Senatus consultum de Asclepiade Clazomenio sociisque
Δόγμα συγκλήτου περὶ Ἀσκληπιάδου τοῦ Κλαζομενίου καὶ τῶν συμμάχων

1. The stone, the moment, the genre1. 石碑、时刻、类型

The dossier's single best calque witness.项目最佳的转译见证. The SC de Asclepiade is the only inscription in the entire corpus that preserves both the Latin formula scribundo adfuerunt AND its Greek calque γραφομένωι παρῆσαν, AND the Latin formula de ea re ita censuerunt AND its Greek calque περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν, on the same stone in parallel translation. The cross-influence claim §5 of html_dossier_plan.md makes — that the Roman SC genre was actively translated into Greek for circulation in Hellenistic communities, with traceable formula-by-formula equivalence — is here demonstrated in its most direct form: the chisel that cut the Latin and the chisel that cut the Greek are on the same surface, the same year, the same translator's hand. SC de Asclepiade 是整个语料库中唯一同时保存两组转译对的铭文: 拉丁公式 scribundo adfuerunt 与其希腊转译 γραφομένωι παρῆσαν; 拉丁公式 de ea re ita censuerunt 与其希腊转译 περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν — 在同一石碑上以并行翻译形式. html_dossier_plan.md §5 提出的跨语言转译论点 — 罗马 SC 类型曾被主动翻译为希腊语以在希腊化社区流通, 公式与公式之间存在可追溯的对应 — 在此以最直接形式呈现: 镌刻拉丁与镌刻希腊的凿子在同一表面、同年、同一译者的手中.

Date日期

May 78 BCE (mense Maio, in the consulship of Q. Lutatius Catulus and M. Aemilius Lepidus); the specific Senate session was on ante diem XI Kalendas Iunias = 22 May

Place of issue颁布地点

Rome, in comitio (the open-air assembly area in the Forum, used for Senate-meeting redactions before the Curia became standard for that purpose)

Place of find出土地点

Rome (the stone was found in Rome itself, on the Capitoline area — appropriate for an inscription the SC orders to be set up in Capitolio)

Material材质

Marble stele inscribed on a single face with both languages: the Latin text first (the language of the issuing body), then the Greek translation (the language of the honourees). This is a true bilingual document, not two separate copies in two languages

Language语言

Late Republican Latin (canonical SC chancery prose, somewhat archaising) + koine Greek (a careful technical translation, with calques for the SC formulae rather than free renderings)

Editorial canon编辑标准

CIL I² 588 = CIL VI 40890 = IG XIV 951 = IGUR I 1 = RDGE 22 = FIRA I 35 = ILLRP 513 = Sherk/Viereck 1969 no. 22. Sherk/Viereck remains the foundational treatment of this and the other Greek-translated SCs of the Late Republic

Position in the formula dossier项目地位

One of only 2 inscriptions in the corpus that fire both the Greek calque formulae F.GRAFOMENON_PARESAN + F.PERI_TOUTOU_OUTOS_EDOXEN. The §5 Cross-influence network's calque-edge claims rest substantially on this inscription; the §14.4 / INSTRUCTOR.md Workbench Exercise 7 takes this exact text as the target inscription for the bilingual SC restoration task

The three honourees — Asclepiades son of Philinos of Clazomenae, Polystratus son of Polyarchos of Carystus, Meniscus son of Eirenaios (formerly Meniscus son of Thargelios) of Miletus — were Greek shipowners who had served the Roman cause during the early phase of the Italian War (the Social War, 91–87 BCE, here called bellum Italicum). The SC, passed twelve to fourteen years after their service, formally enrolls them and their descendants as amici populi Romani, grants permanent tax-exempt status in their home cities, and authorises the consuls (Catulus and Lepidus) to write letters to the magistrates of Asia and Macedonia (the provincial governors and the local civic authorities) ensuring the resolution is honoured. The SC's physical circulation is itself documented in the text: a bronze tablet of friendship (tabula aenea amicitiae) was to be set up on the Capitoline (i.e. this very stone), and the city quaestor was to provide the honourees with hospitality at public expense. 三位受表彰者 — Clazomenae 的 Philinos 之子 Asclepiades, Carystus 的 Polyarchos 之子 Polystratus, Miletus 的 Eirenaios 之子 Meniscus (原 Thargelios 之子 Meniscus) — 是希腊船主, 曾在意大利战争 (即同盟战争, 公元前 91–87 年, 此处称为 bellum Italicum) 初期为罗马一方服役. SC 在他们服役十二至十四年后通过, 正式将他们及其后裔登记为 amici populi Romani, 在其家乡城邦授予永久免税地位, 授权执政官 (Catulus 与 Lepidus) 致信亚细亚与马其顿行省地方行政官 (省总督与地方市政当局) 确保决议得到尊重. SC 的物理流通本身记录于文本: 一块友好青铜板 (tabula aenea amicitiae) 将被设置于卡比托利欧山 (即本石碑), 市级 quaestor 将以公费向受表彰者提供款待.

2. The bilingual text — Latin and Greek faces in parallel2. 双语文本 — 拉丁与希腊面并列

cross-language calque pairs (the dossier's central evidence)跨语言转译对 (项目核心证据)   prescript开头   relatio / transitionrelatio / 过渡   closing approval结尾批准

(a) Prescript — consuls and date, in both faces(a) 开头 — 两面的执政官与日期

(b) The witness list — scribundo adfuerunt ⟷ γραφομένωι παρῆσαν(b) 证人列表 — scribundo adfuerunt ⟷ γραφομένωι παρῆσαν

Calque pair #1 — direct, word-for-word.转译对 #1 — 直接, 逐字对应. The Latin verb scribundo adfuerunt ("they were present for the writing") is rendered γραφομένωι παρῆσαν in the Greek — the genitive absolute Greek construction (literally "while it was being written, they were present") that mirrors the Latin gerund-ablative scribundo + plural perfect adfuerunt. The translator has chosen calque over substitution: rather than substituting a native Greek civic-witness formula (e.g. οἱ συμπαρόντες), they have constructed a Greek phrase that maps the Latin syntactic structure as closely as Greek grammar allows. This is what Rhodes & Lewis 1997 ch. 6 call the "Roman-influenced Greek decree" — Greek prose subordinated to Latin SC structural conventions. 拉丁动词 scribundo adfuerunt ("他们在场以备书写") 译为希腊语 γραφομένωι παρῆσαν — 希腊语属格独立结构 (字面意为"当其被书写时, 他们在场"), 映射拉丁动名词-夺格 scribundo + 复数完成时 adfuerunt. 译者选择转译而非替换: 不是用本土希腊市民证人公式 (如 οἱ συμπαρόντες) 替换, 而是构造一个尽可能映射拉丁语法结构的希腊短语. 这正是 Rhodes & Lewis 1997 ch. 6 所称的"罗马影响下的希腊法令" — 希腊散文从属于拉丁 SC 结构惯例.

(c) The transition formula — de ea re ita censuerunt ⟷ περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν(c) 过渡公式 — de ea re ita censuerunt ⟷ περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν

Calque pair #2 — the structural hinge of the SC.转译对 #2 — SC 的结构枢纽. The Latin de ea re ita censuerunt ("on this matter they so decreed") is the canonical transition formula in every Republican SC — case study #1's Bacchanalibus uses it, case study #3's Beguensis uses it 264 years later. The Greek περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν is the calque that mirrors every word: περὶ = de, τούτου τοῦ πράγματος = ea re, οὕτως = ita, ἔδοξεν = censuerunt. The choice of ἔδοξεν for censuerunt is itself a calque move: native Greek civic decree practice would have used δεδόχθαι (the perfect passive infinitive of the enactment verb) or simply continued in the indicative; the translator instead uses the aorist ἔδοξεν that maps Latin's perfect censuerunt. The §5 Cross-influence network's calque_of edge between F.LAT_DE_EA_RE_ITA_CENSUERUNT and F.PERI_TOUTOU_OUTOS_EDOXEN rests on this and a small handful of similar bilingual SCs, of which the SC de Asclepiade is the clearest single witness. 拉丁 de ea re ita censuerunt ("关于此事他们如此决议") 是所有共和 SC 中的标准过渡公式 — 案例 #1 Bacchanalibus 使用之, 案例 #3 Beguensis 在 264 年后亦使用之. 希腊语 περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν 是逐字对应的转译: περὶ = de, τούτου τοῦ πράγματος = ea re, οὕτως = ita, ἔδοξεν = censuerunt. 选择 ἔδοξεν 对应 censuerunt 本身就是一个转译动作: 本土希腊市民法令实践会使用 δεδόχθαι (核准动词的完成时被动不定式) 或简单地继续陈述语气; 译者却使用映射拉丁完成时 censuerunt 的不定过去时 ἔδοξεν. §5 跨语言转译网络中 F.LAT_DE_EA_RE_ITA_CENSUERUNT 与 F.PERI_TOUTOU_OUTOS_EDOXEN 之间的 calque_of 边以及类似双语 SC 中的少数案例为基础, 其中 SC de Asclepiade 是最清晰的单一见证.

(d) The closing approval — censuere ⟷ Ἔδοξεν(d) 结尾批准 — censuere ⟷ Ἔδοξεν

An asymmetry worth noting: the closing approval censuere is rendered Ἔδοξεν, the perfective Greek enactment verb (literally "it has been decreed"), not a Greek calque of censuere itself. Where the prescript and the transition are calque-translated, the closing approval reverts to native Greek civic-decree convention. The translator was selective: where the SC has a structural formula with no obvious Greek civic-decree equivalent (scribundo adfuerunt, de ea re ita censuerunt), they construct a calque; where the SC has a verb that has a natural Greek civic-decree counterpart (censuere → ἔδοξεν), they use the existing Greek term. This is sophisticated translator's craft, not mechanical word-replacement. 值得注意的不对称: 结尾批准 censuere 译为 Ἔδοξεν, 即希腊语完成体核准动词 (字面意为"已被决议"), 而非 censuere 本身的希腊转译. 开头与过渡作转译翻译, 结尾批准却回归本土希腊市民法令惯例. 译者有所选择: SC 中有结构性公式而无明显希腊市民法令对应者 (scribundo adfuerunt, de ea re ita censuerunt), 构造转译; SC 中有动词而有自然希腊市民法令对应者 (censuere → ἔδοξεν), 使用既有希腊术语. 这是精明译者之技艺, 而非机械逐字替换.

3. Slot-by-slot decomposition (bilingual edition)3. 逐槽分解 (双语版)

Sherk's four-part Republican scheme applies in full to the Latin face (the SC is Republican — 78 BCE — and exhibits Sherk's pre-Imperial form). For each slot the Greek face provides its calque, with the calque-strategy noted in the rightmost column. The scheme-CL row class marks slots that are calque-pairs of cross-influence-network significance. Sherk 四部共和框架完整适用于拉丁面 (SC 本身就是共和时期 — 公元前 78 年 — 展现 Sherk 帝国前形式). 对每个槽, 希腊面提供其转译, 转译策略注于最右列. scheme-CL 行类标识跨语言转译网络上重要的转译对槽位.

The two SC-internal cross-influence calque edges (rows highlighted in deeper purple) are documented here in their richest single source. Every other inscription in the dossier corpus that fires F.GRAFOMENON_PARESAN or F.PERI_TOUTOU_OUTOS_EDOXEN is structurally derived from the same SC-Greek-East tradition this stone helped found. Sherk/Viereck 1969 collects all 32+ Greek-translated SCs of the Republic; the SC de Asclepiade is no. 22 in their canonical numbering and one of only ~5 to preserve both faces on the same stone (the others are usually known only from one face plus separate Greek copies of the same SC's circulation in Eastern cities). 两个 SC 内部跨语言转译边 (以深紫色高亮的行) 在此最丰富的单一来源中被记录. 项目语料库中所有其他触发 F.GRAFOMENON_PARESAN 或 F.PERI_TOUTOU_OUTOS_EDOXEN 的铭文, 在结构上皆源自本石碑帮助奠定的 SC-希腊东方传统. Sherk/Viereck 1969 收集所有 32+ 项共和时期希腊语翻译 SC; SC de Asclepiade 是其标准编号中第 22 号, 是仅约 5 件在同一石碑上保存两面之一 (其他通常仅由一面加上同一 SC 在东方城邦流通的独立希腊副本获知).

4. English translation (Latin face)4. 英文翻译 (拉丁面)

5. Historical context — three Greek shipowners and the Italian War5. 历史背景 — 三位希腊船主与意大利战争

The Italian War (the Social War, bellum Italicum, 91–87 BCE) was Rome's existential conflict against its Italian allies (socii) who demanded — and ultimately won — Roman citizenship. During the war's early naval phase Rome relied heavily on the fleets of Greek-East cities; the three honourees of this SC were citizens of three different Greek poleis (Clazomenae in Ionia, Carystus on Euboea, Miletus in Ionia) who served Rome with their own ships and crews. The Senate's recognition in 78 BCE — twelve to fourteen years after their service — formally enrols them and their descendants as amici populi Romani, an honoured but informal status that brought concrete benefits: tax-exempt status in their home cities, restitution of any property seized in their absence, forum-shopping rights in legal disputes, the right to send embassies to the Senate, hospitality in Rome at public expense, and the right to set up a bronze tablet of their friendship on the Capitoline. 意大利战争 (即同盟战争, bellum Italicum, 公元前 91–87 年) 是罗马对其要求 — 并最终赢得 — 罗马公民权的意大利同盟 (socii) 的生存之战. 战争初期海上阶段, 罗马大量依赖希腊东方城邦的舰队; 本 SC 三位受表彰者分别为三个希腊城邦的公民 (Ionia 的 Clazomenae, Euboea 的 Carystus, Ionia 的 Miletus), 以其船只和船员为罗马服役. 公元前 78 年元老院的承认 — 在他们服役十二至十四年后 — 正式将他们及其后裔登记为 amici populi Romani, 一种荣誉但非正式的地位, 带来实际利益: 在其家乡城邦享免税地位, 在其缺席期间被没收财产归还, 法律纠纷中的法庭选择权, 向元老院遣使权, 罗马公费款待, 以及在卡比托利欧山树立友好青铜板之权.

The SC's bilingual format is the natural consequence of its content. The honourees are Greek-speakers from Greek-speaking cities; the SC is a Roman senatorial act with full Latin formal apparatus; the stone must be readable by both audiences — the Senate's own archival audience in Rome (the bronze tablet was set up in Capitolio, exactly as the SC orders), and the honourees' civic audiences in Clazomenae, Carystus, and Miletus (who would receive copies of the SC for archival deposit). The translator's calque strategy — preserving Latin SC formal structure as much as Greek grammar allows, but defaulting to native Greek when a natural counterpart exists — reflects this dual readership. SC 双语格式是其内容的自然结果. 受表彰者是来自希腊语城邦的希腊语者; SC 是带完整拉丁形式装置的罗马元老院行为; 石碑须为两类受众可读 — 罗马元老院自身档案受众 (青铜板按 SC 命令设于 in Capitolio), 以及受表彰者在 Clazomenae、Carystus、Miletus 的市民受众 (将收到 SC 副本以存档). 译者转译策略 — 在希腊语法允许范围内尽可能保留拉丁 SC 形式结构, 但在存在自然对应物时默认本土希腊 — 反映此双重读者群.

6. Scholarship synthesis6. 学术综合

Sherk/Viereck 1969 — the canonical corpus of Greek-translated SCs

R. K. Sherk & P. Viereck, Roman Documents from the Greek East: Senatus Consulta and Epistulae to the Age of Augustus (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1969) is the foundational corpus of all Greek-translated SCs of the Late Republic and early Empire. The SC de Asclepiade is no. 22 in their numbering. The volume's introduction documents the bilingual SCs' translator-pool: the same handful of professional Greek-language scribes at the aerarium in Rome produced the Greek-side translations of every Greek-East SC across the Late Republic. The SC de Asclepiade is one of their earliest products and the most-quoted single text in the volume's commentary on the calque vocabulary. Sherk/Viereck's analytic claim — that Roman SC chancery prose travelled into the Greek East as a *technical register* with its own translation conventions, separate from native Greek civic-decree language — is built substantially on this stone. R. K. Sherk & P. Viereck, Roman Documents from the Greek East: Senatus Consulta and Epistulae to the Age of Augustus (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1969) 是共和晚期与帝国早期所有希腊语翻译 SC 的基础语料库. SC de Asclepiade 是其编号中第 22 号. 该卷导论记录了双语 SC 的译者群: 罗马 aerarium 的同一组专业希腊语书记官制作了共和晚期所有希腊东方 SC 的希腊面翻译. SC de Asclepiade 是他们的早期作品之一, 也是该卷转译词汇评注中引用最多的单一文本. Sherk/Viereck 的分析论点 — 罗马 SC 文书散文以*技术语域*形式传入希腊东方, 有其自身的翻译惯例, 独立于本土希腊市民法令语言 — 在此石碑之上构建.

Lanfranchi 2019 — the Greek translation of edictum / decretum

"Even though Greek sources for Roman history are always useful, they remain rather problematic because there is no exact Greek counterpart for edictum or decretum. For instance, the former can be translated by διάταγμα, διάγραμμα, διαγραφή and ἐπίταγμα ... Moreover, in senatus consulta, the words κατὰ τὸ διάταγμα are used to translate the Latin formula as can be seen in the senatus consultum de Asclepiade (78 BC) for which we fortunately possess the Latin text and the Greek translation, see R. K. Sherk, Roman Documents from the Greek East ... 1969, n° 22 l. 12 of Latin text and l. 26 of Greek text, see also l. 24 of Greek text." Lanfranchi 2019, p. 50 n. 14. Excerpted in dossier_workspace/excerpts_latin_sc.md §5.11.

Lanfranchi's footnote on the SC de Asclepiade is the dossier's most directly cited scholarship on this specific inscription's translator-craft. The article's larger argument — that Greek translators of Roman administrative texts faced a vocabulary gap that they filled with technical calques rather than free substitution — is exactly what the case study's §2 parallel-column display makes visible at the formula level. Lanfranchi's broader claim about edictum / decretum translation explains why our SC's translator chose περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν (an inventive calque) over κατὰ τὸ διάταγμα (the more conventional administrative shorthand): the translator wanted to preserve the SC's structural rhythm, not just its referential meaning. The choice is rhetorical and procedural at once. Lanfranchi 关于 SC de Asclepiade 的脚注是项目最直接引用的关于本特定铭文译者技艺的学术. 该文更大论点 — 罗马行政文本的希腊译者面临词汇空缺, 以技术性转译而非自由替换填补 — 正是本案例研究 §2 平行栏展示在公式层面所揭示者. Lanfranchi 关于 edictum / decretum 翻译的更广主张, 解释了我们 SC 的译者为何选择 περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν (一个创造性转译) 而非 κατὰ τὸ διάταγμα (更常规的行政简写): 译者欲保留 SC 的结构节奏, 而非仅其指称意义. 此选择同时是修辞性的与程序性的.

Rhodes & Lewis 1997 ch. 6 — "Roman-influenced Greek decree"

Rhodes & Lewis 1997, The Decrees of the Greek States, ch. 6, documents the regional variants of Greek decree formulae across the Hellenistic world. The chapter's terminal section names a category they call "Roman-influenced Greek decree" — Greek-language decrees from the Greek East of the Roman period that adopt Roman SC formal features. The systematic use of γραφομένων παρῆσαν as the calque of scribendo adfuerunt is their type-specimen of this hybrid genre. The SC de Asclepiade is not itself in their primary corpus (because it is a Roman SC translated, not a Greek civic decree influenced), but it is the documentary source from which Rhodes & Lewis derive the calque's canonical form — once the Greek translator at the aerarium used γραφομένωι παρῆσαν in the 78 BCE SC, it became the standard Greek-East rendering for scribendo adfuerunt across the following century. Rhodes & Lewis 1997, The Decrees of the Greek States, 第 6 章, 记录希腊化世界希腊法令公式的区域变体. 该章末尾部分命名一个类别, 称为"罗马影响下的希腊法令" — 罗马时期希腊东方的希腊语法令, 采用罗马 SC 形式特征. 系统使用 γραφομένων παρῆσαν 作为 scribendo adfuerunt 的转译, 是其此混合类型的标本. SC de Asclepiade 本身不在其主要语料库中 (因其为翻译的罗马 SC, 而非受影响的希腊市民法令), 但是 Rhodes & Lewis 据以推导转译标准形式的文献来源 — 一旦 aerarium 的希腊译者在公元前 78 年 SC 中使用 γραφομένωι παρῆσαν, 此后整个世纪它就成为 scribendo adfuerunt 的标准希腊东方译法.

Raggi & Buongiorno 2020 — the transition-formula calque

"Nella lacuna che apre la linea 20 è dunque da collocarsi la formula di transizione περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν (= de ea re ita censuerunt), ossia, sintatticamente, la proposizione principale (soggetto sottinteso sono, per l'appunto, i patres) da cui era retta la relatio e che di fatto introduceva la parte decretale del senatus consultum." Raggi & Buongiorno 2020, p. 108 (on the SC de Plarasensibus, 39 BCE, but with explicit cross-reference back to the SC de Asclepiade). Excerpted in dossier_workspace/excerpts_latin_sc.md §5.5.

Raggi & Buongiorno's discussion of the Plarasensibus SC's transition formula (case study #4, planned) explicitly identifies περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν as a calque established by the Late Republican translator pool — pointing back to the SC de Asclepiade as the canonical earlier instance. The dossier's M2 enrichment confirms their philological judgement empirically: the formula fires only 19 times across the entire 810,681-record corpus, and the SC de Asclepiade is the earliest and most-quoted of those 19. The 78 BCE date and the bilingual stone format together make this case study the empirical anchor of the §5 Cross-influence network's calque-edge claims. Raggi & Buongiorno 关于 Plarasensibus SC 过渡公式 (案例 #4, 计划中) 的讨论, 明确将 περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν 识别为共和晚期译者群确立的转译 — 回溯指向 SC de Asclepiade 为标准的较早实例. 项目 M2 富集经验证实其文献判断: 此公式在整个 810,681 条记录的语料库中仅触发 19 次, SC de Asclepiade 是这 19 次中最早且引用最多者. 公元前 78 年的日期与双语石碑格式, 使本案例研究成为 §5 跨语言转译网络转译边主张的经验锚.

7. Cross-references7. 互参

8. Bibliography8. 参考文献