Read the speeches阅读演说
Begin with the Latin text and its reading tools.从拉丁原文及其阅读工具开始。
Compare speeches, legal instruments and cited evidence. · 对照演说、法律文献与所引证据。
An interactive reader of Cicero's speeches together with an in-Latin syntax reference, a study unit on the Verrines, and Latin-grammar tutor pages anchored to Wheelock's Latin.西塞罗演说的互动读本，配有拉丁语句法参考、《维勒斯弹劾辞》专题，以及以惠洛克《拉丁语》为纲的语法导师页。
Begin with the Latin text and its reading tools.从拉丁原文及其阅读工具开始。
Follow the course, or compare the text sentence by sentence.跟随课程，或逐句对照原文与译文。
Compare speeches, legal evidence and procedural sources.对照演说、法律证据与程序文献。
Trace Cicero through cited passages and geographical evidence.循所引史料与地理证据探索西塞罗。
Browse the complete library浏览完整书库 →Shared trials, passages & chronology共享案件、史料与编年 →
Read the orations alongside their ancient quotations, commentary and criticism.将演说与古代引文、注释及批评并置阅读。
Course readings课程对读Speeches, legal instruments, bilingual evidence and the Verres case reconstruction. · 演说、法律文献、双语证据与维雷斯案件复原。
The interactive reader — full speech texts with vocabulary, syntax annotations, and bilingual EN / 中文 toggling.互动读本：演说全文，附词汇、句法标注与中英切换。
Catalogue of Cicero's speeches with quick links into the reader.西塞罗演说目录，可直接进入读本。
Read checked Latin and Greek passages through six questions, compare accounts, present the evidence, and continue into the course.循六组问题阅读已核对的拉丁与希腊史料，对读记述、演示证据，并转入课程。
Reference of Latin syntactic constructions illustrated with passages from Cicero — the language of Roman law in action. Each Woodcock § now also lists the Divinatio in Caecilium loci the dossier anchors there.拉丁语句法构式参考，以西塞罗的段落为例。每个伍德科克 § 下也列出文档锚定于此的预审篇出处。
The whole prosecution: Divinatio in Caecilium and In Verrem I + II.1–5, with the Peterson apparatus, the Woodcock analyzer, and a passage dossier on every section of the Divinatio — clause map, syntax, rhetoric, variants, parallels, and an EN / 中文 translation.整场控告：《对凯基利乌斯的预审演说》与《控维勒斯》第一、第二部分 1 至 5 卷，附 Peterson 校勘、伍德科克分析器，以及预审篇每一节的段落文档：句群图、句法、修辞、异文、平行文本与中英译文。
Every siglum in the apparatus with the authority for it, the family it belongs to, and whether it carries the Divinatio — 26 witnesses, plates hotlinked from the holding libraries, and a sigla concordance for Peterson 1917, Reeve 2016 and Watson 2025, whose letters do not agree.校勘所用的每个抄本符号及其依据、家族归属与是否含预审篇：26 个抄本，图版直连收藏馆，并附 Peterson 1917、Reeve 2016 与 Watson 2025 三家符号对照表。
The speech beside Yonge's translation, paired sentence by sentence over the whole speech — 320 pairs, 213 of them one Latin sentence to one English — with the state of every pairing on its face, and an audit that checks it against something it was not built on.全篇与 Yonge 英译逐句并列，共三百二十对，其中二百一十三对为一句对一句；每一对皆标明其可信之等第，并另以一法查验，而此法非其所本。
The ancient scholia, whole: the eight paragraphs of the Argumentum in Stangl's edition, each with the context that places it and a sentence-by-sentence rendering into English and 中文 — the three ancient explanations of the word divinatio, the only ancient summary of Caecilius' case, and the classification of the speech.古注全录：斯坦格尔本《提要》八段，每段前后系以说明其所在的叙述，并逐句译为英文与中文；其中有古人释 divinatio 一词的三说、凯基利乌斯主张的惟一一份古人提要，以及对本篇的归类。
Who was tied to whom in the trial of Verres — prosecution, defence, court, Sicilian communities, Rome — as 28 parties and 39 ties, each marked by the kind of evidence that carries it: the speeches, Plutarch, the extortion statute on bronze, the epigraphic record of the island in I.Sicily, or modern argument alone.维雷斯一案中何人与何人有谊：控方、辩方、法庭、西西里诸城与罗马，凡二十八方、三十九条关系；每一条皆标其所据之证为何：演说、普鲁塔克、铜版所刻的勒索罪法、I.Sicily 所收全岛石刻，抑或惟今人之辨。
The quaestio de repetundis of 70 BC as a juridical system: its actors and statutes, the procedure as a flow from postulatio to litis aestimatio, every Latin passage and citation behind each step (702 records, each re-derived from Perseus TEI), the definitions, and what the evidence does not settle. Two further views read it whole: the court as a system in six propositions and ten stages, and the seventy-one ancient witnesses to it in the order of the events they attest.公元前 70 年的勒索钱财案常设法庭作为一个制度系统：行为者与法律，从申请控告到定赔的程序流程，每一步背后的拉丁文本与引证（702 条记录，逐条自 Perseus TEI 重取），术语定义，以及证据未能解决之处。另有两栏通观全局：以六条论断、十个阶段论法庭之构成；以七十一条古代证据按所记事件之年代排比。
Explore civil proceedings, their participants and authority; compare Rome, municipalities and provinces, with Latin and Chinese glosses and all 78 contents annotations. Follow links to the criminal Divinatio context and the connected course builds.探索民事程序、参与者与权限，比较罗马、自治市和行省；附中拉文释义、全卷78项目录注释，并接通预审演说的刑事语境与课程各项目。
The Latin reading course on the Divinatio in Caecilium: 29 dated meetings, Woodcock chapter by chapter over the 73 sections, each meeting linked to the builds above.《对凯基利乌斯的预审演说》拉丁文阅读课：29 次课，按伍德科克章节逐节读完 73 节，每次课链接上列各项目。
Companion reference to Wheelock (6th ed. rev., LaFleur 2005), the textbook used by Happy Latin.惠洛克教程（第 6 版修订本，LaFleur 2005）的配套参考，即快乐拉丁语所用课本。
Per-grammar-topic tutor pages: nominal morphology, verbal system, syntactic patterns.按语法专题的导师页：名词形态、动词系统、句法模式。
The Greek counterpart to Woodcock — Smyth's Greek Grammar (1920), all 3048 §§ interactive, with the cross-language grammar synergy plan.与伍德科克相对应的希腊语法：Smyth《希腊语语法》（1920），全部 3048 节互动版，附跨语言语法协同方案。
The two languages compared across syntax, morphology, semantics, pragmatics and vocabulary — Woodcock §§ ∥ Smyth §§, grounded in Whiton, Sihler, Pinkster, Mason.两种语言在句法、形态、语义、语用与词汇五个维度上的比较：伍德科克 §§ 对照 Smyth §§，依据 Whiton、Sihler、Pinkster、Mason。
Fourteen analytic instruments over the same 73 sections of the Divinatio in Caecilium the dossier covers — span layers, referent chains, an argument map, and a rhetorical heatmap. Read the provenance note first: most of it is machine-assisted and unreviewed.针对预审篇同一 73 节的十四种分析工具：跨度层、指称链、论证图与修辞热力图。请先读来源说明：其中大部分由机器辅助生成，尚未审校。
How much vocabulary the speech asks of a student beyond the Dickinson Core 1000 — the same text, measured for teaching.这篇演说在 Dickinson 核心 1000 词之外要求学生掌握多少词汇：同一文本，为教学而测。
Choose a subject below, or search the readers, references and analysis tools. The trials and passages they share are in Cicero World.本站全部西塞罗读本，按用途排列。各读本共享的诉讼与原文见西塞罗世界。
No matching readings. Try another term or clear the filters. · 无匹配读本；请更换关键词或清除筛选。
The Latin texts, with syntax, notes and translations.拉丁原文，附句法、注释与译文。
The extortion court, the laws Cicero names, and the Verres case.勒索罪法庭、西塞罗提及的法律，以及维雷斯案。
Claims about his life and career, each with its source.生平与仕途的各项主张，各附出处。
The autumn 2026 course on the Divinatio, with its vocabulary, structure and library.2026年秋《预审篇》阅读课，及其语汇、章法与书目。
How the Verrines reached us: manuscripts, a translation, the ancient scholia.维雷斯诸篇如何流传至今：抄本、译本与古注。
What later ancient writers quoted and said of the speeches.后世古代作家对这些演说的引用与评论。
Syntax references and word lists for reading Cicero.阅读西塞罗所用的句法参考与词表。
Machine-assisted views of the Divinatio, word by word.《预审篇》的机器辅助逐词视图。
Copies of ancient texts kept as the sources of the law pages.作为法律页面所据而保存的古代文本副本。