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Mīlitēs fūgērunt quod hostēs aderant.
The indicative presents the reason on the narrator’s authority. A subjunctive can mark a reason attributed to another speaker, including an informally reported reason; it does not by itself prove that the reason is false.直陈式把原因作为叙述者提出的说明。虚拟式可标示归属于其他说话者的理由，包括非正式转述的理由；本身不证明该理由虚假。
A cause explains why an event happened. A purpose states an intended outcome, which may never be achieved. Do not exchange quod and ut without changing the meaning.原因解释事件为何发生；目的陈述拟实现的结果，而结果可能从未实现。不能不改变意义就交换 quod 与 ut。
οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι παρῆσαν.
Ὅτι can introduce a reason or a reported statement: identify its relation to the governing clause. Here it explains the flight. The subjunctive is not a general Greek sign of an attributed cause.Ὅτι 可引入原因，也可引入转述陈述；须辨认它与主句的关系。此处它解释逃走。虚拟式并非希腊语中归属他人的因果理由的一般标志。
Causal ὡς can present a reason as conceived by a participant. Context establishes the attribution; the conjunction does not mechanically mean as they said in every occurrence.因果 ὡς 可呈现参与者认定的理由。归属关系须由语境说明；该连词并非每次都机械表示“据他们所说”。
This is an authored example; other answers may preserve the intended meaning and fit the context.此为编写示例；其他答案也可能保留预期意义，并符合语境。
Change one choice, then connect the choices改变一项选择，再把选择连接起来
Variation 1变化练习 1
The general remained because the soldiers were guarding the gate.将军留下了，因为士兵们正在守卫城门。
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Give the narrator’s reason in the indicative.用直陈式提出叙述者的原因。
Use ὅτι with an imperfect indicative for the guarding.用 ὅτι 与未完成时直陈式表达守卫。
Compare with one possible answer与一种可能的答案比较
Dux mānsit quod mīlitēs portam custōdiēbant.
Custōdiēbant describes the ongoing situation offered as the reason for the general’s decision.Custōdiēbant 描写作为将军决定之原因提出的持续情境。
Ἐφύλαττον gives the background activity. The narrator offers it as the explanation, rather than as an unfulfilled aim.Ἐφύλαττον 描写背景活动。叙述者把它提出为解释，不是尚未实现的目的。
Variation 2变化练习 2
The soldiers fled because—as they claimed—they were afraid.士兵们逃走了，因为——据他们自己所说——他们害怕。
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Use a subjunctive for the attributed reason.归属于他们的理由用虚拟式。
In the stated context, use causal ὡς to present their supposed reason.在已说明的语境中，用因果 ὡς 呈现他们认定的理由。
Compare with one possible answer与一种可能的答案比较
Mīlitēs fūgērunt quod timērent.
Timērent marks a reason attributed to the soldiers. This does not establish whether the narrator agrees with it.Timērent 标示归属于士兵的理由，不确定叙述者是否同意它。
οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον ὡς ἐφοβοῦντο.
The attribution is supplied by the prompt and supported by causal ὡς. The indicative describes their supposed fear; Greek does not copy Latin timērent.题目说明归属关系，因果 ὡς 支持这一理解。直陈式描述他们认定的恐惧；希腊语不照搬拉丁 timērent。
Variation 3变化练习 3
The soldiers remain in order to guard the gate.士兵们留下，以便守卫城门。
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Return to ut with the subjunctive for purpose.表达目的时，回到 ut 加虚拟式。
Use ἵνα with the subjunctive for the aim.用 ἵνα 加虚拟式表达目的。
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Mīlitēs manent ut portam custōdiant.
Custōdiant gives the aim of staying. The sentence does not assert that the guarding has been achieved.Custōdiant 表达留下的目的。该句不宣称守卫已实现。
οἱ στρατιῶται μένουσιν ἵνα τὴν πύλην φυλάττωσιν.
Ἵνα introduces an intended outcome. Replacing it with causal ὅτι would change the relation to the staying.Ἵνα 引入预期结果。把它换成因果 ὅτι，会改变它与留下的关系。
Woodcock §240 — Causal mood can distinguish the writer’s reason from an attributed one.因果从句的语气可区分作者提出的原因与归属于他人的理由。
Woodcock §241 — Causal conjunctions have distinct uses.不同因果连词有不同用法。
Smyth §2240 — Causal conjunctions include ὅτι, ἐπεί and ὡς; ὡς can present the subject’s supposed reason.因果连词包括 ὅτι、ἐπεί 与 ὡς；ὡς 可表达主语所认定的理由。
Smyth §2241 — Factual causal clauses regularly use the indicative.事实性因果从句通常用直陈式。
Woodcock §149 — The final variation contrasts a purpose clause with a causal one.末项变化练习区分目的从句与因果从句。
Smyth §2193 — Ἵνα introduces the purpose in the final variation.末项变化练习用 ἵνα 引入目的。
Smyth §2196 — The present main verb supports a purpose subjunctive here.此处现在时主句搭配目的虚拟式。
Original examples and explanations remain drafts pending independent language review.编写例答及解释仍为草案，等待独立语言审阅。
Keep or analyse a response elsewhere保存作答或送往其他工作区分析
Choose one response to export as a Syntax Studio source. Only that text is included; reflections and model answers stay outside this export. Import and a composition fork remain explicit actions in Cursus.选择一项作答，导出为 Syntax Studio 的源文本。只包含所选文本，不含反思或例答。在 Cursus 中，导入及建立写作分支仍须明确操作。