Hover or focus to preview; click or tap to keep it open.悬停或聚焦查看；点击可保持打开。Word desk词语工作台
Understand and construct理解并组织
The soldiers were guarding the city. When the messenger arrived, the general gave money to the soldiers. They took up arms to defend the city.士兵们正在守卫城市。信使到达时，将军把钱给了士兵们。他们拿起武器，以保卫城市。
Begin with imperfect background guarding.以未完成时守卫活动作为背景。
Use ubi plus perfect vēnit for the arrival and perfect dedit for the giving.用 ubi 加完成时 vēnit 写到达，用完成时 dedit 写给予。
Use illī to resume the soldiers; after sūmpsērunt choose imperfect subjunctive dēfenderent for their purpose.用 illī 接回士兵；在 sūmpsērunt 后用未完成虚拟式 dēfenderent 表目的。
Start with imperfect ἐφύλαττον.以未完成时 ἐφύλαττον 开始。
Use ἐπεί with aorist ἦλθεν and then the giving event ἔδωκεν.用 ἐπεί 加不定过去时 ἦλθεν，再写给予事件 ἔδωκεν。
Plural οἱ δέ resumes the soldiers. Present optative φυλάττοιεν follows the past event in the purpose clause.复数 οἱ δέ 接回士兵；目的从句的现在愿望式 φυλάττοιεν 跟随过去事件。
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Read one possible answer and its reasoning查看一种可能的例答及解释
Mīlitēs urbem custōdiēbant. Ubi nūntius vēnit, dux mīlitibus pecūniam dedit. Illī arma sūmpsērunt ut urbem dēfenderent.
The temporal clause supplies the occasion; it does not itself assert that arrival caused the gift. Ut supplies an intended goal; it does not prove the defence succeeded.时间从句交代场合，本身不断言到达造成赠予；ut 交代预期目的，不证明防卫成功。
Illī avoids repeating mīlitēs, but repetition can be better where a pronoun would become ambiguous. The decision belongs to the paragraph’s context.Illī 避免重复 mīlitēs；若代词会歧义，重复名词可能更好。应依段落语境决定。
The optative is one allowed choice after the past event; retained subjunctive φυλάττωσιν is also possible. Do not impose a mechanical requirement to change every subordinate mood.过去事件后使用愿望式是一种允许选择，保留虚拟式 φυλάττωσιν 也可以；不能机械要求所有从属语气都改变。
Οἱ δέ returns to the plural soldiers after a sentence whose subject was the general. Explain that referent before choosing the pronoun.Οἱ δέ 在以上句主语为将军的情况下，回到复数士兵。选代词前先说明所指。
This is an authored example; other answers may preserve the intended meaning and fit the context.此为编写示例；其他答案也可能保留预期意义，并符合语境。
Change one choice, then connect the choices改变一项选择，再把选择连接起来
Variation 1变化练习 1
Add the general’s report that the city is safe at the time of speaking.加入将军的报告：城市在他说话时是安全的。
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Use present infinitive esse after dīxit.Dīxit 后用现在不定式 esse。
Retain the original indicative after εἶπεν.Εἶπεν 后保留原话直陈式。
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Dux dīxit urbem tūtam esse.
Present infinitive expresses simultaneity relative to the past reporting.现在不定式表达与过去转述的相对同时。
ὁ στρατηγὸς εἶπεν ὅτι ἡ πόλις ἀσφαλής ἐστιν.
Retaining the original present is possible in the report; a past reporting verb does not force every subordinate verb into the past.转述可保留原话现在时；过去报告动词不迫使所有从属动词都变过去。
Variation 2变化练习 2
Change the ending: after capture of the city, the soldiers fled. Compress the circumstance.改变结尾：城市被攻占后，士兵们逃走。压缩情境表达。
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Use the passive ablative absolute from tutorial 5.使用第5课的被动夺格独立结构。
Use the passive genitive absolute from tutorial 5.使用第5课的被动属格独立结构。
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Urbe captā, mīlitēs fūgērunt.
Changing the narrative outcome requires an explicit new capture event; the absolute supplies it.改变叙事结果须明确加入新的攻占事件；独立结构补出它。
τῆς πόλεως ληφθείσης, οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον.
The absolute supplies the preceding capture; it does not by itself prove why the soldiers fled.独立结构补出先前攻占，不单凭其形式证明士兵为何逃走。
Variation 3变化练习 3
Add a direct command to guard the gate at the end.在结尾加入守卫城门的直接指令。
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Keep the quoted command in the plural imperative.引语中的指令保持复数命令式。
Keep the quoted command in the plural imperative.引语中的指令保持复数命令式。
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Dux dīxit: “Portam custōdīte.”
Direct quotation preserves the address rather than turning it into an infinitive report.直接引语保留直接称呼，不改为不定式转述。
ὁ στρατηγὸς εἶπεν· «τὴν πύλην φυλάττετε.»
The imperative remains inside the quotation, despite the past reporting verb outside it.虽然引语外报告动词为过去，引语内部仍保留命令式。
Woodcock §61 — A giving event distinguishes a recipient and an object.给予事件区分接受者和给予之物。
Woodcock §215 — Ubi can introduce an indicative temporal clause.Ubi 可引入直陈式时间从句。
Woodcock §149 — Purpose is expressed with ut/ne and the subjunctive.目的可用 ut/ne 加虚拟式。
Smyth §1469 — Giving can have a dative recipient.给予可带与格接受者。
Smyth §2391 — Definite temporal clauses refer to a definite occasion.确定时间从句指向确定的场合。
Smyth §2196 — A purpose clause after a secondary tense can use the optative or retained subjunctive.次要时态后的目的从句可用愿望式或保留虚拟式。
Smyth §2615 — Historical reporting can retain the indicative.历史时态转述可保留直陈式。
Smyth §1106 — The article with particles can have demonstrative reference.冠词与小词搭配可具有指示用法。
Smyth §1107 — ὁ δέ can refer back to a person or group.ὁ δέ 可回指某人或群体。
Original examples and explanations remain drafts pending independent language review.编写例答及解释仍为草案，等待独立语言审阅。
Keep or analyse a response elsewhere保存作答或送往其他工作区分析
Choose one response to export as a Syntax Studio source. Only that text is included; reflections and model answers stay outside this export. Import and a composition fork remain explicit actions in Cursus.选择一项作答，导出为 Syntax Studio 的源文本。只包含所选文本，不含反思或例答。在 Cursus 中，导入及建立写作分支仍须明确操作。