Caesar World · 凯撒世界

Pro Ligario · 为利加里乌斯

Cicero

An advocacy speech before Caesar; its clemency language is partisan argument.

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Edition attribution and source XML

Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University; Cicero. M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes, Vol. 6. Clark, Albert Curtis, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1918. · Original XML · CC BY-SA 4.0

Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University; M. Tullius Cicero The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, literally translated by C. D. Yonge, B. A. London George Bell & Sons, York Street, Covent Garden 1891; translator: Charles Duke Yonge · Original XML · CC BY-SA 4.0

1 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:1

novum crimen, C. Caesar, et ante hunc diem non auditum propinquus meus ad te Q. Tubero detulit, Q. Ligarium in Africa fuisse, idque C. Pansa, praestanti vir ingenio, fretus fortasse familiaritate ea quae est ei tecum ausus est confiteri. itaque quo me vertam nescio. paratus enim veneram, cum tu id neque per te scires neque audire aliunde potuisses, ut ignoratione tua ad hominis miseri salutem abuterer. sed quoniam diligentia inimici investigatum est quod latebat, confitendum est, opinor, praesertim cum meus necessarius Pansa fecerit ut id integrum iam non esset, omissaque controversia omnis oratio ad misericordiam tuam conferenda est, qua plurimi sunt conservati, cum a te non liberationem culpae, sed errati veniam impetravissent.

Edition note

hanc Quintil. xi. 3. 108, 110

Edition note

non auditum αBDL et Quintil.: in auditum Eγ et Aquila Rom. Rhet. L. p. 24

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scires βa: scire αhm

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abuterer mallem uterer (numeri gratia) sed vulg tuetur Quintil.

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opinor α: ut opinor βγ

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:1

It is a new crime, and one never heard of before this day, O Caius Caesar, which my relation Quintus Tubero has brought before you, when he accuses Quintus Ligarius with having been in Africa; and that charge Caius Pansa, a man of eminent genius, relying perhaps on that intimacy with you which he enjoys, has ventured to confess. Therefore I do not know which way I had best proceed. For I had come prepared, as you did not know that fact of your own knowledge, and could not have heard it from any other quarter, to abase your ignorance in order to further the safety of a miserable man. But, however, since that which was previously unknown has been ferreted out by the diligence of his enemy we must, I suppose, confess the truth; especially as my dear friend Caius Pansa has so acted that it would not now be in my power to deny it. Therefore, abandoning all dispute of the fact, all my speech must be addressed to your mercy; by which many have already been preserved, having besought of you, not a release from all guilt, but pardon from admitted error.

2 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:2

habes igitur, Tubero, quod est accusatori maxime optandum, confitentem reum, sed tamen hoc confitentem, se in ea parte fuisse qua te, qua virum omni laude dignum, patrem tuum. itaque prius de vestro delicto confiteamini necesse est quam Ligari ullam culpam reprehendatis. Q. enim Ligarius, cum esset nulla belli suspicio, legatus in Africam C. Considio profectus est, qua in legatione et civibus et sociis ita se probavit ut decedens Considius provincia satis facere hominibus non posset, si quemquam alium provinciae praefecisset. itaque Ligarius, cum diu recusans nihil profecisset, provinciam accepit invitus; cui sic praefuit in pace ut et civibus et sociis gratissima esset eius integritas et fides.

Edition note

hoc ita γ

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te, Tubero γ

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itaque quare Quintil. viii. 5. 13

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vestro facto fateamini Quintil.

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Q. igitur γ

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esset adhuc γ

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C. α, Quintil. iv. 2. 109 cod. A: cum C. β: cum consule γ

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ac fides β

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:2

You, therefore, O Tubero, have that which is of all things most desirable for a prosecutor, a defendant who confesses his fault; but still, one who confesses it only so far as he admits that he was of the same party as you yourself, O Tubero, were, and as that man worthy of all praise, your father, also was. Therefore you must inevitably confess yourselves also to be guilty, before you can find fault with any part of the conduct of Ligarius. Quintus Ligarius, then, at a time when there was no suspicion of war, went as lieutenant into Africa with Caius Considius, in which lieutenancy he made himself so acceptable, both to our citizens there and to our allies, that Considius on departing from the province could not have given satisfaction to those men if he had appointed any one else to govern it. Therefore, Quintus Ligarius, after refusing it for a long time without effect, took upon himself the government of the province against his will. And while peace lasted, he governed it in such a manner that his integrity and good faith were most acceptable both to our citizens and to our allies.

3 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:3

bellum subito exarsit, quod qui erant in Africa ante audierunt geri quam parari. quo audito partim cupiditate inconsiderata, partim caeco quodam timore primo salutis, post etiam studi sui quaerebant aliquem ducem, cum Ligarius domum spectans, ad suos redire cupiens, nullo se implicari negotio passus est. interim P. Attius Varus, qui tum praetor Africam obtinuerat, Vticam venit. ad eum statim concursum est. atque ille non mediocri cupiditate adripuit imperium, si illud imperium esse potuit quod ad privatum clamore multitudinis imperitae, nullo publico consilio deferebatur.

Edition note

post etiam AVβam: postea H: post h

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et ad γ

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tum α: om. βγ

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ad privatum αγ: a privato DEL: in privato B: privato unus det.

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:3

On a sudden, war broke out, which those who were in Africa heard of as being actually raging before any rumour of its preparation had reached them. But when they did hear of it, partly out of an inconsiderate eagerness, partly out of some blind apprehension, they sought for some one as a leader, at first only with the object of securing their safety, and afterwards with that of indulging their party-spirit; while Ligarius, keeping his eyes fixed on home, and wishing to return to his friends, would not allow himself to be implicated in any business of the sort. In the meantime, Publius Attius Varus, who as praetor had obtained the province of Africa, came to Utica. Every one immediately flocked to him, and he seized on the government with no ordinary eagerness, if that may be called government which was conferred on him, while a private individual, by the clamour of an ignorant mob, without the sanction of any public council.

4 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:4

itaque Ligarius, qui omne tale negotium fugeret, paulum adventu Vari conquievit. adhuc, C. Caesar, Q. Ligarius omni culpa vacat. domo est egressus non modo nullum ad bellum sed ne ad minimam quidem suspicionem belli; legatus in pace profectus in provincia pacatissima ita se gessit ut ei pacem esse expediret. profectio certe animum tuum non debet offendere: num igitur remansio? multo minus. nam profectio voluntatem habuit non turpem, remansio necessitatem etiam honestam. ergo haec duo tempora carent crimine: unum cum est legatus profectus, alterum cum efflagitatus a provincia praepositus Africae est.

Edition note

fugeret α: cuperet effugere βγ

Edition note

vacat caret Quintil. iv. 2. 51

Edition note

belli suspicionem Quintil.

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profectus est B

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:4

Therefore, Ligarius, who was anxious to avoid being mixed up in any transactions of the sort remained quiet for some time on the arrival of Varus. Up to this point, O Caius Caesar, Quintus Ligarius is free from all blame. He left his home, not only not for the purpose of joining in any war, but when there was not even the slightest suspicion of war. Having gone as lieutenant in time of peace, he behaved himself in a most peaceable province in such a manner that it wished that peace might last for ever. Beyond all question, his departure from Rome with such an object ought not to be and cannot be offensive to you. Was, then, his remaining there offensive? Much less. For if it was no discreditable inclination that led to his going thither, it was even an honourable necessity which compelled him to remain. Both these times, then, are free from all fault—the time when he first went as lieutenant and the time when, having been demanded by the province, he was appointed governor of Africa.

5 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:5

tertium tempus quod post adventum Vari in Africa restitit, si est criminosum, necessitatis crimen est, non voluntatis. an ille, si potuisset illinc ullo modo evadere, Vticae quam Romae, cum P. Attio quam cum concordissimis fratribus, cum alienis esse quam cum suis maluisset? cum ipsa legatio plena desideri ac sollicitudinis fuisset propter incredibilem quendam fratrum amorem, hic aequo animo esse potuit belli discidio distractus a fratribus?

Edition note

tempus quod ... si H, ut voluit Baiter: t. est quod ... si AV: t. est quod ... quod si (om. est DL) β: est t. quo ... quod si γ

Edition note

illinc om. β

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potius quam γ

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:5

There is a third time that during which he remained in Africa after the arrival of Varus; and if that is at all criminal, the crime is one of necessity, not of inclination. Would he, if he could possibly have escaped thence by any means whatever, would he rather have been at Utica than at Rome,—with Publius Attius, in preference to his own most united brothers,—would he rather have been among strangers, than with his own friends? When his lieutenancy itself had been full of regret and anxiety on account of the extraordinary affection subsisting between him and his brothers, could he possibly remain there with any equanimity when separated from those brothers by the discord of war?

6 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:6

nullum igitur habes, Caesar, adhuc in Q. Ligario signum alienae a te voluntatis; cuius ego causam animadverte, quaeso, qua fide defendam: prodo meam. O clementiam admirabilem atque omnium laude, praedicatione, litteris monumentisque decorandam! M. Cicero apud te defendit alium in ea voluntate non fuisse in qua se ipsum confitetur fuisse, nec tuas tacitas cogitationes extimescit nec quid tibi de alio audienti de se occurrat reformidat. vide quam non reformidem; vide quanta lux liberalitatis et sapientiae tuae mihi apud te dicenti oboriatur: quantum potero voce contendam ut hoc populus Romanus exaudiat.

Edition note

cum M. β

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tacitas om. γ

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de se ipso β

Edition note

hoc hab. αβ hoc loco, ante Rom. a et Quintil. xi. 3. 166, om. h (hoc Rom. hoc m)

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:6

You have, therefore, O Caesar, no sign as yet of the affections of Quintus Ligarius being alienated from you. And observe, I entreat you, with what good faith I am defending his cause. I am betraying my own by so doing. O the admirable clemency, deserving to be celebrated by all possible praise, and publicity, and writings, and monuments! Marcus Cicero is urging in Ligarius's defence before you, that the inclinations of another were not the same as he admits his own to have been; nor does he fear your silent thoughts, nor is he under any apprehension as to what while you are hearing of the conduct of another, may occur to you respecting his own. See how entirely free from fear I am. See how brilliantly the light of your liberality and wisdom rises upon me while speaking before you. As far as I can, I will lift up my voice so that the Roman people may hear me.

7 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:7

suscepto bello, Caesar, gesto etiam ex parte magna, nulla vi coactus, iudicio ac voluntate ad ea arma profectus sum quae erant sumpta contra te. apud quem igitur hoc dico? nempe apud eum qui, cum hoc sciret, tamen me, ante quam vidit, rei publicae reddidit; qui ad me ex Aegypto litteras misit ut essem idem qui fuissem; qui me, cum ipse imperator in toto imperio populi Romani unus esset, esse alterum passus est; a quo hoc ipso C. Pansa mihi hunc nuntium perferente concessos fascis laureatos tenui quoad tenendos putavi; qui mihi tum denique salutem se putavit dare, si eam nullis spoliatam ornamentis dedisset.

Edition note

iam etiam Quintil. ix. 2. 28, xi. 3. 166

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consilio ac voluntate mea Quintil. ix. 2. 28

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me hoc loco hab αγ: post esse β

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orbe populi R. γ

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hunc α: om. βγ

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sal. se putavit dare αam: se sal. put. reddere βh

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:7

When the war began, O Caesar, when it was even very greatly advanced towards its end, I, though compelled by no extraneous force, of my own free judgment and inclination went to join that party which had taken up arms against you. Before whom now am I saying this? Forsooth, before the man who, though he was acquainted with this, nevertheless restored me to the republic before he saw me; who sent letters to me from Egypt, to desire me to behave as I always had behaved; who, when he himself might have been the sole leader of the Roman people in the whole empire, still permitted me to be the other; by whose gift it was, (this very Caius Pansa, who is here present, bringing me the news,) that I retained the fasces wreathed with laurel, as long as I thought it becoming to retain them at all, and who would not have considered that he was giving me safety at all, if he did not give it me without my being stripped of any of my previous distinctions.

8 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:8

vide, quaeso, Tubero, ut, qui de meo facto non dubitem, de Ligari audeam dicere. atque haec propterea de me dixi ut mihi Tubero, cum de se eadem dicerem, ignosceret; cuius ego industriae gloriaeque faveo vel propter propinquam cognationem, vel quod eius ingenio studiisque delector, vel quod laudem adulescentis propinqui existimo etiam ad meum aliquem fructum redundare.

Edition note

dubitem dicere γ

Edition note

audeam dicere α et Quintil. v. 10. 93: audeam confiteri γ: non aud. confiteri β

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:8

Observe, I pray you, O Tubero, how I, who do not hesitate to speak of my own conduct, do not venture to make any confession with respect to Ligarius: and I have said thus much respecting myself, to induce Tubero to excuse me when I say the same things of him. For I look in the forum on his industry and desire of glory, either on account of the nearness of our relationship, or because I am delighted with his genius and with his earnestness, or because I think that the praises of a young man who is my relative redound somewhat to my own credit.

9 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:9

sed hoc quaero: quis putat esse crimen fuisse in Africa? nempe is qui et ipse in eadem provincia esse voluit et prohibitum se a Ligario queritur, et certe contra ipsum Caesarem est congressus armatus. quid enim, Tubero, tuus ille destrictus in acie Pharsalica gladius agebat? cuius latus ille mucro petebat? qui sensus erat armorum tuorum? quae tua mens, oculi, manus, ardor animi? quid cupiebas, quid optabas? nimis urgeo; commoveri videtur adulescens.

Edition note

putet γ

Edition note

Afr. Ligarium γ

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provincia α: Africa βγ

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tuus ille, Tub. Quintil. quinque locis

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:9

But I ask this—Who is it who thinks that it was any crime in Ligarius to have been in Africa? Why, the very man who himself also wished to be in Africa, and who complains that he was prevented by Ligarius from going there, and who certainly was in arms and fought against Caesar. For, O Tubero, what was that drawn sword of yours doing in the battle of Pharsalia? against whose side was that sword-point of yours aimed? What was the feeling with which you took up arms? What was your intention? Where were your eyes? your hands? your eagerness of mind? what were you desirous of? What were you willing for? I am pressing you too hard. The young man appears to be moved. I will return to myself. I also was in arms in the same camp.

10 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:10

ad me revertar. isdem in armis fui. quid autem aliud egimus, Tubero, nisi ut quod hic potest nos possemus? quorum igitur impunitas, Caesar, tuae clementiae laus est, eorum ipsorum ad crudelitatem te acuet oratio? atque in hac causa non nihil equidem, Tubero, etiam tuam, sed multo magis patris tui prudentiam desidero, quod homo cum ingenio tum etiam doctrina excellens genus hoc causae quod esset non viderit. nam si vidisset, quovis profecto quam isto modo a te agi maluisset. arguis fatentem. non est satis: accusas eum qui causam habet aut, ut ego dico, meliorem quam tu aut, ut tu vis, parem.

Edition note

te ante ipsorum hab. Quintil. viii. 5. 10 et Diomedes K. i. 471

Edition note

acuit β, Diomedes (contra Quintil.)

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:10

But what other object had we, O Tubero, except to be able to do what this man can do now? Shall, then, O Caesar, the speech of those men spur you on to deeds of cruelty whose impunity is the great glory of your clemency? And in this cause, in truth, O Tubero, I am somewhat at a loss to discern your usual prudence, but much more so to see the sagacity of your father, since that man, eminent both for genius and erudition, did not perceive what sort of case this was. For if he had perceived it, he would, I doubt not, have preferred that you should conduct it in any manner in the world, rather than as you did. You are accusing one who confesses the facts which you allege against him. That is not enough. You are accusing one who has a case, as I say, better than your own, or, as you yourself allow, at least as good as yours.

11 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:11

haec admirabilia, sed prodigi simile est quod dicam. non habet eam vim ista accusatio ut Q. Ligarius condemnetur, sed ut necetur. hoc egit civis Romanus ante te nemo: externi sunt isti mores aut levium Graecorum aut immanium barbarorum. nam quid agis aliud? ut Romae ne sit, ut domo careat, ne cum optimis fratribus, ne cum hoc T. Broccho avunculo, ne cum eius filio consobrino suo, ne nobiscum vivat, ne sit in patria? num est, num potest magis carere his omnibus quam caret? Italia prohibetur, exsulat. non tu hunc ergo patria privare, qua caret, sed vita vis.

Edition note

haec admirabilia α: haec non modo mirabilia (add. sunt γ) βγ

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similia quae γ

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sed necetur γ

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sunt isti AH: isti sunt Va: isti βhm

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mores Schol.: qui usque ad sanguinem incitari solent odio add. αa: usque ad sang. incitari solent odio add. β: usque ad sang. incitare solent odium add. hm

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ut domo α: domo βγ, Prisc. k iii. 64

Edition note

avunc. suo β

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hunc hoc loco hab. α, post ergo DEγ, om. B: eum (sine ergo) Mart. Cap. Rhet. L. p. 476

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:11

This is strange though; but what I am about to say is a perfect miracle. That accusation of yours does not tend to the point of procuring the condemnation of Quintus Ligarius, but of causing us death. And this is an object which no Roman citizen has ever pursued before you. That way of acting is quite foreign. It is the hatred of fickle Greeks or of savage barbarians that is usually excited to the pitch of thirsting for blood. For what else is your object? To prevent him from being at ionic? To deprive him of his country? To hinder him from living with his excellent brothers, with this Titus Brocchus, whom you see in court, his uncle, or with Brocchus's son, his cousin? To prevent his appearing in his country? Was that it? Can he be more deprived of all these things than he is already? He is prevented from approaching Italy; he is banished. You, therefore, do not wish to deprive him of his country, of which he already is deprived, but of his life.

12 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:12

at istud ne apud eum quidem dictatorem qui omnis quos oderat morte multabat quisquam egit isto modo. ipse iubebat occidi nullo postulante, praemiis invitabat; quae tamen crudelitas ab hoc eodem aliquot annis post quem tu nunc crudelem esse vis vindicata est. ego vero istud non postulo inquies. ita me hercule existimo, Tubero. Novi enim te, novi patrem, novi domum nomenque vestrum; studia generis ac familiae vestrae virtutis, humanitatis, doctrinae, plurimarum artium atque optimarum nota mihi sunt.

Edition note

praemiis αBD: praem. etiam Eγ

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eodem etiam γ

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studia denique γ

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sunt omnia β

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:12

But even in the time of that dictator who punished with death every one whom he disliked, no one ever proceeded in that manner to accomplish such an end. He himself ordered men to be slain, without any one asking him; he even invited men to slay them by rewards; and that cruelty of his was avenged some years afterwards by this selfsame man whom you now wish to become cruel! “But I am not asking for his death,” you will say. I think indeed that you do not intend to do so, O Tubero, for I know you, I know your father, I know your birth and your name, and the pursuits of your race and family; our love of virtue, and civilization, and learning; your many admirable qualities,—all are known to me.

13 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:13

itaque certo scio vos non petere sanguinem, sed parum attenditis. res enim eo spectat ut ea poena in qua adhuc Q. Ligarius sit non videamini esse contenti. quae est igitur alia praeter mortem? si enim est in exsilio, sicuti est, quid amplius postulatis? an, ne ignoscatur? hoc vero multo acerbius multoque durius. quodne nos petimus precibus ac lacrimis, strati ad pedes, non tam nostrae causae fidentes quam huius humanitati, id ne impetremus pugnabis, et in nostrum fletum inrumpes, et nos iacentis ad pedes supplicum voce prohibebis?

Edition note

eo mortem hm

Edition note

est Wesenberg

Edition note

ignoscatur ed. R: ignoscat codd. (etiam E e coll. mea)

Edition note

multoque αEa: multo hm: est post -que add. B (in ras.) D, Zielinski, p. 212

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quodne αm: quod βa: si quod h

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petimus cod. Gruteri: domi petimus cett. (domi ex l. 24 irrepsit)

Edition note

ac α: et γ: om. β

Edition note

oppugnabis β

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:13

Therefore I know for a certainty that you are not thirsting for blood, but you give no heed to the effect of your prosecution. For the transaction has this tendency, to make you seem not contented with that punishment under which Quintus Ligarius is at present suffering. What further punishment then is there but death? For if he is in exile, as he is, what more do you require? That he may never be pardoned? But this is much more bitter and much harsher. That which we begged for at his house with prayers and tears, throwing ourselves at his feet, trusting not so much to the strength of our cause as to his humanity, will you now struggle to prevent our obtaining? Will you interrupt our weeping? and will you forbid us to speak, lying at his feet with the voice suppliants?

14 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:14

si, cum hoc domi faceremus, quod et fecimus et, ut spero, non frustra fecimus, tu repente inruisses et clamare coepisses C. Caesar, cave credas, cave ignoscas, cave te fratrum pro fratris salute obsecrantium misereat, nonne omnem humanitatem exuisses? quanto hoc durius, quod nos domi petimus, id a te in foro oppugnari et in tali miseria multorum perfugium misericordiae tolli? dicam plane, Caesar, quod sentio.

Edition note

cave credas γ: om. αβ

Edition note

misereatur Priscian K. ii. 392

Edition note

id te... oppugnare cod. Lambini

Edition note

tolli scripsi: tollere codd.

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:14

If, when we were doing this at his house, as and as I hope we did not do in vain, you had all on a sudden burst in, and had begun to cry out “O Caius Caesar, beware how you pardon, beware how you pity brothers entreating you for the safety of their brother,” would you not have renounced all humanity by such conduct? How much harder is this, for you to oppose in the forum what we begged of him in his own house! and while numbers are in this distress, to take away from them the refuge which they might find in his clemency! I will speak plainly, O Caius Caesar, what I feel.

15 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:15

si in tanta tua fortuna lenitas tanta non esset, quam tu per te, per te, inquam, obtines—intellego quid loquar—, acerbissimo luctu redundaret ista victoria. quam multi enim essent de victoribus qui te crudelem esse vellent, cum etiam de victis reperiantur! quam multi qui cum a te ignosci nemini vellent, impedirent clementiam tuam, cum hi quibus ipsis ignovisti nolint te esse in alios misericordem!

Edition note

in hac tanta βa

Edition note

tua fortuna lenitas fortuna bonitas Quintil. viii. 3. 85

Edition note

per te, per te γ: per te αβ (variant codd. Quintil.)

Edition note

qui om. β

Edition note

cum etiam β

Edition note

ipsis AV: ipse cett.

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:15

If in this splendid fortune of yours your lenity had not been as great as you of your own accord—of your own accord, I say, (I know well what I am saying,) make it, that victory of yours would have been pregnant with the bitterest grief to the state. For how many of the conquering party must have been found who would have wished you to be cruel, when some of even the conquered party are found to wish it! how many who, wishing no one to be pardoned by you, would have thrown obstacles in the way of your clemency, when even those men whom you yourself have pardoned are unwilling that you should be merciful to others

16 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:16

quod si probare Caesari possemus in Africa Ligarium omnino non fuisse, si honesto et misericordi mendacio saluti civi calamitoso esse vellemus, tamen hominis non esset in tanto discrimine et periculo civis refellere et coarguere nostrum mendacium, et, si esset alicuius, eius certe non esset qui in eadem causa et fortuna fuisset. sed tamen aliud est errare Caesarem nolle, aliud est nolle misereri. tum diceres: Caesar, cave credas: fuit in Africa, tulit arma contra te. nunc quid dicis? cave ignoscas. haec nec hominis nec ad hominem vox est. qua qui apud te, C. Caesar, utetur, suam citius abiciet humanitatem quam extorquebit tuam.

Edition note

redarguere β

Edition note

est nolle αβ: nolle a: non hm

Edition note

tunc β

Edition note

Afr. Ligarius γ

Edition note

utetur αBDa: utitur Ehm

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:16

But if we could prove to Caesar that Ligarius was actually not in Africa at all, if we wished to save an unfortunate citizen by an honourable and merciful falsehood; still it would not be the act of a man, in a case of such danger and peril to a fellow-citizen, to contradict and refute our falsehood; and if it were decent for any one to do so, it would certainly not be so for one who had himself been in the same case and condition But, however, it is one thing to be unwilling that Caesar should make a mistake, and another to be unwilling he should be merciful. Then you would say, “Beware, O Caesar, of believing all this—Ligarius was in Africa. He did bear arms against you.” But now what is it that you say “Take care you do not pardon him.” This is not the language of a man but he who uses it to you, O Caius Caesar, will find it an easier matter to abjure his own humanity than to strip you of yours.

17 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:17

ac primus aditus et postulatio Tuberonis haec, ut opinor, fuit, velle se de Q. Ligari scelere dicere. non dubito quin admiratus sis, vel quod nullo de alio quisquam, vel quod is qui in eadem causa fuisset, vel quidnam novi sceleris adferret. scelus tu illud vocas, Tubero? cur? isto enim nomine illa adhuc causa caruit. Alii errorem appellant, alii timorem; qui durius, spem, cupiditatem, odium, pertinaciam; qui gravissime, temeritatem: scelus praeter te adhuc nemo. ac mihi quidem, si proprium et verum nomen nostri mali quaeritur, fatalis quaedam calamitas incidisse videtur et improvidas hominum mentis occupavisse, ut nemo mirari debeat humana consilia divina necessitate esse superata.

Edition note

nullo de alio αa: de nullo alio βhm

Edition note

quisquam αβm: quicquam ah, ut voluit Haupt: del. Mommsen

Edition note

sceleris del. Patricius

Edition note

quaeratur β

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:17

And the first beginning, and the first proposition of Tubero, I imagine, was this; that he intended to speak of wickedness of Quintus Ligarius. I make no doubt that you wondered how it was that no one made this statement respecting some one else, or how it was that he made it who had been in the same condition himself, or what new crime it was which he was bringing forward. Do you call that wickedness, Tubero? Why so? For that cause has not as yet been wicked by that name. Some call it mistake; some call it fear; those who give it a harder name term it hope, ambition, hatred, obstinacy; those who use the hardest language style it rashness. But up to this time no one except you has ever called it wickedness. My own opinion is, if any one seeks for a proper and accurate name for our misfortune, that some disaster sent by destiny descended upon and occupied the provident minds of men; so that no one ought to wonder that human counsels were overruled by divine necessity.

18 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:18

liceat esse miseros—quamquam hoc victore esse non possumus; sed non loquor de nobis, de illis loquor qui occiderunt—fuerint cupidi, fuerint irati, fuerint pertinaces: sceleris vero crimine, furoris, parricidi liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat multis aliis carere. quando hoc ex te quisquam, Caesar, audivit, aut tua quid aliud arma voluerunt nisi a te contumeliam propulsare? quid egit tuus invictus exercitus nisi uti suum ius tueretur et dignitatem tuam? quid? tu, cum pacem esse cupiebas, idne agebas ut tibi cum sceleratis an ut cum bonis civibus conveniret?

Edition note

quisquam ex te β

Edition note

propulsare Cαβa: -sari hm

Edition note

uti Cα: ut βγ

Edition note

civibus om. Cα

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:18

Let it be allowed to us to be miserable, although that cannot be when this man is our conqueror. But I am not speaking of those who have perished. Grant that they were ambitious, that they were angry, that they were obstinate men; but still let Cnaeus Pompeius, for he is dead, and let any others with him, be free from the imputation of wickedness, of insanity, of parricide. When did any one hear such expression from you, O Caius Caesar? or what other object did your arms propose to themselves except the repelling insult from yourself? What was it that was accomplished by that invincible army of yours; beyond the preservation of its own rights, and of your dignity? What? when you were anxious for peace, was it your object to be able to come to terms of agreement with the wicked, or with the virtuous part of the citizens?

19 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:19

mihi vero, Caesar, tua in me maxima merita tanta certe non viderentur, si me ut sceleratum a te conservatum putarem. quo modo autem tu de re publica bene meritus esses, cum tot sceleratos incolumi dignitate esse voluisses? secessionem tu illam existimavisti, Caesar, initio, non bellum, nec hostile odium, sed civile discidium, utrisque cupientibus rem publicam salvam, sed partim consiliis, partim studiis a communi utilitate aberrantibus. principum dignitas erat paene par, non par fortasse eorum qui sequebantur; causa tum dubia, quod erat aliquid in utraque parte quod probari posset; nunc melior ea iudicanda est quam etiam di adiuverunt. cognita vero clementia tua quis non eam victoriam probet in qua occiderit nemo nisi armatus?

Edition note

Caesar β: om. αγ

Edition note

esses si γ

Edition note

neque β

Edition note

salvam esse γ

Edition note

melior certe γ

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:19

To me, of a truth, O Caesar, your services towards me, immense as they are, would certainly not appear so great, if I thought that I had been preserved by you while you considered me a wicked man. And how could you possibly have deserved well of the republic, if you had wished so many wicked men to remain with all their dignity unimpaired? Originally, O Caesar, you considered that as a secession, not as a declaration of war; you considered it as a demonstration not of hostile hatred, but of civil dissension, in which both parties desired the safety of the republic, but some departed from measures calculated for the general welfare out of an error of judgment, and some out of party spirit. The dignity of the leaders was nearly on a par; but that of those who followed them was perhaps not quite equal; the justice of the cause, too, was at that time doubtful, because there was something on each side which deserved to be approved of; but now that is unquestionably entitled to be thought the better cause which even the gods assisted. But now that your clemency is known; who is there who does not think well of that victory, in which no one has fallen except those who fell with arms in their hands?

20 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:20

sed, ut omittam communem causam, veniamus ad nostram. utrum tandem existimas facilius fuisse, Tubero, Ligario ex Africa exire an vobis in Africam non venire? poteramusne, inquies, cum senatus censuisset? si me consulis, nullo modo; sed tamen Ligarium senatus idem legaverat. atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat; vos tum paruistis cum paruit nemo qui noluit. reprehendo igitur? minime vero. neque enim licuit aliter vestro generi, nomini, familiae, disciplinae. sed hoc non concedo ut, quibus rebus gloriemini in vobis, easdem in aliis reprehendatis.

Edition note

Ligario Cα: Ligarium βγ

Edition note

vobis D1: nobis Cα (etiam A e coll. mea): vos D2BE (exire... Africam om. γ)

Edition note

tunc β

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:20

But to say no more of the general question, let us come to our own individual case. Which do you think was easiest, O Tubero, for Ligarius to depart from Africa, or for you to abstain from coming into Africa? “Could we so abstain,” you will say, “after the senate had voted that we should do so?” If you ask me, I say, Certainly not. But still the same senate had appointed Ligarius lieutenant. And he obeyed them at a time when men were forced to obey the senate; but you obeyed at a time when no one obeyed them who did not like it. Do I then find fault with you? By no means;—for a man of your family, of your name, of your race, of your hereditary principles, could not act otherwise. But I do not grant that you have a right to reprove in others the very same conduct which you boast of in yourselves.

21 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:21

Tuberonis sors coniecta est ex senatus consulto, cum ipse non adesset, morbo etiam impediretur: statuerat excusari. haec ego novi propter omnis necessitudines quae mihi sunt cum L. Tuberone: domi una eruditi, militiae contubernales, post adfines, in omni vita familiares; magnum etiam vinculum quod isdem studiis semper usi sumus. scio Tuberonem domi manere voluisse: sed ita quidam agebant, ita rei publicae sanctissimum nomen opponebant ut, etiam si aliter sentiret, virorum tamen ipsorum pondus sustinere non posset.

Edition note

Tuberoni β

Edition note

excusari C2H (cf. Phil. v. 14): excusare cett.

Edition note

domo Cα

Edition note

omni Cα: omni denique βγ

Edition note

scio igitur β

Edition note

agebat... opponebat BE

Edition note

virorum Cαa: verborum βhm

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:21

Tubero's lot was drawn in pursuance of a resolution of the senate when he himself was not present, when he was even hindered by sickness from being present. He had made up his mind to excuse himself. I know all this from the great intimacy which exists between Lucius Tubero and myself: we were brought up together, in our campaigns we were comrades, afterwards we became connected by marriage, and throughout the whole of our lives, in short, we have been friends; it has been, moreover, a great bond between us, that we have been devoted to the same studies. I know, therefore, that Tubero wished to remain at home; but there was a person who contrived matters in such a way, who put forth that most holy name of the republic so artfully, that even had his sentiments been different from what they were, he would not have been able to support the weight of his language.

22 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:22

cessit auctoritati amplissimi viri vel potius paruit: una est profectus cum eis quorum erat una causa. tardius iter fecit; itaque in Africam venit iam occupatam. hinc in Ligarium crimen oritur vel ira potius. nam si crimen est voluisse, non minus magnum est vos Africam, arcem omnium provinciarum, natam ad bellum contra hanc urbem gerendum, obtinere voluisse quam aliquem se maluisse. atque is tamen aliquis Ligarius non fuit: Varus imperium se habere dicebat; fascis certe habebat.

Edition note

ampl. viri auct. Isidorus v. 25. 32

Edition note

voluisse Baiter: prohibere illa voluisse Cαa: illum voluisse βhm: illa voluisse Zielinski

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:22

He submitted to the authority of a most distinguished man, or, I should rather say, he obeyed him. He went off at the same time with those men who were already embarked in the same cause, but he made us journey slower than they. Therefore, he arrived in Africa when it was already occupied; and from this it is that the charge against Ligarius, or rather the enmity against him, has its rise. For if it be a crime in him to have wished to hinder you, it is a no less serious one for you to have wished to obtain Africa, the citadel of all the provinces, a land created for the purpose of waging war against this city, than for somebody else to have preferred obtaining it himself,—and that somebody was not Ligarius. Varus kept saying, that he had the command there; the fasces he certainly had.

23 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:23

sed quoquo modo se illud habet, haec querela, Tubero, vestra quid valet? recepti in provinciam non sumus. quid, si essetis? Caesarine eam tradituri fuistis an contra Caesarem retenturi? vide quid licentiae, Caesar, nobis tua liberalitas det vel potius audaciae. si responderit Tubero, Africam, quo senatus eum sorsque miserat, tibi patrem suum traditurum fuisse, non dubitabo apud ipsum te cuius id eum facere interfuit gravissimis verbis eius consilium reprehendere. non enim, si tibi ea res grata fuisset, esset etiam approbata.

Edition note

habeat β

Edition note

fuistis α: fuissetis βγ

Edition note

nobis Caesar Cα: Caesar nobis βγ

Edition note

adprobata CAVa: eadem probata H: probata βhm

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:23

But however the case, as to that part of it may be, what weight is there, O Tubero, in this complaint of yours? “We were admitted into the province.” Well, suppose you had been admitted? was it your object to deliver it up to Caesar, or to hold it against Caesar? See, O Caesar, what licence, or rather what audacity, your liberality gives us. If Tubero replies that his father would have given up to you that province to which the senate and the lot which be drew had sent him, I will not hesitate in severe language to reprove that design of his before you yourself, to whose advantage it was that he should so. For even if the action had been an acceptable one to you, it would not have been thought an honest one by you.

24 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:24

sed iam hoc totum omitto, non ultra offendam tuas patientissimas auris quam ne Tubero quod numquam cogitavit facturus fuisse videatur. veniebatis igitur in provinciam, unam ex omnibus huic victoriae maxime infensam, in qua rex potentissimus inimicus huic causae, aliena voluntas conventus firmi atque magni. quaero: quid facturi fuistis? quamquam quid facturi fueritis dubitem, cum videam quid feceritis? prohibiti estis in provincia vestra pedem ponere et prohibiti summa cum iniuria.

Edition note

non ultra (nontra C1A1) Cα: non tam ne Dm: non tam ut non ah: non tam propter id ne BE

Edition note

in provinciam in (om. C2) Africam add. post in prov. H, ante in prov. CAV, ante prov. (sine in) βγ, ego delevi

Edition note

infensam Cα: infestam βγ

Edition note

rex Cαam: erat rex β: rex erat h

Edition note

fuissetis γ

Edition note

dubitem CαD: non dubitem BEγ

Edition note

et prohibiti Cαβ: ut prohibitis m: ut perhibetis ah

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:24

But, however, all these topics I will pass over, not so much for fear of offending your most patient ears, as because that I do not wish that Tubero should appear to have been likely to do what he never thought of. You two came, then, into the province of Africa,—the province of all others that was most hostile to the views of this victorious party in which there was a most powerful king, an enemy to this cause, and in which the inclinations of a large and powerful body of Roman settlers were entirely adverse to it. I ask what you intended to do? Though I do not really doubt what you intended to do, when I see what you have done. You were forbidden to set foot in your province, and forbidden, as you state yourselves, with the greatest insults.

25 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:25

quo modo id tulistis? acceptae iniuriae querelam ad quem detulistis? nempe ad eum cuius auctoritatem secuti in societatem belli veneratis. quod si Caesaris causa in provinciam veniebatis, ad eum profecto exclusi provincia venissetis. venistis ad Pompeium. quae est ergo apud Caesarem querela, cum eum accusetis a quo queramini prohibitos vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum? atque in hoc quidem vel cum mendacio, si voltis, gloriemini per me licet, vos provinciam fuisse Caesari tradituros. etiam si a Varo et a quibusdam aliis prohibiti estis, ego tamen confitebor culpam esse Ligari qui vos tantae laudis occasione privarit.

Edition note

acceptae iniuriae Cαβa: accepta iniuria hm

Edition note

proh. vos Cα: vos proh. γ: proh. esse vos β

Edition note

vultis CαBa: velitis DE: vis hm et Prisc. K. iii. p. 367

Edition note

gloriemini CαB1a: -iari B2DEhm

Edition note

et a et Cα

Edition note

estis C1, Garatoni: essetis cett.

Edition note

privarit Cα: privaverit βγ

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:25

How did you bear that? To whom did you carry your complaints of the insults which you had received? Why, to that man whose authority you had followed when you came to join his party in the war. If it had been in Caesar's cause that you were coming to the province, unquestionably, when excluded from the province, it was to him that you would have gone. But you came to Pompeius. What is the meaning, then, of this complaint which you now urge before Caesar, when you accuse that man by whom you complain that you were prevented from waging war against Caesar? And as to this part of the business you may boast for all I care, even though it will be falsely, that you would have given the province up to Caesar, even if you had been forbidden by Varus, and by some others. But I will confess that the fault was all Ligarius's, who deprived you of an opportunity of acquiring so much glory.

26 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:26

sed vide, quaeso, Caesar, constantiam ornatissimi viri L. Tuberonis, quam ego, quamvis ipse probarem, ut probo, tamen non commemorarem, nisi a te cognovissem in primis eam virtutem solere laudari. quae fuit igitur umquam in ullo homine tanta constantia? Constantiam dico; nescio an melius patientiam possim dicere. quotus enim istud quisque fecisset ut, a quibus partibus in dissensione civili non esset receptus, essetque etiam cum crudelitate reiectus, ad eas ipsas partis rediret? Magni cuiusdam animi atque eius viri quem de suscepta causa propositaque sententia nulla contumelia, nulla vis, nullum periculum posset depellere.

Edition note

L. om. β (etiam viri E): L. Tub. del. Baiter

Edition note

istuc Cα

Edition note

esset etiam β

Edition note

cum om. Cα

Edition note

eas ipsas partis Cαa: eas ipsas hm: eos ipsos β

Edition note

est post viri add. Paris. 7779 (k), ed. V

Edition note

posset Cα: possit βγ

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:26

But observe, I pray you, O Caius Caesar, the consistency of that most accomplished man, Lucius Tubero, which even though I thought as highly of it as I do, I still would not mention, if I were not aware that that is a virtue which you are in the habit of praising as much as any. Where, then, was there ever an example of such great consistency in any man? Consistency, do I say? I do not know whether I might not more fitly call it patience. For how few men would have acted in such a manner as to return to that same party by which he had been rejected in a time of civil dissension, and rejected even with cruelty? That is the act of a great mind, and of a man whom no contumely, no violence, and no danger can turn from a side which he has espoused, and from an opinion which he has adopted.

27 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:27

ut enim cetera paria Tuberoni cum Varo fuissent, honos, nobilitas, splendor, ingenium, quae nequaquam fuerunt, hoc certe praecipuum Tuberonis quod iusto cum imperio ex senatus consulto in provinciam suam venerat. hinc prohibitus non ad Caesarem ne iratus, non domum ne iners, non aliquam in regionem ne condemnare causam illam quam secutus esset videretur: in Macedoniam ad Cn. Pompei castra venit, in eam ipsam causam a qua erat reiectus iniuria.

Edition note

honos om. αhm

Edition note

in aliquam β (contra Rufinianum Rhet. L. p. 46)

Edition note

erat β

Edition note

ad in Cα

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:27

Grant that in all other respects Tubero and Varus were on a par, as to honour, that is, and nobleness of birth, and respectability, and genius,—which, however, was by no means the case; at all events, Tubero had this great advantage, that he had come to his own province with a legitimate command, in pursuance of a resolution of the senate. When he was prevented from entering it, he did not betake himself to Caesar, lest he should appear to be in a passion,—he did not go home, lest he should be thought inactive,—he did not go to any other district, lest he might seem to condemn that cause which he had espoused. He came into Macedonia to the camp of Cnaeus Pompeius, to join that very party by whom he had been repulsed with every circumstance of insult.

28 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:28

quid? cum ista res nihil commovisset eius animum ad quem veneratis, languidiore, credo, studio in causa fuistis; tantum modo in praesidiis eratis, animi vero a causa abhorrebant: an, ut fit in civilibus bellis—nec in vobis magis quam in reliquis; omnes enim vincendi studio tenebamur. pacis equidem semper auctor fui, sed tum sero; erat enim amentis, cum aciem videres, pacem cogitare. omnes, inquam, vincere volebamus; tu certe praecipue, qui in eum locum venisses ubi tibi esset pereundum, nisi vicisses. quamquam, ut nunc se res habet, non dubito quin hanc salutem anteponas illi victoriae.

Edition note

cum iniuria γ

Edition note

post bellis lacunam statuit Madvig: anacoluthian ex parenthesi ortam defendit Rau

Edition note

neque Cα

Edition note

praecipue om. α

Edition note

veneras β

Edition note

tibi om. α

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:28

What? when that affair had had no effect on the mind of man to whom you came, you behaved, after that with a more languid zeal, I suppose, in his cause? You only stayed in some garrison? But your affections were alienated from his cause? Or were we all, as is the case in a civil war, and not more with respect to you two, than with respect to others,—were we all wholly occupied with a desire of victory? I, indeed, was at all times an advocate of peace, but that time was too late. For it was the part of a madman to think of peace when he saw the hostile army in battle array. We all, every one of us, I say, were eager for victory; you most especially, as you had come into a place where you must inevitably perish if your side were not victorious. Although, the result now turns out, I make no doubt that you confer your present safety preferable to what would have been the consequences of victory.

29 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:29

haec ego non dicerem, Tubero, si aut vos constantiae vestrae aut Caesarem benefici sui paeniteret. nunc quaero utrum vestras iniurias an rei publicae persequamini. si rei publicae, quid de vestra in illa causa perseverantia respondebitis? si vestras, videte ne erretis qui Caesarem vestris inimicis iratum fore putetis, cum ignoverit suis. itaque num tibi videor in causa Ligari esse occupatus, num de eius facto dicere? quicquid dixi, ad unam summam referri volo vel humanitatis vel clementiae vel misericordiae.

Edition note

misericordiae β, Zielinski: misericordiae tuae αγ

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:29

I would not say these things, O Tubero, if you had any reason to repent of your consistency, or Caesar of his kindness. I ask now whether you are seeking to avenge your own injuries, or those of the republic? If those of the republic, what reply can you make with respect to your perseverance in the cause of that other party? If your own, take care that you are not making a great mistake in thinking that Caesar will be angry with your enemies, after he has pardoned his own. Do I, then, appear to you, O Caesar, to be occupied in the use of Ligarius? Do I appear to be speaking of his conduct? In whatever I have said, I have endeavoured to refer everything to the leading idea of your humanity, or clemency, mercy, whichever may be its most proper name.

30 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:30

causas, Caesar, egi multas equidem tecum, dum te in foro tenuit ratio honorum tuorum, certe numquam hoc modo: ignoscite, iudices; erravit, lapsus est, non putavit; si umquam posthac. ad parentem sic agi solet, ad iudices: non fecit, non cogitavit; falsi testes, fictum crimen. dic te, Caesar, de facto Ligari iudicem esse; quibus in praesidiis fuerit quaere: taceo, ne haec quidem conligo, quae fortasse valerent etiam apud iudicem: legatus ante bellum profectus, relictus in pace, bello oppressus, in eo ipso non acerbus, totus animo et studio tuus. ad iudicem sic, sed ego apud parentem loquor: erravi, temere feci, paenitet; ad clementiam tuam confugio, delicti veniam peto, ut ignoscatur oro. si nemo impetravit, adroganter: si plurimi, tu idem fer opem qui spem dedisti.

Edition note

equidem Aah: et quidem HVDβm

Edition note

quaere βh: quaerere αam

Edition note

acerbus fuit γ

Edition note

totus animo αa: tametsi totus hm: tametsi totus animo β: iam est totus animo Madvig

Edition note

ac studio β

Edition note

sic αh: sic agi solet βa

Edition note

apud β: ad αγ

Edition note

erravit... fecit γ

Edition note

ignoscas γ

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:30

I have, indeed, O Caius Caesar, pleaded many causes with you, while your pursuit of honours detained you in the forum; but certainly I never pleaded in this way, “Pardon my client, O judges; he has erred, he has tripped, he did not think.[…: gap in edition] If ever hereafter[…: gap in edition]” This is the sort of way in which he pleads with a parent; to judges one says, “He never did it, he never thought of it the witnesses are false, the accusation is false.” Say, O Caesar, that you are sitting as judge on the conduct of Ligarius. Ask me in what garrisons he was. I make no reply. I do not even adduce these arguments, which, perhaps, might have weight even with a judge,—“He went as a lieutenant before the war broke out; he was left there in time of peace; he was overtaken by the war; in the war itself he was not cruel; he was in disposition and zeal wholly yours.” This is the way in which men are in the habit of pleading before a judge. But I am addressing a parent. “I have erred; I have acted rashly; I repent; I flee to your clemency; I beg pardon for my fault; I entreat you to pardon me.” If no one has gained such indulgence from you, it is an arrogant address.

31 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:31

an sperandi de Ligario causa non erit, cum mihi apud te locus sit etiam pro altero deprecandi? quamquam nec in hac oratione spes est posita causae nec in eorum studiis qui a te pro Ligario petunt tui necessarii. vidi enim et cognovi quid maxime spectares, cum pro alicuius salute multi laborarent: causas apud te rogantium gratiosiores esse quam voltus, neque te spectare quam tuus esset necessarius is qui te oraret, sed quam illius pro quo laboraret. itaque tribuis tu quidem tuis ita multa ut mihi beatiores illi videantur interdum qui tua liberalitate fruantur quam tu ipse qui illis tam multa concedas; sed video tamen apud te, ut dixi, causas valere plus quam preces, ab eisque te moveri maxime quorum iustissimum videas dolorem in petendo.

Edition note

de Lig. causa non erit α: Lig. causa non sit βγ

Edition note

vultus αγ: preces β

Edition note

quam illius αβa: quae (quam m) illius causa hm

Edition note

tribuis tu α: tribuisti γ: tribuis β

Edition note

esse ante illi add. E, post illi BD, ante beat. γ

Edition note

fruantur αa: fruuntur βhm

Edition note

ut dixi causas α: causas ut dixi β: ut dixi caus. rogantium γ

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:31

But if many have, then do you give us assistance who have already given us hope. Is it possible that Ligarius should have no reason for hope, when I am allowed to approach you even for the purpose of entreating mercy for another? Although the hope which we entertain in this cause does not rest upon this oration of mine, nor on the zeal of those who entreat you for Ligarius, intimate friends of your own. For I have seen and known what it was that you mainly considered when many men were exerting themselves for any one's safety; I have seen that the causes of those who were entreating you had more weight with you than the persons of the advocates, and that you considered, not how much the man who was entreating you was your friend, but how much he was the friend of him for whom he was exerting himself. Therefore, you grant your friends so many favours, that they who enjoy your liberality appear to me sometimes to be happier than you yourself who give them so much. But, however, I see, as I said before, that the causes of those who entreat your mercy have more weight with you than the entreaties themselves; and that you are most moved by those men whose grief, which they display in their petitions to you, is the most genuine.

32 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:32

in Q. Ligario conservando multis tu quidem gratum facies necessariis tuis, sed hoc, quaeso, considera, quod soles. possum fortissimos viros, Sabinos, tibi probatissimos, totumque agrum Sabinum, florem Italiae ac robur rei publicae, proponere. Nosti optime homines. animadverte horum omnium maestitiam et dolorem; huius T. Brocchi de quo non dubito quid existimes lacrimas squaloremque ipsius et fili vides.

Edition note

proponere.

Edition note

Nosti AH, ed. R (cf. Phil. xiii. 30): proponere, nosti vulg. optime αγ: optimos β

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:32

In preserving Quintus Ligarius you will do what will be acceptable to numbers of your intimate friends; but, I entreat you, give weight to the considerations which are accustomed to influence you. I can mention to you most brave men, Sabines, men most highly esteemed by you; and the whole of the Sabine district, the flower of Italy and the chief strength of the republic. You are well acquainted with the men. Observe the sadness and grief of all these men. You see yourself the tears and mourning attire of Titus Brocchus, who is here present, and I am in no doubt as to what your opinion of him is: you see the grief of his son.

33 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:33

quid de fratribus dicam? noli, Caesar, putare de unius capite nos agere: aut tres Ligarii retinendi in civitate sunt aut tres ex civitate exterminandi. quodvis exsilium his est optatius quam patria, quam domus, quam di penates, illo uno exsulante. si fraterne, si pie, si cum dolore faciunt, moveant te horum lacrimae, moveat pietas, moveat germanitas; valeat tua vox illa quae vicit. te enim dicere audiebamus nos omnis adversarios putare, nisi qui nobiscum essent; te omnis qui contra te non essent tuos. videsne igitur hunc splendorem omnem, hanc Brocchorum domum, hunc L. Marcium, C. Caesetium, L. Corfidium, hos omnis equites Romanos qui adsunt veste mutata, non solum notos tibi verum etiam probatos viros. atque his irascebamur, hos requirebamus, his non nulli etiam minabantur. conserva igitur tuis suos ut, quem ad modum cetera quae dicta sunt a te, sic hoc verissimum reperiatur.

Edition note

tibi ante in add. α, ante Lig. β, post Lig. γ

Edition note

e HDE

Edition note

nam quodvis β

Edition note

illo uno α: uno illo βγ

Edition note

omnium β

Edition note

viros tecum fuisse add. αγ: qui tecum fuerunt add. β: del. Nohl e cod. Barberino, ego e coni. (Anecd. p. xxxv)

Edition note

minabamur β

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:33

Why need I speak of the brothers of Ligarius? Do not fancy, O Caesar, that we are pleading for the life of an individual only. You must either retain all three of the Ligarii in the city, or banish them all three from the city. Any exile is more desirable for them than their own country, their own house, and their own household gods will be if this their brother is banished by himself. If they act as brothers should,—if they behave with affection and with genuine grief, then let their tears, their affection, and their relationship as brothers move you. Let that expression of yours have weight now which gained the victory; for we heard that you said that we thought all men our enemies, but those who were with us; but that you considered all men as your friends who were not actually arrayed against you. Do you see, then, this most respectable band; do you see the whole house of the Brocchi here present, and Lucius Marcius, and Caius Caesetius, and Lucius Corfidius, and all these Roman knights, who are present here in mourning garments,—men who are not only well known to, but highly esteemed by you? They all were with you then; and we were full of anger against them,—we were attacking them; some even personally threatened them. Preserve, therefore, their friends to your friends; so that, like everything else which has been said by you, this, too, may be found to be strictly true.

34 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:34

quod si penitus perspicere posses concordiam Ligariorum, omnis fratres tecum iudicares fuisse. an potest quisquam dubitare quin, si Q. Ligarius in Italia esse potuisset, in eadem sententia futurus fuerit in qua fratres fuerunt? quis est qui horum consensum conspirantem et paene conflatum in hac prope aequalitate fraterna noverit qui hoc non sentiat, quidvis prius futurum fuisse quam ut hi fratres diversas sententias fortunasque sequerentur? voluntate igitur omnes tecum fuerunt: tempestate abreptus est unus qui, si consilio id fecisset, esset eorum similis quos tu tamen salvos esse voluisti.

Edition note

fuisset futurus β

Edition note

noverit Hansing: non noverit codd.

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:34

But if you were able to look into the hearts of the Ligarii, so as to see the perfect unanimity which subsists between them, you would think that all the brothers were on your side. Can any one entertain a doubt that, if Quintus Ligarius had been able to be in Italy, he would also have adopted the same opinions as his brothers adopted? Who is there who is not acquainted with the harmony existing between them, united and molten together, as I may say, by their nearness of age to one another? Who does not feel that anything in the world was more likely than that these brothers should adopt different opinions and embrace different parties? By inclination, therefore, they are all with you. Owing to the necessity of the times, one was separated from you; but he, even if he had done what he did deliberately, would still have been only like those men whom, nevertheless, you have shown yourself desirous to save.

35 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:35

sed ierit ad bellum, dissenserit non a te solum verum etiam a fratribus: hi te orant tui. equidem, cum tuis omnibus negotiis interessem, memoria teneo qualis T. Ligarius quaestor urbanus fuerit erga te et dignitatem tuam. sed parum est me hoc meminisse: spero etiam te qui oblivisci nihil soles nisi iniurias—cum hoc est animi, tum etiam ingeni tui—te aliquid de huius illo quaestorio officio, etiam de aliis quibusdam quaestoribus reminiscentem recordari.

Edition note

cum... tum scripsi: quam... tam αa: quam... quam βhσ: quoniam... quoniam edV.

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:35

However, grant that he went up of his own accord to the war, and that he departed, not only from you, but also from his brothers. These friends of your own entreat you to pardon him. I, indeed, at the time when I was present at, and mixed up in, all your affairs, remember well what was the behaviour of Titus Ligarius at that time, when he was city quaestor, with reference to you and your dignity. But it is of no importance for me to remember this. I hope that you, too, who are not in the habit of forgetting anything, except the injuries which have been done to you, since it is a part of your character, a part of your natural disposition, to do so, while you are thinking of the manner in which he conducted himself in the discharge of his duty as quaestor, and while you remember, too, how some other quaestors behaved,—I hope, I say, that you will also recollect this.

Edition note

There is some uncertainty as to what Cicero alludes to here. Most of the commentators think that Ligarius must have been quaestor when Metellus and the rest of his colleagues endeavoured to prevent Caesar from taking the money from the public treasury; but Fabritius objects to this view, that at that time Cicero had no connection with Caesar's affairs, which is certainly true, while he says here that he had at the time that he alludes to. He thinks, therefore, that Cicero is alluding to what took place in the consulship of Lentulus and Philippus, (the year of Cicero's recall,) respecting the vote of pay to Caesar's army in Gaul.

36 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:36

hic igitur T. Ligarius, qui tum nihil egit aliud—neque enim haec divinabat—nisi ut tui se studiosum et bonum virum iudicares, nunc a te supplex fratris salutem petit. quam huius admonitus officio cum utrisque his dederis, tris fratres optimos et integerrimos non solum sibi ipsos neque his tot talibus viris neque nobis necessariis tuis sed etiam rei publicae condonaveris.

Edition note

tui se scripsi: eum tuis H: eum tui AV: tu eum βγ: tui eum Patricius

Edition note

ipsos αβa: ipsis hσ tot αBD: tot ac Eγ

Edition note

tuis β: om. αγ

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:36

This Titus Ligarius, then, who had at that time no other object except to induce you to think him attached to your interests, and a virtuous man also, (for he could never foresee these present circumstances,) now as a suppliant begs the safety of his brother from you. And when, urged by the recollection of his devotion to you, you have granted that safety to these men, you will by so doing have made a present of three most virtuous and upright brothers, not only to themselves, nor to these men, numerous and respectable as they are, nor to us who are their intimate friends, but also to the republic.

37 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:37

fac igitur, quod de homine nobilissimo et clarissimo fecisti nuper in curia, nunc idem in foro de optimis et huic omni frequentiae probatissimis fratribus. ut concessisti illum senatui, sic da hunc populo, cuius voluntatem carissimam semper habuisti, et, si ille dies tibi gloriosissimus, populo Romano gratissimus fuit, noli, obsecro, dubitare, C. Caesar, similem illi gloriae laudem quam saepissime quaerere. nihil est tam populare quam bonitas, nulla de virtutibus tuis plurimis nec admirabilior nec gratior misericordia est.

Edition note

clar. M. Marcello restituto γ

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:37

That, therefore, which in the case of that most noble and most illustrious man, Marcus Marcellus, you lately did in the senate-house, do now also in the forum with respect to these most virtuous brothers, who are so highly esteemed by all the crowd here present. As you granted him to the senate, so grant this man to the people, whose affections you have always considered most important to you. And if that day was one most glorious to you, and at the same time most acceptable to the Roman people, do not, I entreat you,—do not hesitate to earn the praise of a glory like that as frequently as possible. For there is nothing so calculated to win the affections of the people as kindness. Of all your many virtues, there is none more admirable, none more beloved than your mercy.

38 · Cicero

Original

urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi033.perseus-lat2:38

homines enim ad deos nulla re propius accedunt quam salutem hominibus dando. nihil habet nec fortuna tua maius quam ut possis, nec natura melius quam ut velis servare quam plurimos. longiorem orationem causa forsitan postulet, tua certe natura breviorem. qua re cum utilius esse arbitrer te ipsum quam aut me aut quemquam loqui tecum, finem iam faciam: tantum te admonebo, si illi absenti salutem dederis, praesentibus te his daturum.

Edition note

salute hom. danda hσ, ut voluit Müller

Edition note

postulet H: postulat cett.

Edition note

quam me β

Edition note

te his daturum α: his te dat. γ: his omnibus dat. β

Translation

local:caesar-world:ligario-en:38

For there is no action by which men make a nearer approach to the gods, than by conferring safety on others. Fortune has no greater gifts for you than when it bestows on you the ability—nature has no better endowment for you than when it bestows on you the will, to save as many people us possible. The cause of my client, perhaps, requires a longer speech than this a shorter one would certainly be sufficient for a man of your natural disposition. Wherefore, as I think it more desirable for you to converse, as it were, with yourself, than for me or any one else to be speaking to you, I shall now make an end. This only will I remind you of, that if you do grant this protection to him who is absent, you will be giving it also to all these men who are here present.