verb forms but not finite — they have no person ending. Do not tag them as verbs in the task. After grading, infinitives show in green for reference.
- Rule #5 — Participle (orange). Forms like dīvīsa, factus, impedītōs, inopīnantēs, reliqua, prīnceps are participles — verbal adjectives. They look verb-like but are NOT finite. Do not tag them. These are the main traps in this hour's task; many beginners mark factus as if it were a verb, when in fact it is the participle that combines with est in certior factus est (sentence 5) — there est is the finite verb and factus is its participle complement.
Suppressed this hour: rule #3 (yellow connectives — first fires Hour 17, relative pronoun), #6 (purple subject phrases — first fires Hour 11, personal pronouns), #7 (underlined noun-adj phrases — first fires Hour 4, Type 1 adjectives), #8 (bracketed ablative absolutes — first fires Hour 26, participles formally), #9 (★ noun-case stars — first fires Hour 2, 1st declension), #10 (shaded set phrases — instructor discretion). The Caesar text contains examples of all of these, but they are not yet given codebook color — you will encounter them in later hours.
本课生效的标注规则
你的任务是识别段落中所有限定动词（finite verbs，即带有人称词尾的动词，无论是直陈式还是虚拟式）。本课激活四条标注规则；其余规则暂时不启用。
- 规则 #1，直陈式动词（红色）。你必须找出的主要动词：est, influit, potest, trānseunt, trādūcunt, proficīscitur, pervenit, trānsit, adoritur, concīdit, mandant, abdunt, appellātur, interficit, mittit, infert, persolvit, ulcīscitur, interficiunt。提交后，每个正确识别的动词将按标注规则变为红色。
- 规则 #2，虚拟式动词（黑底白字）。本段中出现一个虚拟式：第 3 句中的 fluat（间接疑问句 in utram partem fluat"流向哪个方向"中的虚拟式）。虚拟式也是限定动词，计入。虚拟式的正式学习在第二年。
- 规则 #4，不定式（绿色）。如第 3 句中的 iūdicārī（被动不定式）是动词形式但不是限定动词，没有人称词尾。不要把它当作任务中的动词标出。评卷后，不定式将以绿色显示作参考。
- 规则 #5，分词（橙色）。形式如 dīvīsa, factus, impedītōs, inopīnantēs, reliqua, prīnceps 是分词，动词形容词。它们看似动词但不是限定动词。不要标出。这些是本课任务的主要陷阱；许多初学者会把 factus 当作动词标出，但事实上它是与 est 在 certior factus est（第 5 句）中结合的分词——est 才是限定动词，factus 是其分词补语。
本课不启用的规则：#3（黄色连接词，首次启用为第 17 课关系代词）、#6（紫色主语短语，首次启用为第 11 课人称代词）、#7（下划线名词-形容词短语，首次启用为第 4 课第一类形容词）、#8（方括号绝对夺格，首次正式启用为第 26 课分词）、#9（★名词格星号，首次启用为第 2 课第一变格）、#10（设色固定短语，教师自定）。凯撒原文中含有以上各类的实例，但本课暂不给予标注颜色，你将在后续课中遇到它们。
Mission — Identify the verbs任务，识别动词
With the translation and vocabulary provided, identify all of the verbs in the given passage and answer the questions about the text. Click each finite verb in the passage below; click again to deselect. Submit to grade. 借助所提供的翻译和词汇表，识别下方段落中的所有动词并回答关于文本的问题。点击每个限定动词；再次点击可取消选择。点 Submit 提交评分。
20:00
1 Flūmen est Arar.
2 Arar per fīnēs Haeduōrum et Sēquanōrum in Rhodanum influit.
3 Oculīs in utram partem fluat iūdicārī nōn potest.
4 Id Helvētiī ratibus ac lintribus iūnctīs trānseunt.
5 Caesar certior factus est.
6 Trēs partēs cōpiārum Helvētiōrum id flūmen trādūcunt.
7 Quārta vērō pars citrā flūmen Ararim reliqua est.
8 Dē tertiā vigiliā cum legiōnibus tribus ē castrīs proficīscitur et ad eam partem pervenit.
9 Id nōndum flūmen trānsit.
10 Eōs impedītōs et inopīnantēs adoritur et māgnam partem eōrum concīdit.
11 Reliquī sēsē fugae mandant atque in proximās silvās abdunt.
12 Is pāgus appellātur Tigurīnus.
13 Omnis cīvitās Helvētia in quattuor pāgōs dīvīsa est.
14 Hic pāgus ūnus patrum nostrōrum memoriā Lūcium Cassium cōnsulem interficit et eius exercitum sub iugum mittit.
15 Ita sīve cāsū sīve cōnsiliō deōrum immortālium, quae pars cīvitātis Helvētiae īnsīgnem calamitātem populō Rōmānō infert, ea prīnceps poenās persolvit.
16 Quā in rē Caesar nōn sōlum pūblicās, sed etiam prīvātās iniūriās ulcīscitur, quod Tigurīnī Cassium Lūcium Pīsōnemque interficiunt.
Questions on the Narrative关于叙事的问题
- Who was crossing the Arar River using rafts and joined boats, and who had already successfully led three-quarters of their forces across to the other side?
Answer
The Helvetii. By the time Caesar's scouts reported their movements, three of the four parts of the Helvetian forces had already crossed the river using rafts (ratēs) and small boats (lintrēs) lashed together. - Who specifically from Caesar's family had been killed by the Tigurini in a previous generation?
Answer
Lucius Piso, the grandfather of Caesar's father-in-law (also named Lucius Piso). The Tigurini killed him in the same battle in which they killed the consul Cassius. - Where did the remaining quarter of the Helvetian forces attempt to hide after Caesar attacked them while they were impedītōs et inopīnantēs ("hampered and unsuspecting")?
Answer
In the nearest woods (in proximās silvās). They committed themselves to flight (sēsē fugae mandant) and concealed themselves there. - Whom did the Tigurini defeat "within the memory of our fathers," and what specific ritual of humiliation did they force the Roman army to undergo?
Answer
The consul Lucius Cassius and his army. The defeated Roman army was sent under the yoke (sub iugum mittit) — a ritual surrender in which soldiers passed beneath an arch of three spears. - Who provided the intelligence to Caesar that allowed him to strike the Tigurini during the third watch, and where (on which side of the river) did the battle actually take place?
Answer
Scouts (explōrātōrēs; vocab item 31) reported the Helvetii's movements. The battle took place on the near side of the Arar (citrā flūmen Ararim) — the bank from which the fourth Helvetian canton had not yet crossed.
Further Questions — Translation进阶问题，翻译
For students who pass the first task within 20 minutes, or who have learnt Latin, move on to this section. Translate each English sentence into Latin using the vocabulary provided. 在 20 分钟内完成第一项任务的学生，或已学过拉丁语的学生，可进入此部分。利用所提供的词汇，将每个英文句子翻译为拉丁语。
- There is Arar river.
Suggested Latin
Flūmen est Arar. - The Arar flows into the Rhone.
Suggested Latin
Arar in Rhodanum īnfluit. - The Helvetii crossed it by rafts and boats joined together.
Suggested Latin
Id Helvētiī ratibus ac lintribus iūnctīs trānseunt. - Caesar is informed.
Suggested Latin
Caesar certior factus est. - The fourth is left to cross.
Suggested Latin
Quārta vērō pars citrā flūmen Ararim reliqua est. - Caesar set out from the camp at the third watch.
Suggested Latin
Dē tertiā vigiliā cum legiōnibus tribus ē castrīs proficīscitur. - They haven't crossed the river.
Suggested Latin
Id nōndum flūmen trānsit. - While they were hampered, he cut down a great part of them.
Suggested Latin
Eōs impedītōs et inopīnantēs adoritur et māgnam partem eōrum concīdit. - The rest committed themselves to flight.
Suggested Latin
Reliquī sēsē fugae mandant. - They hid themselves in the woods.
Suggested Latin
Atque in proximās silvās abdunt. - This canton is called Tigurini.
Suggested Latin
Is pāgus appellātur Tigurīnus. - The state is divided into four cantons.
Suggested Latin
Omnis cīvitās Helvētia in quattuor pāgōs dīvīsa est. - It had killed Lucius Cassius.
Suggested Latin
Lūcium Cassium cōnsulem interficit. - And had sent his army under the yoke.
Suggested Latin
Et eius exercitum sub iugum mittit. - Caesar avenged public and private wrongs.
Suggested Latin
Quā in rē Caesar nōn sōlum pūblicās, sed etiam prīvātās iniūriās ulcīscitur.
Optional · Mark the personal endings选做 · 标出人称词尾
For the verbs identified above, mark the part of each verb that is the personal ending (`-t`, `-nt`, `-tur`, `-ntur`). Click anywhere within the verb; your click will land on either the stem or the ending half. Submit to grade.
3sg.est
3sg.influit
3sg.potest
3pl.trānseunt
3pl.trādūcunt
3sg. dep.proficīscitur
3sg.pervenit
3sg.trānsit
3sg. dep.adoritur
3sg.concīdit
3pl.mandant
3pl.abdunt
3sg. pass.appellātur
3sg.interficit
3sg.mittit
3sg.infert
3sg.persolvit
3sg. dep.ulcīscitur
3pl.interficiunt
Hour 1 — Result & Debrief第一课 — 战果与汇报
Submit the Battle Task above to see your score here. The instructor will announce the answer immediately after the 20-minute countdown ends, followed by a 5-minute Q&A and the film clip in the Screening panel.
Hour 1 — Screening第一课 — 影片放映
Following the 20-minute countdown, the instructor announces the answer immediately. We then hold a five-minute Q&A session, after which the instructor screens a selected film clip of the battle scene.
Film clip: Pontoon Bridge Building (1918 US Army footage).
The initial footage demonstrates the construction of a pontoon bridge, illustrating
how Caesar famously impressed the Helvetii by crossing the Saône River in a single
day.
Discussion
Tactical analysis of the battle scene and the river crossing logistics. Sample questions for the room:
- How long would it realistically take to construct a pontoon bridge across the Saône with first-century Roman equipment and labor? What does Caesar's "in a single day" claim achieve rhetorically?
- The Tigurini were caught impedītōs et inopīnantēs — encumbered with their own crossing gear and not expecting attack. How does this language frame the moral geometry of the encounter?
- Caesar specifically notes the family-revenge motive (his father-in-law's grandfather). How does this reframe what would otherwise be a routine military engagement?
Intermission
Break before Hour 2 (Battle of Bibracte, DBG 1.24–25).
🗺 Campaign Map & Cursus Honōrum战役地图与晋升阶梯
How advancement works in this course. Rank is reserved for completion of whole DBG books (8 books → 8 promotions). Dōna mīlitāria — Roman military decorations — are awarded for each individual battle (Hour). The default rank cap is Centuriō / 百夫长, reached after Book 7. To rise to Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 or Lēgātus Legiōnis / 军团长, the student must accumulate sufficient dōna through the course.本课晋升机制。军衔（rank）专留给完整通读《高卢战记》之卷（八卷 → 八次晋升）。Dōna mīlitāria，罗马军事勋章，为每场单独战役（课时）所授。百夫长（Centuriō）是默认晋升上限，完成第七卷可达。要晋升至统领（Tribūnus Mīlitum）或军团长（Lēgātus Legiōnis），学生须于课程中累积足够 dōna。
The Cursus Honōrum — 10 ranks, 8 promotions晋升阶梯，十级军衔，八次晋升
- Tīrō 新兵recruit (course start)新兵（课程开始时的起点）
- Mīles 军团兵legionary (after Book 1)军团兵（完成第一卷后）
- Immūnis 免役兵specialist exempt from fatigues (Book 2)免役兵：具专长免劳役（第二卷后）
- Tesserārius 持牌兵watchword-keeper (Book 3)持牌兵：传递口令（第三卷后）
- Optiō 副百夫长centurion's deputy (Book 4)副百夫长：百夫长副手（第四卷后）
- Signifer 掌旗官standard-bearer of a century (Book 5)掌旗官：百人队旗手（第五卷后）
- Aquilifer 鹰旗官eagle-bearer of the legion (Book 6)鹰旗官：军团鹰旗持有者（第六卷后）
- Centuriō 百夫长commander of a century — DEFAULT CAP (Book 7)百夫长：百人队长，默认上限（第七卷后）
- Tribūnus Mīlitum 统领unlocked at Book 8 + ≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna解锁条件：完成第八卷 + 累积 ≥20 项 dōna + ≥1 顶冠
- Lēgātus Legiōnis 军团长all 28 dōna + Corōna Obsidiōnālis + Corōna Triumphālis集齐 28 项 dōna，含解围冠与凯旋冠
Dōna mīlitāria — one per HourDōna mīlitāria，每课时各授一项
T1 · Major corōnaeT1 · 至尊冠
T2 · Specialty corōnaeT2 · 专项冠
T3 · Officer-grade (hasta, vēxillum)T3 · 军官级（净矛、军旗）
T4 · Lower (torques, armillae, phalerae)T4 · 低级（项圈、臂环、胸牌）
T5 · Memorial (Roman defeats)T5 · 哀悼（罗马败战）
T6 · Scholastic (excurses)T6 · 学术（插段）
| # | Battle / Topic战役／主题 | Dōnum勋章 | Rationale缘由 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Battle of the Arar阿拉河战役 | Torques argenteae ／银项圈 | Opening ambush of the Tigurine quarter — modest field action.开战之伏击，规模适中。 |
| 2 | Battle of Bibracte比布拉克特战役 | Armillae ／银臂环 | First major set-piece engagement.首次大型会战。 |
| 3 | Battle of Vosges沃日山战役 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Closing battle of Book 1 — Ariovistus routed.第一卷收束：击溃阿里奥维斯图斯。 |
| END OF Book 1 · Helvetian War — Hours 1–3第一卷 · 赫尔维提战争（1–3）结束 → Mīles / 军团兵→ 晋升 Mīles／军团兵 | |||
| 4 | Battle of the Axona阿克索纳战役 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Ford engagement, encumbered enemy slaughtered.浅滩遭遇战，敌于河中受困被歼。 |
| 5 | Battle of the Sabis萨比斯战役 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar enters the line personally to save his legion — citizens saved (Maxfield p.68).凯撒亲入战阵救援军团，拯救公民（Maxfield 第 68 页）。 |
| 6 | Siege of the Atuatuci阿杜亚图基围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | First siege of the course — first up the wall.课程首次围城，首先登上城墙。 |
| END OF Book 2 · Belgic Campaign — Hours 4–6第二卷 · 贝尔盖战役（4–6）结束 → Immūnis / 免役兵→ 晋升 Immūnis／免役兵 | |||
| 7 | Battle of Octodurus屋大都鲁斯之战 | Corōna Castrēnsis ／军营冠 | Galba defends camp against ambush — first into the enemy camp at counter-attack.伽尔巴守营抗伏击，反扑时率先入敌营。 |
| 8 | Battle of Quiberon Bay基伯龙湾海战 | Corōna Navālis ／海军冠 | First naval engagement — first to board an enemy ship.首次海战，首先登上敌舰。 |
| 9 | Crassus's Aquitanian Camp.克拉苏的阿基坦战役 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | Crassus, a young officer, wins his independent campaign — gold crown for valor.小克拉苏年纪轻轻独立战胜，金冠表勇。 |
| END OF Book 3 · Coast & Aquitania — Hours 7–9第三卷 · 海岸与阿基坦（7–9）结束 → Tesserārius / 持牌兵→ 晋升 Tesserārius／持牌兵 | |||
| 10 | Usipetes & Tencteri乌西佩特斯与滕克特里 | Torques aureae duae ／一对金项圈 | Mass action against two German tribes; controversial.对二日耳曼部族之大规模行动；颇具争议。 |
| 11 | First Rhine Crossing首次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Engineering theater — the ten-day pile-bridge.工程剧场：十日内造起木桩桥。 |
| 12 | First Invasion of Britain首次入侵不列颠 | Corōna Aurea ／金冠 | The aquilifer of the Tenth leaps with the eagle — gold crown (Maxfield p.79).第十军团掌旗官携鹰跃入海，金冠（Maxfield 第 79 页）。 |
| END OF Book 4 · Rhine & Britain I — Hours 10–12第四卷 · 莱茵河与首征不列颠（10–12）结束 → Optiō / 副百夫长→ 晋升 Optiō／副百夫长 | |||
| 13 | Ambush at Atuatuca阿杜阿都加伏击 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Roman defeat — Sabinus & Cotta killed; memorial decoration for survivors.罗马败战，萨宾努斯与科塔阵亡；幸存者得哀悼臂环。 |
| 14 | Second Invasion of Britain第二次入侵不列颠 | Phalerae ／胸甲圆牌 | Larger fleet, river crossing, Cassivellaunus engaged.舰队壮大、渡泰晤士、对阵卡西维劳努斯。 |
| 15 | Ethnography of Britain不列颠民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Tacitean excursus — no battle, scholarly stipend awarded.塔西陀插段，非战斗，授学术津贴。 |
| 16 | Britain II: Climate不列颠之二：气候 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Second Tacitean excursus on geography.塔西陀第二段：地理。 |
| 17 | Siege of Cicero's Camp西塞罗营垒被围 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Caesar relieves Cicero's winter camp — citizens saved.凯撒解围西塞罗冬营，拯救公民。 |
| END OF Book 5 · Britain II & Disasters — Hours 13–17第五卷 · 第二次入侵不列颠与挫败（13–17）结束 → Signifer / 掌旗官→ 晋升 Signifer／掌旗官 | |||
| 18 | Eburones Punitive Expedition对埃布隆尼斯人的惩戒 | Torques aureae ／金项圈 | Revenge for Atuatuca — extensive plunder and destruction.为阿杜阿都加复仇，大规模劫掠破坏。 |
| 19 | Second Rhine Crossing第二次跨越莱茵河 | Phalerae aureae ／金胸牌 | Repeat engineering theater — another pile-bridge.再演工程剧场，又造一桥。 |
| 20 | Atuatuca Garrison Attacked阿杜阿都加守备遭袭 | Corōna Cīvica ／公民冠 | Cicero saves the garrison — citizens saved.西塞罗救守备，拯救公民。 |
| 21 | Ethnography of the Galli高卢人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Gauls' Druids/Knights/plebs — no battle.高卢德鲁伊、骑士、平民，非战斗。 |
| 22 | Ethnography of the Germani日耳曼人民族志 | Stīpendium Scholasticum ／学术津贴 | Inverse-Gauls stereotype — no battle.高卢之反面刻板印象，非战斗。 |
| END OF Book 6 · Vengeance & Ethnography — Hours 18–22第六卷 · 复仇与民族志（18–22）结束 → Aquilifer / 鹰旗官→ 晋升 Aquilifer／鹰旗官 | |||
| 23 | Siege of Avaricum阿瓦里库姆围攻 | Corōna Mūrālis ／城墙冠 | 25-day siege, walls stormed under cover of rain.25 日围城，雨中破城。 |
| 24 | Defeat at Gergovia热尔戈维亚的败战 | Armillae fūnebrēs ／哀悼臂环 | Caesar's only acknowledged defeat — 46 centurions killed.凯撒唯一承认之败战——46 名百夫长阵亡。 |
| 25 | Road to Alesia通往阿莱西亚之路 | Hasta Pūra ／净矛 | Labienus and the German cavalry break Vercingetorix's mobility — officer-grade dōnum.拉比埃努斯与日耳曼骑兵击碎维钦格托里克斯之机动，军官级 dōnum。 |
| 26 | Siege of Alesia阿莱西亚围攻 | Corōna Obsidiōnālis ／解围冠 | Caesar's masterpiece — the double ring relieves nothing; he breaks the relief instead. Highest possible decoration.凯撒之杰作，双重防线击破援军。古罗马最高荣誉。 |
| END OF Book 7 · The Great Revolt — Hours 23–26第七卷 · 大起义（23–26）结束 → Centuriō / 百夫长 (DEFAULT CAP)→ 晋升 Centuriō／百夫长（默认上限） | |||
| 27 | Uxellodunum & Aftermath乌克塞洛杜诺姆与战后 | Vēxillum ／军旗 | Caesar's final field command of the Gallic war — senior officer's banner.凯撒在高卢战争中之最后野战指挥，高级军官之军旗。 |
| 28 | Capstone: Rubicon to Ides总章：自卢比孔至三月之中 | Corōna Triumphālis ／凯旋冠 | Caesar's quadruple triumph (46 BC) — laurel crown of the triumphātor.凯撒四重凯旋（公元前 46 年）——凯旋者所戴桂冠。 |
| END OF Book 8 (Hirtius) & Capstone — Hours 27–28第八卷（希尔提乌斯）与总章（27–28）结束 → gated: Tribūnus Mīlitum / 统领 (≥20 dōna + ≥1 corōna) OR Lēgātus / 军团长 (all 28 dōna + Obsidiōnālis + Triumphālis)→ 解锁条件：Tribūnus Mīlitum／统领（≥20 项 dōna ＋ ≥1 顶冠）；或 Lēgātus／军团长（28 项 dōna 全集，含解围冠与凯旋冠） | |||
Source.来源。 The hierarchy of dōna mīlitāria used here follows Valerie A. Maxfield, The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (London: Batsford, 1981) — the standard modern reference. Maxfield documents that corōnae were stratified by feat (mūrālis for first up the wall, navālis for first to board, obsidiōnālis for raising a siege, etc.), while torques, armillae, and phalerae were the routine awards for soldiers and centurions. Maxfield also notes (p. 251) that Caesar himself used promotion as a substitute for decoration — the system this course follows in reverse: decorations for battles, promotion for completing books.Dōna mīlitāria 的等级体系本课程依据 Valerie A. Maxfield《The Military Decorations of the Roman Army》（London: Batsford, 1981）——该领域之标准现代参考。Maxfield 详述：corōnae 按功勋分级（城墙冠予首登墙者、海军冠予首登敌舰者、解围冠予救援被围之军者，等等）；而 torques、armillae、phalerae 为士兵与百夫长之常规奖励。Maxfield 又指出（第 251 页），凯撒本人即以晋升代替勋章：而本课程恰反其道而行：勋章授与战役，晋升保留给读完一卷。