{ "schema_version": "1.1.0", "register_id": "north-africa-production-centres", "title": "Source-audited North African terra sigillata and red-slip production-centre register", "created": "2026-07-17", "updated": "2026-07-18", "status": "seven detailed core records plus three page-locked enrichment records; integrated in application data", "scope": "Ten high-priority North African records: nine secure mapped production centres and one deliberately unlocated probable candidate, with production evidence, spatial provenance, chronological restraint, and explicit non-inference rules for owners and families.", "editorial_rules": { "production_status_vocabulary": [ "secure", "probable", "legacy_contested", "unknown" ], "geometry_type_vocabulary": [ "surveyed_workshop_point", "site_representative_point", "gazetteer_representative_point", "uncertainty_circle", "production_region", "unlocated_candidate" ], "evidence_type_vocabulary": [ "kiln", "waster", "production_debris", "saggar", "mould", "punch", "potters_tool", "lamp_matrix", "survey_concentration", "petrographic_reference_group", "chemical_reference_group", "local_clay_compatibility" ], "global_family_owner_non_inference": "A production centre, workshop district, kiln group, fabric group, stamp group, named maker, and property owner are separate entities or assertions. No audited centre below supplies evidence for a biological family, dynastic company, landowner, or centre-wide proprietor. Shared fabric, tools, forms, kilns, or distribution do not establish common ownership.", "spatial_rule": "All coordinates are contextual anchors for the named archaeological site. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, they are not surveyed kiln coordinates and must not enter distance or route analysis at a precision finer than the recorded uncertainty.", "chronology_rule": "Numeric bounds are broad editorial envelopes, not claims that every workshop locus operated continuously for the whole interval. Source-specific phases and uncertainty notes control interpretation." }, "centres": [ { "id": "na-outhna-uthina", "display_name": "Uthina / Oudhna", "country": "Tunisia", "roman_province_context": [ "Africa Proconsularis", "Zeugitana (late Roman administrative context)" ], "place_identity": { "ancient_name": "Uthina", "modern_or_site_name": "Oudhna", "identity_status": "secure" }, "coordinates": { "latitude": 36.607458, "longitude": 10.172291, "crs": "EPSG:4326", "geometry_type": "gazetteer_representative_point", "precision_m": 2000, "precision_label": "DARE representative point with 2 km stated precision; not a kiln coordinate", "source_id": "GAZ-DARE-21602", "verification_status": "verified for site-level display" }, "production_status": { "value": "secure", "basis": "Excavated and surveyed workshop contexts, production debris, firing equipment, tools, and kilns." }, "chronology": { "display_range": "fifth to later seventh century CE", "earliest_year_ce": 450, "latest_year_ce": 675, "confidence": "high for the late phase", "continuous_operation_not_asserted": true, "phases": [ { "label": "main documented production", "earliest_year_ce": 450, "latest_year_ce": 675, "status": "secure" }, { "label": "possible earlier production", "earliest_year_ce": 350, "latest_year_ce": 450, "status": "hypothesis", "note": "Keep off by default; recent finds have been used to suggest a mid-fourth-century beginning, but the securely documented workshop sequence is later." } ] }, "ware_families": [ "African Red Slip D2", "late African sigillata lamps", "associated coarse wares" ], "representative_forms": [ "Hayes 91", "Hayes 96", "Hayes 97", "Hayes 99" ], "evidence_types": [ "kiln", "waster", "production_debris", "saggar", "mould", "punch", "potters_tool", "lamp_matrix", "survey_concentration", "chemical_reference_group" ], "workshop_loci": [ { "id": "outhna-baths-laberii", "label": "secondary pottery workshop in the Baths of the Laberii", "status": "secure", "spatial_status": "located within the excavated bath complex; no separate coordinate released here", "evidence": [ "thick ceramic production deposits", "saggars", "potters' tools", "lamp moulds and matrices", "African Red Slip waste" ] }, { "id": "outhna-northeast-district", "label": "northeastern pottery district", "status": "secure", "spatial_status": "approximately four-hectare surveyed area northeast of the ancient city; no workshop centroid released here", "evidence": [ "surface production debris", "at least four recorded kilns" ] } ], "market_orientation": [ { "value": "mediterranean_export", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "medium", "note": "Attribution of exported D2 products is archaeometric and typological; it does not imply a centre-wide merchant or owner." }, { "value": "regional", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "high" } ], "named_person_or_workshop_associations": [], "family_owner_non_inference": { "named_owner_evidence": "none in the audited sources", "permitted_statement": "Oudhna contained more than one late antique pottery locus and produced ARS D2 and lamps.", "prohibited_statement": "The workshops formed one family company or belonged to a named proprietor." }, "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "BARRAUD-ET-AL-1998", "supports": [ "excavated workshop contexts", "kilns", "late antique chronology", "production repertoire" ], "locator": "pp. 139-167; especially p. 148 and fig. 8 for workshop evidence" }, { "source_id": "HASENZAGL-2019", "supports": [ "two workshop areas", "forms", "late fifth- to mid-seventh-century range" ], "locator": "chapter 5.3, Oudhna; schematic workshop map fig. 2" }, { "source_id": "MACKENSEN-SCHNEIDER-2002", "supports": [ "production-centre comparison", "archaeometric reference framework" ], "locator": "pp. 121-158; Oudhna comparative entries and reference groups" } ] }, { "id": "na-sidi-khalifa-pheradi-maius", "display_name": "Pheradi Maius / Sidi Khalifa", "country": "Tunisia", "roman_province_context": [ "Africa Proconsularis", "Byzacena (late Roman administrative context)" ], "place_identity": { "ancient_name": "Pheradi Maius", "modern_or_site_name": "Sidi Khalifa", "identity_status": "secure" }, "coordinates": { "latitude": 36.2459595, "longitude": 10.4274515, "crs": "EPSG:4326", "geometry_type": "gazetteer_representative_point", "precision_m": null, "precision_label": "Trismegistos site point; source supplies no workshop-level metric precision", "source_id": "GAZ-TM-17396", "verification_status": "verified for site-level display only" }, "production_status": { "value": "secure", "basis": "Kilns, wasters, firing furniture and tools are combined with petrographic characterization of production samples." }, "chronology": { "display_range": "fourth to seventh century CE, with internal phasing unresolved at atlas scale", "earliest_year_ce": 300, "latest_year_ce": 700, "confidence": "medium for the broad envelope; higher for individual form series", "continuous_operation_not_asserted": true, "phases": [ { "label": "broad documented production envelope", "earliest_year_ce": 300, "latest_year_ce": 700, "status": "secure but coarsely phased" }, { "label": "very early Hayes 27 attribution", "earliest_year_ce": null, "latest_year_ce": null, "status": "hypothesis", "note": "Do not use to advance the centre's start date without a separate form-level review." } ] }, "ware_families": [ "African Red Slip C/D", "African Red Slip D", "lamps", "associated cooking wares" ], "representative_forms": [], "evidence_types": [ "kiln", "waster", "production_debris", "saggar", "mould", "punch", "potters_tool", "survey_concentration", "petrographic_reference_group" ], "workshop_loci": [ { "id": "sidi-khalifa-pottery-district", "label": "principal pottery district", "status": "secure", "spatial_status": "site district with at least four known kilns; no individual kiln points released here", "evidence": [ "at least four kilns", "misfired pottery", "tools", "saggars", "large surface concentrations" ] }, { "id": "sidi-khalifa-petrographic-groups", "label": "at least two petrographic production groups", "status": "secure as fabric differentiation", "spatial_status": "not spatially resolved", "evidence": [ "petrographic distinction within workshop samples" ], "non_inference": "The fabric groups do not establish separate owners, families, or legal firms." } ], "market_orientation": [ { "value": "mediterranean_export", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "medium", "note": "The centre's C/D-quality products belong to wider exchange systems, but no centre-wide commercial organization is attested." }, { "value": "regional", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "high" } ], "named_person_or_workshop_associations": [], "family_owner_non_inference": { "named_owner_evidence": "none in the audited production evidence", "permitted_statement": "Sidi Khalifa was a multi-locus production centre with at least two distinguishable fabric groups.", "prohibited_statement": "The fabric groups represent families or competing named companies." }, "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "HASENZAGL-CAPELLI-2019-SIDI-KHALIFA", "supports": [ "kilns and production evidence", "third- to seventh-century repertoire", "petrographic groups" ], "locator": "pp. 229-236; introduction paragraphs 1-3 and conclusions paragraphs 25-31" }, { "source_id": "MACKENSEN-SCHNEIDER-2002", "supports": [ "production-centre comparison", "archaeometric reference framework" ], "locator": "pp. 121-158; Sidi Khalifa reference-group discussion" } ] }, { "id": "na-el-mahrine", "display_name": "El Mahrine", "country": "Tunisia", "roman_province_context": [ "Africa Proconsularis", "Zeugitana (late Roman administrative context)" ], "place_identity": { "ancient_name": null, "modern_or_site_name": "El Mahrine", "identity_status": "modern archaeological toponym; ancient name unknown" }, "coordinates": { "latitude": 36.7764, "longitude": 9.8398, "crs": "EPSG:4326", "geometry_type": "gazetteer_representative_point", "precision_m": null, "precision_label": "Getty TGN representative coordinate; no metric workshop precision supplied", "source_id": "GAZ-TGN-8697597", "verification_status": "verified for site-level display only" }, "production_status": { "value": "secure", "basis": "Excavated workshop structures and kilns, two workshop sectors, diagnostic waste, and petrographic characterization." }, "chronology": { "display_range": "approximately 320/330 to the mid-seventh century CE", "earliest_year_ce": 320, "latest_year_ce": 650, "confidence": "high at century scale", "continuous_operation_not_asserted": true, "phases": [ { "label": "documented ARS D1 sequence", "earliest_year_ce": 320, "latest_year_ce": 650, "status": "secure" } ] }, "ware_families": [ "African Red Slip D1", "stamp-decorated African Red Slip", "lamps" ], "representative_forms": [ "Hayes 58B", "Hayes 59A/B", "Hayes 61A", "Hayes 62A", "Hayes 63", "Hayes 67", "Hayes 73A/B", "Hayes 76A/B", "Hayes 91", "Hayes 93A/B", "Hayes 99", "Hayes 104" ], "evidence_types": [ "kiln", "waster", "production_debris", "saggar", "mould", "punch", "potters_tool", "survey_concentration", "petrographic_reference_group", "chemical_reference_group" ], "workshop_loci": [ { "id": "el-mahrine-mi", "label": "El Mahrine workshop sector MI", "status": "secure", "spatial_status": "published workshop sector; no separate coordinate released here", "evidence": [ "workshop architecture", "kilns", "production waste" ] }, { "id": "el-mahrine-mii", "label": "El Mahrine workshop sector MII", "status": "secure", "spatial_status": "published workshop sector separated from MI; no separate coordinate released here", "evidence": [ "workshop architecture", "kilns", "production waste" ] } ], "market_orientation": [ { "value": "mediterranean_export", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "high for products attributed to the El Mahrine reference group" }, { "value": "regional", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "high" } ], "named_person_or_workshop_associations": [], "family_owner_non_inference": { "named_owner_evidence": "none in the audited sources", "permitted_statement": "El Mahrine comprised at least two workshop sectors within a major ARS D1 production centre.", "prohibited_statement": "MI and MII were branches of a named family company or had a common owner." }, "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "HASENZAGL-2019", "supports": [ "chronology", "workshop sectors", "forms", "production evidence" ], "locator": "pp. 10-11 and El Mahrine catalogue and synthesis sections" }, { "source_id": "HASENZAGL-CAPELLI-2021-MEJERDA", "supports": [ "petrographic distinction", "relationship to Henchir el Biar and Bordj el Djerbi", "ARS D1 sequence" ], "locator": "pp. 209-222; especially paragraphs 38-48" }, { "source_id": "MACKENSEN-SCHNEIDER-2002", "supports": [ "chemical reference group", "comparative production framework" ], "locator": "pp. 121-158; El Mahrine reference group" } ] }, { "id": "na-sidi-aich-vicus-gemellae", "display_name": "Sidi Aïch / Vicus Gemellae", "country": "Tunisia", "roman_province_context": [ "Africa Proconsularis", "Byzacena (late Roman administrative context)" ], "place_identity": { "ancient_name": "Vicus Gemellae", "modern_or_site_name": "Sidi Aïch", "identity_status": "conventional scholarly identification; retain an identity note in public display" }, "coordinates": { "latitude": 34.721015, "longitude": 8.778579, "crs": "EPSG:4326", "geometry_type": "gazetteer_representative_point", "precision_m": 2000, "precision_label": "DARE representative point with 2 km stated precision; not the coordinate of any one mound or kiln", "source_id": "GAZ-DARE-22418", "verification_status": "verified for site-level display" }, "production_status": { "value": "secure", "basis": "Large production mounds, diagnostic wasters, tools and multiple petrographic and technological groups." }, "chronology": { "display_range": "third to sixth century CE", "earliest_year_ce": 200, "latest_year_ce": 600, "confidence": "medium at century scale", "continuous_operation_not_asserted": true, "phases": [ { "label": "broad production envelope", "earliest_year_ce": 200, "latest_year_ce": 600, "status": "secure but internally phased" } ] }, "ware_families": [ "continental African Red Slip", "stamp-decorated African Red Slip", "African cooking ware" ], "representative_forms": [], "evidence_types": [ "waster", "production_debris", "saggar", "mould", "punch", "potters_tool", "survey_concentration", "petrographic_reference_group", "local_clay_compatibility" ], "workshop_loci": [ { "id": "sidi-aich-six-mounds", "label": "six major production mounds", "status": "secure", "spatial_status": "multiple survey loci; no individual mound coordinates released here", "evidence": [ "large diagnostic sherd concentrations", "numerous wasters", "production tools" ] }, { "id": "sidi-aich-two-fabric-families", "label": "two petrographic and technological families", "status": "secure as archaeometric grouping", "spatial_status": "not fully assigned to individual mounds", "evidence": [ "thin-section petrography", "macroscopic production markers" ], "non_inference": "Fabric family is an archaeometric term here and must not be rendered as biological kinship." } ], "market_orientation": [ { "value": "regional", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "high" }, { "value": "intra_african", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "high", "note": "This 'continental' centre should not be visually ranked as equivalent to the major Mediterranean-export ARS centres." } ], "named_person_or_workshop_associations": [], "family_owner_non_inference": { "named_owner_evidence": "none in the audited sources", "permitted_statement": "Sidi Aïch contained multiple workshop areas and at least two distinguishable technological or fabric groups.", "prohibited_statement": "The six mounds or fabric groups correspond to six families, two families, or a single centrally owned firm." }, "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "HASENZAGL-CAPELLI-2020-SIDI-AICH", "supports": [ "production mounds", "wasters", "chronology", "petrographic groups", "regional market orientation" ], "locator": "pp. 161-173; introduction and typology paragraphs 1-9; conclusions paragraphs 29-35" } ] }, { "id": "na-tiddis-castellum-tidditanorum", "display_name": "Tiddis / Castellum Tidditanorum", "country": "Algeria", "roman_province_context": [ "Numidia" ], "place_identity": { "ancient_name": "Castellum Tidditanorum", "modern_or_site_name": "Tiddis", "identity_status": "secure" }, "coordinates": { "latitude": 36.46273, "longitude": 6.48321, "crs": "EPSG:4326", "geometry_type": "gazetteer_representative_point", "precision_m": 2000, "precision_label": "DARE representative point with 2 km stated precision; not an individual kiln coordinate", "source_id": "GAZ-DARE-22630", "verification_status": "verified for site-level display" }, "production_status": { "value": "secure", "basis": "A large excavated potters' quarter includes numerous kilns, wasters and tools, with sigillata among the products." }, "chronology": { "display_range": "late fifth to at least early seventh century CE", "earliest_year_ce": 475, "latest_year_ce": 625, "confidence": "high at half-century scale", "continuous_operation_not_asserted": true, "phases": [ { "label": "late antique potters' quarter", "earliest_year_ce": 475, "latest_year_ce": 625, "status": "secure" } ] }, "ware_families": [ "regional late sigillata", "lamps", "bicolour common ware" ], "representative_forms": [], "evidence_types": [ "kiln", "waster", "production_debris", "mould", "potters_tool" ], "workshop_loci": [ { "id": "tiddis-potters-quarter", "label": "late antique potters' quarter", "status": "secure", "spatial_status": "excavated urban quarter; no individual kiln coordinates released here", "evidence": [ "nineteen kilns in the quarter", "thirty-five kilns known across the site", "wasters", "tools", "sigillata dishes and lamps" ] } ], "market_orientation": [ { "value": "regional", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "high", "note": "Output exceeded the settlement's own needs, but this does not make Tiddis a classic Tunisian Mediterranean-export ARS hub." } ], "named_person_or_workshop_associations": [], "family_owner_non_inference": { "named_owner_evidence": "none in the audited workshop evidence", "permitted_statement": "Tiddis supported a large late antique urban pottery quarter supplying more than local household demand.", "prohibited_statement": "The thirty-five kilns belonged to one owner, family, or sigillata company." }, "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "AMRAOUI-2018-TIDDIS", "supports": [ "kiln counts", "potters' quarter", "products", "chronology", "supra-local scale" ], "locator": "section 3.1, paragraphs 55-56; print pp. 108-110" } ] }, { "id": "na-thelepte", "display_name": "Thelepte", "country": "Tunisia", "roman_province_context": [ "Africa Proconsularis", "Byzacena (late Roman administrative context)" ], "place_identity": { "ancient_name": "Thelepte", "modern_or_site_name": "Thelepte / El-Medina-el-Kedima", "identity_status": "secure" }, "coordinates": { "latitude": 34.975833, "longitude": 8.593889, "crs": "EPSG:4326", "geometry_type": "site_representative_point", "precision_m": null, "precision_label": "Official Tunisian INP site coordinate; not identified as a kiln or workshop centroid", "source_id": "GAZ-INP-THELEPTE-2021", "verification_status": "verified for site-level display only" }, "production_status": { "value": "secure", "basis": "Kilns, workshop dumps, firing wasters and saggars are reinforced by petrographic confirmation of local African Red Slip production." }, "chronology": { "display_range": "Late Roman, with an earlier higher-quality phase and a later phase reaching the late sixth century or later", "earliest_year_ce": null, "latest_year_ce": null, "confidence": "low for absolute bounds; high for relative two-phase sequence", "continuous_operation_not_asserted": true, "phases": [ { "label": "earlier higher-quality local ARS phase", "earliest_year_ce": null, "latest_year_ce": null, "status": "secure as relative phase; absolute date withheld" }, { "label": "later lower-quality local ARS phase", "earliest_year_ce": null, "latest_year_ce": null, "status": "probable absolute placement", "note": "Nasr argues for a date around the late sixth century or later; no numeric closing bound is released because the evidence does not support one." } ] }, "ware_families": [ "local African Red Slip", "regional African Red Slip", "African cooking ware", "saggars" ], "representative_forms": [], "evidence_types": [ "kiln", "waster", "production_debris", "saggar", "survey_concentration", "petrographic_reference_group", "local_clay_compatibility" ], "workshop_loci": [ { "id": "thelepte-main-workshop", "label": "main petrographically characterized workshop group", "status": "secure", "spatial_status": "associated with documented dumps and kilns; no individual coordinate released here", "evidence": [ "local ARS", "cooking ware", "saggars made from compatible raw material", "production wasters" ] }, { "id": "thelepte-second-workshop", "label": "possible second nearby ARS workshop or kiln", "status": "probable", "spatial_status": "not securely located", "evidence": [ "slightly different paste group interpreted as a second local production" ] }, { "id": "thelepte-kiln-distribution", "label": "seven documented kilns, five in the northern part of the site", "status": "secure", "spatial_status": "published plan available; kiln coordinates not transcribed into this register", "evidence": [ "site plan", "kiln inventory", "adjacent ceramic dumps" ] } ], "market_orientation": [ { "value": "local", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "high" }, { "value": "regional", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "medium", "note": "The assemblages also contain imports; local production and consumption must remain separate in queries." } ], "named_person_or_workshop_associations": [], "family_owner_non_inference": { "named_owner_evidence": "none in the audited sources", "permitted_statement": "Thelepte was both a producer and an importer; petrography identifies a main local workshop group and suggests a second nearby group.", "prohibited_statement": "Every ARS sherd from Thelepte is local, or the two paste groups represent families or owners." }, "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "NASR-2017-THELEPTE", "supports": [ "seven kilns", "northern dumps", "wasters", "relative production phases", "producer-importer distinction" ], "locator": "pp. 79-93; p. 81 fig. 2 for kilns and dumps; p. 84 figs. 6-7 for wasters and saggars; pp. 89-90 for late chronology" }, { "source_id": "NASR-CAPELLI-2018-THELEPTE", "supports": [ "petrographic confirmation of local ARS", "main workshop group", "probable second production" ], "locator": "pp. 179-184; abstract and petrographic conclusions" }, { "source_id": "NASR-2022-THELEPTE", "supports": [ "production and import coexistence", "petrographic distinction from Sidi Aïch and classic wares" ], "locator": "pp. 611-618; abstract and production/import discussion" } ] }, { "id": "na-henchir-es-srira-navigius", "display_name": "Henchir es-Srira / Navigius association", "country": "Tunisia", "roman_province_context": [ "Africa Proconsularis", "Byzacena (late Roman administrative context)" ], "place_identity": { "ancient_name": null, "modern_or_site_name": "Henchir es-Srira / Henchir Esskhira", "identity_status": "secure modern archaeological toponym; Navigius is a workshop or maker association, not an ancient place-name" }, "coordinates": { "latitude": 35.437423, "longitude": 9.3690949, "crs": "EPSG:4326", "geometry_type": "gazetteer_representative_point", "precision_m": null, "precision_label": "Pleiades representative point; workshop polygon and metric accuracy not supplied in the audited access path", "source_id": "GAZ-PLEIADES-324738", "verification_status": "provisional", "release_gate": "Verify the point against the current Pleiades bulk dataset before production-map use; direct record access was bot-protected during this audit." }, "production_status": { "value": "secure", "basis": "A production area with wasters and a geochemically homogeneous ARS reference group compatible with local Neogene clay. The separate attribution of Navigius to this centre remains probable rather than certain." }, "chronology": { "display_range": "approximately mid-third to later fourth century CE; signed Navigius-associated moulded vessels approximately 270-320 CE", "earliest_year_ce": 250, "latest_year_ce": 400, "confidence": "medium", "continuous_operation_not_asserted": true, "phases": [ { "label": "continental ARS and related production", "earliest_year_ce": 250, "latest_year_ce": 400, "status": "secure at broad scale" }, { "label": "Navigius-associated moulded vessels", "earliest_year_ce": 270, "latest_year_ce": 320, "status": "objects securely signed; localization at Henchir es-Srira probable", "note": "Do not use the object dates as the full operating span of the Henchir es-Srira centre." } ] }, "ware_families": [ "continental African Red Slip C-like ware", "stamp-decorated African Red Slip D-like ware", "moulded relief vessels associated with Navigius", "red-slipped lamps", "common ware" ], "representative_forms": [ "Salomonson lamp type j", "moulded head vessels and lagynoi associated with Navigius" ], "evidence_types": [ "kiln", "waster", "production_debris", "mould", "lamp_matrix", "survey_concentration", "chemical_reference_group", "local_clay_compatibility" ], "workshop_loci": [ { "id": "henchir-es-srira-production-area", "label": "approximately 0.3-hectare production area on the Jebel Mghila syncline", "status": "secure", "spatial_status": "site-scale area described in publication; polygon not digitized here", "evidence": [ "production waste", "kiln evidence reported in the research history", "geochemically homogeneous ARS group", "compatibility with nearby Neogene base clay" ] }, { "id": "henchir-es-srira-navigius-locus", "label": "published Navigius workshop attribution", "status": "probable", "spatial_status": "not localized to a particular kiln or structure", "evidence": [ "published attribution of signed relief vessels and lamps", "production waste reportedly linked to comparable lamps" ], "non_inference": "This association does not identify Navigius as landowner, centre-wide proprietor, or founder of a biological workshop dynasty." } ], "market_orientation": [ { "value": "regional", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "high for the general centre output" }, { "value": "mediterranean_export", "status": "inferred", "confidence": "medium for selected Navigius-associated decorated products only", "note": "Do not apply this orientation automatically to all Henchir es-Srira wares." } ], "named_person_or_workshop_associations": [ { "name": "Navigius", "attested_forms": [ "NABIGIUS PINGIT on a signed vessel", "ex oficina Navigi in the published corpus tradition" ], "role": "named maker or workshop label", "attestation_status": "secure on surviving objects", "association_to_centre_status": "probable", "identity_limit": "The audited evidence does not prove that all Navigius signatures belong to one biological individual, that Navigius owned land or kilns, or that associated names were relatives.", "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "FLECKER-2005-NAVIGIUS", "locator": "pp. 107-244; workshop attribution and corpus" }, { "source_id": "PRINCETON-NAVIGIUS-Y1988-44", "locator": "object y1988-44; signature NABIGIUS PINGIT; ca. 270-320 CE" } ] } ], "family_owner_non_inference": { "named_owner_evidence": "none; Navigius is attested as a maker or workshop label, not as landowner", "permitted_statement": "Henchir es-Srira is a secure production centre; a Navigius workshop is probably associated with it in scholarship.", "prohibited_statement": "Navigius owned Henchir es-Srira, directed all production there, or headed a biological family company." }, "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "BAKLOUTI-ET-AL-2015-SRIRA", "supports": [ "production-site extent", "chemical reference group", "local clay compatibility", "continental C-like ware" ], "locator": "Applied Clay Science 105-106, pp. 27-40; Materials and Methods, fig. 1; Results and Conclusions" }, { "source_id": "MACKENSEN-SCHNEIDER-2006", "supports": [ "earlier reference samples", "central Tunisian comparison", "production evidence" ], "locator": "JRA 19, pp. 163-190; Henchir es-Srira reference samples" }, { "source_id": "FLECKER-2005-NAVIGIUS", "supports": [ "Navigius corpus", "attribution to Henchir es-Srira", "moulded vessel chronology" ], "locator": "pp. 107-244; especially introduction, typology and workshop-attribution sections" } ] } ], "enrichment_records": [ { "id": "na-bordj-el-djerbi", "display_name": "Bordj el Djerbi", "production_status": "secure", "geometry": { "type": "site_representative_point", "precision_m": 2500, "warning": "Project approximation from schematic relative geography; not a surveyed kiln coordinate." }, "chronology": "first third of the fourth to end of the sixth century in the Salomonson sample; possible wider-centre continuation remains low confidence", "evidence": [ "reported kilns", "workshop structures", "clay deposit", "wasters", "saggars", "tools", "three petrographic fabric groups" ], "sample_scope": "125 total pieces; 118 ARS; 94 diagnostic", "does_not_prove": "Three fabric groups or three graffitied tools do not establish three workshops, tenants, families, or owners.", "source": { "id": "HASENZAGL-2019", "locator": "printed pp. 23-27, 31-32" } }, { "id": "na-henchir-el-biar", "display_name": "Henchir el Biar", "production_status": "secure", "geometry": { "type": "site_representative_point", "precision_m": 2000, "warning": "Project approximation from schematic relative geography; not a surveyed find coordinate." }, "chronology": "fourth-fifth century Salomonson sample; broader activity from the first third of the fourth to first half of the sixth century", "evidence": [ "c. 0.25 ha survey concentration", "misfires", "possible kiln waste", "three petrographic fabric groups" ], "sample_scope": "65 ARS pieces; 58 diagnostic", "does_not_prove": "Fabric variants cannot be assigned automatically to individual workshops or potters.", "source": { "id": "HASENZAGL-2019", "locator": "printed pp. 32-38" } }, { "id": "na-sidi-rherib", "display_name": "Sidi Rherib", "production_status": "probable", "geometry": { "type": "unlocated_candidate", "precision_m": null, "warning": "Two candidate localities underlie the name; no map point is released." }, "chronology": "fourth-fifth century CE", "evidence": [ "twelve ARS pieces", "possible saggar", "fused or misfired pieces", "shared coarse/cooking-ware provenance" ], "sample_scope": "published denominators disagree and are not aggregated", "does_not_prove": "The small provisional assemblage does not yet establish a secure production centre or exact locality.", "source": { "id": "HASENZAGL-2019", "locator": "printed pp. 63-65" } } ], "false_positive_and_candidate_register": [ { "id": "candidate-henchir-el-biar-bordj-el-djerbi", "label": "Henchir el Biar and Bordj el Djerbi", "category": "integrated_overview_records", "production_status": "secure", "map_status": "released_with_large_project_uncertainty", "reason": "Both remain distinct Mejerda-zone centres with ARS D1 production and petrographic signatures. The application uses visibly approximate anchors and does not collapse them into El Mahrine.", "required_action": "Replace the project anchors only after publication-grade georeferencing; retain separate centre entities and precision warnings.", "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "HASENZAGL-CAPELLI-2021-MEJERDA", "locator": "pp. 209-222; paragraphs 38-48" } ] }, { "id": "candidate-sidi-marzouk-tounsi", "label": "Sidi Marzouk Tounsi", "category": "candidate_for_phase_two", "production_status": "secure", "map_status": "withheld_pending_coordinate_audit", "reason": "Major central Tunisian centre producing plain, appliqué-, relief- and stamp-decorated sigillata from roughly the early third to mid-sixth century, but no publication-grade point was verified in this audit.", "required_action": "Georeference the excavation or survey map; do not substitute an approximate point derived from distance statements.", "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "MACKENSEN-2019-SIDI-MARZOUK", "locator": "publisher synopsis and production-centre sections; full publication chronology and catalogue" } ] }, { "id": "candidate-henchir-el-guellal-djilma", "label": "Henchir el Guellal near Djilma", "category": "candidate_for_phase_two", "production_status": "secure", "map_status": "withheld_pending_coordinate_audit", "reason": "Secure early-third- to c. 430/450 production with kilns, waste and a chemical reference group; multiple homonymous Henchir el Guellal sites make casual geocoding unsafe.", "required_action": "Verify Pleiades 324723 or an official Tunisian survey coordinate before release.", "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "MACKENSEN-ET-AL-2024-DJILMA", "locator": "RCRF Acta 48, pp. 239-250" } ] }, { "id": "candidate-tripolitanian-trg91", "label": "Wadi Taraglat / Tharaghlat survey locus TRG 91", "category": "candidate_uncertainty_region", "production_status": "probable", "map_status": "region_only", "reason": "Tripolitanian Red Slip production is archaeometrically defensible and TRG 91 is associated with production waste, but a publication-grade workshop coordinate was not recovered.", "required_action": "Model the pre-desert production zone as a polygon until the Libyan Valleys Survey site record is recovered; do not pin the evidence to Sabratha or Lepcis Magna.", "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "LEITCH-ET-AL-2022-TRIPOLITANIA", "locator": "RCRF Acta 45, pp. 759-764" } ] }, { "id": "false-positive-carthage", "label": "Carthage", "category": "false_positive_if_mapped_as_production_centre", "production_status": "unknown for the earliest ARS A workshops", "map_status": "consumption_and_distribution_only_unless_new_evidence_added", "reason": "Carthage is a major find, consumption and redistribution context. The existence of abundant early ARS or a fabric traditionally named from the Carthage region does not identify a kiln site or workshop in the city.", "required_action": "Keep findspots and distribution nodes separate from production nodes; represent the unknown early ARS A source as unmapped.", "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "MACKENSEN-SCHNEIDER-2006", "locator": "pp. 163-190; discussion of still-unlocalized A1-2 production and reference groups" } ] }, { "id": "false-positive-sabratha-lepcis", "label": "Sabratha and Lepcis Magna", "category": "false_positive_if_mapped_as_confirmed_trs_workshops", "production_status": "unknown at city-point level", "map_status": "consumption_or_distribution_points_only", "reason": "Regional Tripolitanian Red Slip evidence and abundant finds do not by themselves locate a workshop at either urban centre.", "required_action": "Use a pre-desert regional-production layer and reserve city points for find or distribution evidence until direct kiln, waster or archaeometric reference-site evidence is supplied.", "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "LEITCH-ET-AL-2022-TRIPOLITANIA", "locator": "RCRF Acta 45, pp. 759-764" } ] }, { "id": "false-positive-atelier-x", "label": "Unlocated late ARS D2 'Atelier X'", "category": "unmapped_hypothesis", "production_status": "probable workshop, unknown location", "map_status": "uncertainty_region_only", "reason": "Distinct D2 products suggest another workshop, but proposals within the El Fahs-Zaghouan-Oudhna region do not identify an exact production point.", "required_action": "Keep the entity unmapped or use a broad uncertainty polygon; never snap it to Oudhna or a modern settlement.", "source_refs": [ { "source_id": "HASENZAGL-2019", "locator": "D2 production discussion and unidentified workshop cautions" } ] } ], "source_registry": [ { "id": "GAZ-DARE-21602", "type": "gazetteer", "citation": "Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire, Uthina/Oudhna, place 21602", "url": "https://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/21602", "locator": "place 21602; 36.607458, 10.172291; precision 2000 m", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0" }, { "id": "GAZ-TM-17396", "type": "gazetteer", "citation": "Trismegistos Places, Pheradi Maius/Sidi Khalifa, place 17396", "url": "https://www.trismegistos.org/place/17396", "locator": "place 17396; 36.2459595, 10.4274515", "license": "check provider terms before redistribution" }, { "id": "GAZ-TGN-8697597", "type": "gazetteer", "citation": "Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names, El Mahrine, subject 8697597", "url": "https://www.getty.edu/vow/TGNFullDisplay?english=Y&find=1091899&nation=&place=&subjectid=8697597", "locator": "subject 8697597; 36.7764, 9.8398", "license": "Getty TGN terms apply" }, { "id": "GAZ-DARE-22418", "type": "gazetteer", "citation": "Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire, Sidi Aïch/Vicus Gemellae, place 22418", "url": "https://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/22418", "locator": "place 22418; 34.721015, 8.778579; precision 2000 m", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0" }, { "id": "GAZ-DARE-22630", "type": "gazetteer", "citation": "Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire, Tiddis, place 22630", "url": "https://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/22630", "locator": "place 22630; 36.46273, 6.48321; precision 2000 m", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0" }, { "id": "GAZ-INP-THELEPTE-2021", "type": "official_site_inventory", "citation": "Institut National du Patrimoine, Site archéologique de Thelepte", "url": "https://www.inp2020.tn/en/2021/03/03/site-archeologique-de-thelepte/", "locator": "site page; latitude 34.9758330, longitude 8.5938890", "license": "check INP terms before data redistribution" }, { "id": "GAZ-PLEIADES-324738", "type": "gazetteer", "citation": "Pleiades, Henchir-es-Srira, place 324738", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/324738", "locator": "place 324738; indexed representative point 35.437423, 9.3690949", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "audit_note": "Direct record access was bot-protected on 2026-07-17. Coordinate must be checked against the current Pleiades bulk release before application integration." }, { "id": "BARRAUD-ET-AL-1998", "type": "archaeological_publication", "citation": "D. Barraud, M. Bonifay, F. Dridi and J.-F. Pichonneau, 'L'industrie céramique de l'Antiquité tardive', in Oudhna (Uthina): La redécouverte d'une ville antique de Tunisie (1998), 139-167", "url": "https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=%22L%27industrie+c%C3%A9ramique+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+tardive%22+Oudhna", "locator": "pp. 139-167; especially p. 148 and fig. 8", "doi": null }, { "id": "HASENZAGL-2019", "type": "monograph", "citation": "Carina Hasenzagl, North Tunisian Red Slip Ware from Production Sites in the Salomonson Survey (1960-1972), BABESCH Supplements 37 (2019)", "url": "https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8644668", "locator": "El Mahrine and Oudhna site chapters; chapter 5.3 and fig. 2 for Oudhna", "isbn": "9789042939868" }, { "id": "HASENZAGL-CAPELLI-2019-SIDI-KHALIFA", "type": "peer_reviewed_article", "citation": "C. Hasenzagl and C. Capelli, 'Petrographic characterization of Late Roman African Pottery from J. W. Salomonson's surveys: 1. The workshop of Sidi Khalifa', Antiquités africaines 55 (2019), 229-236", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/antafr/1297", "locator": "pp. 229-236; paragraphs 1-3 and 25-31", "doi": "10.4000/antafr.1297" }, { "id": "HASENZAGL-CAPELLI-2020-SIDI-AICH", "type": "peer_reviewed_article", "citation": "C. Hasenzagl and C. Capelli, 'Petrographic characterization of Late Roman African Pottery from J. W. Salomonson's surveys: 2. The workshop of Sidi Aïch', Antiquités africaines 56 (2020), 161-173", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/antafr/2388", "locator": "pp. 161-173; paragraphs 1-9 and 29-35", "doi": "10.4000/antafr.2388" }, { "id": "HASENZAGL-CAPELLI-2021-MEJERDA", "type": "peer_reviewed_article", "citation": "C. Hasenzagl and C. Capelli, 'Petrographic characterization of Late Roman African Pottery from J. W. Salomonson's surveys: 3. The workshops of El Mahrine, Henchir el Biar and Bordj el Djerbi', Antiquités africaines 57 (2021), 209-222", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/antafr/4929", "locator": "pp. 209-222; especially paragraphs 38-48", "doi": "10.4000/antafr.4929" }, { "id": "MACKENSEN-SCHNEIDER-2002", "type": "peer_reviewed_article", "citation": "M. Mackensen and G. Schneider, 'Production centres of African red slip ware (3rd-7th c.) in northern and central Tunisia: archaeological provenance and reference groups based on chemical analysis', Journal of Roman Archaeology 15 (2002), 121-158", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/abs/production-centres-of-african-red-slip-ware-3rd7th-c-in-northern-and-central-tunisia-archaeological-provenance-and-reference-groups-based-on-chemical-analysis/61F413025C3F391B04F9BCF7DDEB2EDD", "locator": "pp. 121-158", "doi": "10.1017/S1047759400013878" }, { "id": "MACKENSEN-SCHNEIDER-2006", "type": "peer_reviewed_article", "citation": "M. Mackensen and G. Schneider, 'Production centres of African red slip ware (2nd-3rd c.) in northern and central Tunisia: archaeological provenance and reference groups based on chemical analysis', Journal of Roman Archaeology 19 (2006), 163-190", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/abs/production-centres-of-african-red-slip-ware-2nd3rd-c-in-northern-and-central-tunisia-archaeological-provenance-and-reference-groups-based-on-chemical-analysis/C1A7E70E2CEF404330AD8FD597FD69D4", "locator": "pp. 163-190", "doi": "10.1017/S1047759400006322" }, { "id": "AMRAOUI-2018-TIDDIS", "type": "peer_reviewed_article", "citation": "T. Amraoui, 'L'évolution de l'urbanisme en Afrique et l'implantation des ateliers entre le Ier s. avant notre ère et la fin de l'Antiquité', Antiquités africaines 54 (2018), 95-114", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/antafr/923", "locator": "section 3.1, paragraphs 55-56; print pp. 108-110", "doi": "10.4000/antafr.923" }, { "id": "NASR-2017-THELEPTE", "type": "peer_reviewed_article", "citation": "M. Nasr, 'Les dépotoirs de céramiques de Thelepte: productions locales et productions régionales', Antiquités africaines 53 (2017), 79-93", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/antafr/634", "locator": "pp. 79-93; p. 81 fig. 2; p. 84 figs. 6-7; pp. 89-90", "doi": "10.4000/antafr.634" }, { "id": "NASR-CAPELLI-2018-THELEPTE", "type": "peer_reviewed_article", "citation": "M. Nasr and C. Capelli, 'Les dépotoirs de céramiques de Thelepte, note archéométrique complémentaire', Antiquités africaines 54 (2018), 179-184", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/antafr/1026", "locator": "pp. 179-184; abstract and petrographic conclusions", "doi": "10.4000/antafr.1026" }, { "id": "NASR-2022-THELEPTE", "type": "peer_reviewed_article", "citation": "M. Nasr, 'Les dépotoirs de céramiques de Thelepte, productions locales et produits importés', Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 46 (2022), 611-618", "url": "https://archaeopresspublishing.com/ojs/index.php/RCRF/article/view/1557", "locator": "pp. 611-618", "doi": "10.32028/rcrf-acta-46-pp.611-618" }, { "id": "BAKLOUTI-ET-AL-2015-SRIRA", "type": "peer_reviewed_archaeometry_article", "citation": "S. Baklouti et al., 'African terra sigillata from Henchir Es-Srira archaeological site, central Tunisia: Archaeological provenance and raw materials based on chemical analysis', Applied Clay Science 105-106 (2015), 27-40", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169131714004992", "locator": "pp. 27-40; Materials and Methods, fig. 1; Results and Conclusions", "doi": "10.1016/j.clay.2014.12.020" }, { "id": "FLECKER-2005-NAVIGIUS", "type": "specialist_corpus_study", "citation": "M. Flecker, 'Ex Oficina Navigi - Die Werkstatt des Navigius in Henchir es Srira (Zentraltunesien)', Kölner Jahrbuch 38 (2005), 107-244", "url": "https://bib.onroerenderfgoed.be/werken/530098?pagina=3", "locator": "pp. 107-244; introduction, typology, manufacturing and workshop-attribution sections", "doi": null }, { "id": "PRINCETON-NAVIGIUS-Y1988-44", "type": "museum_object_record", "citation": "Princeton University Art Museum, Head vase, object y1988-44, signed Navigius", "url": "https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/art/collections/objects/33263", "locator": "object y1988-44; signature NABIGIUS PINGIT; dated ca. 270-320 CE", "doi": null }, { "id": "MACKENSEN-2019-SIDI-MARZOUK", "type": "monograph", "citation": "M. Mackensen, Relief- und stempelverzierte nordafrikanische Sigillata des späten 2. bis 6. Jahrhunderts (2019)", "url": "https://reichert-verlag.de/en/9783954904136_relief_und_stempelverzierte_nordafrikanische_sigillata_des_spaeten_2_bis_6_jahrhunderts-detail/", "locator": "publisher synopsis and Sidi Marzouk Tounsi production-centre chapters", "isbn": "9783954904136" }, { "id": "MACKENSEN-ET-AL-2024-DJILMA", "type": "peer_reviewed_article", "citation": "M. Mackensen, G. Schneider and M. Daszkiewicz, 'Djilma - an important ARS production centre in central Tunisia', Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 48 (2024), 239-250", "url": "https://archaeopresspublishing.com/ojs/index.php/RCRF/article/view/2645", "locator": "pp. 239-250", "doi": "10.32028/rcrf-acta-48-pp.239-250" }, { "id": "LEITCH-ET-AL-2022-TRIPOLITANIA", "type": "peer_reviewed_article", "citation": "V. Leitch, M. Bonifay, C. Capelli and D. Mattingly, 'Pre-desert Tripolitania: a new archaeological and archaeometrical examination of the pottery', Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 45, 759-764", "url": "https://archaeopresspublishing.com/ojs/index.php/RCRF/article/view/1493", "locator": "pp. 759-764", "doi": "10.32028/rcrf-acta-45-pp.759-764" } ] }