{
  "resources": [
    {
      "title": "Who does what?",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-01",
          "n": 1,
          "title": {
            "en": "Who does what?",
            "zh": "谁做什么？"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "The Romans praise the consul.",
            "zh": "罗马人赞扬执政官。"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "Begin with one action and two participants.",
            "zh": "先写一个动作和两个参与者。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Rōmānī cōnsulem laudant.",
            "grc": "οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὸν ὕπατον ἐπαινοῦσιν."
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 1,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The accusative as a grammatical sign of the direct object.",
                "zh": "宾格标示直接宾语。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 920,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs.",
                "zh": "及物动词与不及物动词的区别。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1553,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The accusative as the case of the direct object.",
                "zh": "宾格用作直接宾语。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "Rōmānus, -a, -um: Roman; plural Rōmānī = Romans / 罗马人",
              "cōnsul, cōnsulis m.: consul / 执政官",
              "laudō, laudāre: praise / 赞扬"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "Ῥωμαῖος, -α, -ον: Roman / 罗马的",
              "ὕπατος, -ου m.: consul in the Roman setting / 罗马语境中的执政官",
              "ἐπαινέω: praise; ἐπαινοῦσιν = they praise / 赞扬"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Find the doers: Rōmānī is nominative plural.",
                "zh": "找出施事：Rōmānī 为主格复数。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Put the person praised in the accusative singular: cōnsulem.",
                "zh": "把被赞扬者写成宾格单数 cōnsulem。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use a third-person plural verb: laudant.",
                "zh": "动词用第三人称复数 laudant。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Write the definite subject with its article: οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι.",
                "zh": "写出带冠词的主语 οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use accusative singular article and noun: τὸν ὕπατον.",
                "zh": "宾语的冠词和名词都用宾格单数：τὸν ὕπατον。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use the contracted plural form ἐπαινοῦσιν.",
                "zh": "用缩合动词的复数形式 ἐπαινοῦσιν。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "This model puts the verb last. Other orders can be grammatical; context determines what is foregrounded.",
                "zh": "此例把动词放在句末。其他语序也可能合乎语法，突出什么取决于语境。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "The Roman subject matter makes Ῥωμαῖοι and ὕπατος a cross-cultural lexical exercise, not an imitation of fifth-century Athenian subject matter.",
                "zh": "罗马题材使 Ῥωμαῖοι 和 ὕπατος 成为跨文化词汇练习；此例不模拟公元前五世纪雅典的题材。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "variation": {
            "en": "Reverse the roles: “The consul praises the Romans.” Explain which noun endings and verb ending change.",
            "zh": "交换角色：“执政官赞扬罗马人。”说明哪些名词词尾及动词词尾要改变。"
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "Who is the subject, and is the verb singular or plural?",
              "zh": "谁是主语？动词该用单数还是复数？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Which word is the direct object?",
              "zh": "哪个词是直接宾语？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Have you changed the meaning by changing the roles?",
              "zh": "改变参与者的角色后，是否准确改变了句意？"
            }
          ],
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-01-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Make the consul plural.",
                "zh": "把执政官改为复数。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Rōmānī cōnsulēs laudant.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use accusative plural cōnsulēs.",
                    "zh": "用宾格复数 cōnsulēs。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Only the object changes; laudant stays plural.",
                    "zh": "只改变宾语；laudant 仍为复数。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τοὺς ὑπάτους ἐπαινοῦσιν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use τοὺς ὑπάτους.",
                    "zh": "用 τοὺς ὑπάτους。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The article and noun become accusative plural; the subject and verb stay plural.",
                    "zh": "冠词及名词改成宾格复数；主语及动词仍为复数。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-01-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Make one Roman the subject.",
                "zh": "把主语改为一位罗马人。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Rōmānus cōnsulem laudat.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use Rōmānus and laudat.",
                    "zh": "用 Rōmānus 及 laudat。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The subject and verb become singular; the object keeps its case.",
                    "zh": "主语及动词变为单数；宾语保留其格。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ Ῥωμαῖος τὸν ὕπατον ἐπαινεῖ.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use ὁ Ῥωμαῖος and ἐπαινεῖ.",
                    "zh": "用 ὁ Ῥωμαῖος 及 ἐπαινεῖ。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The subject article and verb agree with the singular Roman.",
                    "zh": "主语冠词及动词与单数罗马人一致。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-01-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Reverse the roles: the consul praises the Romans.",
                "zh": "对调角色：执政官赞扬罗马人。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Cōnsul Rōmānōs laudat.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use Rōmānōs for the object.",
                    "zh": "宾语用 Rōmānōs。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Case marks the changed roles; changing word order alone is insufficient.",
                    "zh": "格标示改变后的角色；只改语序并不足够。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ ὕπατος τοὺς Ῥωμαίους ἐπαινεῖ.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use τοὺς Ῥωμαίους for the object.",
                    "zh": "宾语用 τοὺς Ῥωμαίους。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The consul is now nominative and the Romans accusative.",
                    "zh": "执政官现为主格，罗马人为宾格。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "2a8442531c09acfc79b3895f242006f74f4069f4d804e3c9076a390f55552be9",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    },
    {
      "title": "Describe a noun and its possessor",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-02",
          "n": 2,
          "title": {
            "en": "Describe a noun and its possessor",
            "zh": "描述名词及其归属"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "The brave soldiers guard the general’s camp.",
            "zh": "勇敢的士兵守卫将军的营地。"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "Describe the soldiers; then identify whose camp it is. Keep agreement and possession separate.",
            "zh": "先描述士兵，再说明营地属于谁。把形容词一致关系与所属关系分开处理。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Fortēs mīlitēs castra ducis custōdiunt.",
            "grc": "οἱ ἀνδρεῖοι στρατιῶται τὸ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ στρατόπεδον φυλάττουσιν."
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 72,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Possessive genitive; this section does not supply the whole rule of adjective agreement.",
                "zh": "所属属格；本节并不承担形容词一致关系的全部规则。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1154,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Attributive position within the article–noun group.",
                "zh": "冠词与名词组合中的定语位置。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1297,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Ownership, possession, and belonging expressed by a genitive.",
                "zh": "属格表达所有、占有和归属。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "fortis, forte: brave / 勇敢的",
              "mīles, mīlitis m.: soldier / 士兵",
              "castra, -ōrum n. plural: camp / 营地",
              "dux, ducis m.: general / 将军",
              "custōdiō, custōdīre: guard / 守卫"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "ἀνδρεῖος, -α, -ον: brave / 勇敢的",
              "στρατιώτης, -ου m.: soldier / 士兵",
              "στρατηγός, -οῦ m.: general / 将军",
              "στρατόπεδον, -ου n.: camp / 营地",
              "φυλάττω: guard / 守卫"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Agree fortēs with nominative plural mīlitēs.",
                "zh": "fortēs 与主格复数 mīlitēs 保持一致。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use castra as an accusative plural object; this noun names a camp in the plural.",
                "zh": "castra 作宾格复数宾语；该名词以复数形式表示营地。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use ducis to identify the possessor and custōdiunt for the plural subject.",
                "zh": "用 ducis 说明归属；复数主语搭配 custōdiunt。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Put the adjective between article and noun: οἱ ἀνδρεῖοι στρατιῶται.",
                "zh": "把形容词放在冠词和名词之间：οἱ ἀνδρεῖοι στρατιῶται。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use the neuter singular object τὸ στρατόπεδον.",
                "zh": "营地用中性单数宾语 τὸ στρατόπεδον。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Insert the possessor τοῦ στρατηγοῦ inside that article–noun group.",
                "zh": "把所属成分 τοῦ στρατηγοῦ 放进该冠词与名词组合。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "A genitive is not always possession: the same case can express other noun relations. Identify the relation in this sentence.",
                "zh": "属格并不总表示所属，也能表达其他名词关系。这里需具体判断其关系。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "τοῦ στρατηγοῦ is an article plus a noun, not “one word.” The genitive phrase identifies the possessor.",
                "zh": "τοῦ στρατηγοῦ 由冠词和名词构成，并非“一个词”；此属格短语指出所有者。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "variation": {
            "en": "Change “the general’s camp” to “the soldiers’ camp” while keeping the same brave soldiers as the subject.",
            "zh": "把“将军的营地”改成“士兵的营地”，主语仍为这些勇敢的士兵。"
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "Does the adjective agree with the soldiers rather than the camp?",
              "zh": "形容词是否与士兵保持一致，而非与营地一致？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Have you kept Latin castra plural and Greek στρατόπεδον singular?",
              "zh": "是否保留拉丁 castra 的复数与希腊 στρατόπεδον 的单数？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Can you explain the possessive phrase without treating every genitive as possessive?",
              "zh": "能否解释这里的所属短语，而不把所有属格都视为所属？"
            }
          ],
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-02-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Make the soldier singular.",
                "zh": "把士兵改为单数。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Fortis mīles castra ducis custōdit.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Castra remains plural: camp is a plural noun here.",
                    "zh": "Castra 仍为复数：此处“营地”为复数名词。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Fortis and custōdit change with mīles. Castra is not changed to castrum.",
                    "zh": "Fortis 和 custōdit 随 mīles 调整；不把 castra 改为 castrum。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ ἀνδρεῖος στρατιώτης τὸ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ στρατόπεδον φυλάττει.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use singular στρατιώτης and φυλάττει.",
                    "zh": "用单数 στρατιώτης 及 φυλάττει。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The subject and verb become singular; the possessor remains genitive.",
                    "zh": "主语及动词变为单数；所属者保留属格。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-02-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Make the camp belong to the citizens.",
                "zh": "把营地改为属于公民们。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Fortēs mīlitēs castra cīvium custōdiunt.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Cīvium is genitive plural of cīvis.",
                    "zh": "Cīvium 是 cīvis 的属格复数。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The possessor changes to a genitive plural; camp remains the object.",
                    "zh": "所属者改为属格复数；营地仍为宾语。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "οἱ ἀνδρεῖοι στρατιῶται τὸ τῶν πολιτῶν στρατόπεδον φυλάττουσιν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use genitive plural τῶν πολιτῶν.",
                    "zh": "用属格复数 τῶν πολιτῶν。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The article and possessor are genitive plural inside the camp phrase.",
                    "zh": "营地短语中的冠词及所属者用属格复数。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-02-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Make the general, rather than the soldiers, brave.",
                "zh": "把“勇敢”改为修饰将军，而非士兵。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Mīlitēs castra fortis ducis custōdiunt.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Fortis must agree with genitive ducis.",
                    "zh": "Fortis 须与属格 ducis 一致。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The adjective now belongs to the possessor phrase, changing who is described.",
                    "zh": "形容词现属于所属短语，所描述之人改变。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "οἱ στρατιῶται τὸ τοῦ ἀνδρείου στρατηγοῦ στρατόπεδον φυλάττουσιν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Put ἀνδρείου with genitive στρατηγοῦ.",
                    "zh": "把 ἀνδρείου 放入属格 στρατηγοῦ 短语。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The genitive adjective describes the general, not the nominative soldiers.",
                    "zh": "属格形容词描述将军，而非主格士兵。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "858c8c5be08ee968d0db6c5983cf9635bba65aaf5fa4b9d85ccb9193e670f87d",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    },
    {
      "title": "Give a relative pronoun its own role",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-03",
          "n": 3,
          "title": {
            "en": "Give a relative pronoun its own role",
            "zh": "给关系代词确定从句内的角色"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "The citizens love the consul who saved the city.",
            "zh": "公民们爱戴那位拯救了城市的执政官。"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "The consul is the object of “love,” but the subject of “saved.” The relative pronoun must reflect the second role.",
            "zh": "执政官是“爱戴”的宾语，却是“拯救”的主语。关系代词的格须反映后一个角色。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Cīvēs cōnsulem amant quī urbem servāvit.",
            "grc": "οἱ πολῖται τὸν ὕπατον φιλοῦσιν ὃς τὴν πόλιν ἔσωσεν."
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 230,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Types of relative clause; the identifying relative clause here uses the indicative.",
                "zh": "关系从句的类型；此例用于识别人物，采用直陈式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2501,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Gender and number from the antecedent; case from the role within the relative clause.",
                "zh": "性、数依先行词；格依关系代词在从句中的角色。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2502,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Variations and qualifications to the agreement rule.",
                "zh": "一致规则的变体及限制。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "allen-greenough",
              "section": 305,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Relative gender/number follow the antecedent; case follows its own clause.",
                "zh": "关系代词的性数依先行词，格依其自身从句。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "cīvis, cīvis m./f.: citizen / 公民",
              "amō, amāre: love / 爱戴",
              "urbs, urbis f.: city / 城市",
              "servō, servāre, servāvī: save / 拯救",
              "quī, quae, quod: relative pronoun / 关系代词"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "πολίτης, -ου m.: citizen / 公民",
              "φιλέω: love / 爱戴",
              "πόλις, πόλεως f.: city / 城市",
              "σῴζω, aorist ἔσωσα: save / 拯救",
              "ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: relative pronoun / 关系代词"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Write the main clause with cōnsulem as the object.",
                "zh": "主句以 cōnsulem 作宾语。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Select masculine singular quī, but put it in the nominative because it does the saving.",
                "zh": "选择阳性单数 quī；它是拯救的施事，所以用主格。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use perfect indicative servāvit for the stated past event.",
                "zh": "既定的过去事件用完成时直陈式 servāvit。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Keep τὸν ὕπατον accusative in the main clause.",
                "zh": "主句中的 τὸν ὕπατον 保持宾格。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use nominative masculine singular ὅς as the subject of the relative clause.",
                "zh": "关系从句的主语用阳性单数主格 ὅς。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use aorist indicative ἔσωσεν for the event viewed as a whole.",
                "zh": "以整体方式看待该事件，用不定过去时直陈式 ἔσωσεν。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "An indicative identifying clause is the task here. Purpose, characteristic, and reported relative clauses require later lessons.",
                "zh": "本题练习直陈式的识别性关系从句。目的、特征及间接引语中的关系从句留待后续教程。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Greek relative attraction can alter case patterns in some contexts; it does not justify copying the main-clause accusative in this model.",
                "zh": "希腊语关系代词吸引现象在某些语境下会改变格的模式；它不能证明本例可直接照抄主句宾格。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "variation": {
            "en": "Write “The citizens love the consul whom the soldiers praised.” The consul is now the object inside the relative clause as well.",
            "zh": "写出“公民们爱戴士兵曾赞扬的执政官”。此时执政官在关系从句内也作宾语。"
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "What is the antecedent?",
              "zh": "先行词是什么？"
            },
            {
              "en": "What role does the relative have inside its own clause?",
              "zh": "关系代词在自身从句内担任什么角色？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Does your chosen tense describe the intended past event?",
              "zh": "所选时态是否表达预期的过去事件？"
            }
          ],
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-03-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Write: the citizens love the consul whom they saw.",
                "zh": "写：公民们爱戴他们见到的执政官。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Cīvēs cōnsulem quem vīdērunt amant.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use accusative quem and perfect vīdērunt.",
                    "zh": "用宾格 quem 及完成时 vīdērunt。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The relative is the object inside its clause; it is not automatically copied from the main role.",
                    "zh": "关系词在从句内为宾语，其格由从句角色决定。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "οἱ πολῖται τὸν ὕπατον ὃν εἶδον φιλοῦσιν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use accusative ὃν and aorist εἶδον.",
                    "zh": "用宾格 ὃν 及不定过去时 εἶδον。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The relative’s accusative marks whom they saw.",
                    "zh": "关系词宾格标示他们所见的人。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-03-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Write: the consul loves the citizens who saved the city.",
                "zh": "写：执政官爱戴拯救了城市的公民们。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Cōnsul cīvēs quī urbem servāvērunt amat.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use nominative plural quī and servāvērunt.",
                    "zh": "用主格复数 quī 及 servāvērunt。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The citizens are an object in the main clause but a subject in the relative clause.",
                    "zh": "公民在主句为宾语，在关系从句为主语。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ ὕπατος τοὺς πολίτας οἳ τὴν πόλιν ἔσωσαν φιλεῖ.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use nominative plural οἳ and ἔσωσαν.",
                    "zh": "用主格复数 οἳ 及 ἔσωσαν。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The relative follows the citizens’ number and its own subject role.",
                    "zh": "关系词随公民的数，并依自身主语角色用格。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-03-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Replace the relative clause with a second sentence: the consul saved the city.",
                "zh": "用第二个句子代替关系从句：执政官拯救了城市。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Cīvēs cōnsulem amant. Cōnsul urbem servāvit.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Repeat cōnsul to keep the referent explicit.",
                    "zh": "重复 cōnsul，以明示所指。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The event is now an independent assertion; the relative previously attached it to the consul phrase.",
                    "zh": "事件现为独立断言；原关系从句把它附在执政官短语上。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "οἱ πολῖται τὸν ὕπατον φιλοῦσιν. ὁ ὕπατος τὴν πόλιν ἔσωσεν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Repeat ὁ ὕπατος.",
                    "zh": "重复 ὁ ὕπατος。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Sentence division changes how the information is packaged, though both events are preserved.",
                    "zh": "分句改变信息安排，但保留两项事件。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "542b2d8fc430009de55c4de2bddf59b8d24e59134752417930acb03cfce01b30",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    },
    {
      "title": "State an intention",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-04",
          "n": 4,
          "title": {
            "en": "State an intention",
            "zh": "表达行动的目的"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "The soldiers are taking up arms in order to defend the city.",
            "zh": "士兵们拿起武器，以保卫城市。"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "Describe the action first, then its intended goal. A purpose is not a claim that the goal has already been achieved.",
            "zh": "先描述行动，再说明所求的目标。表达目的并不宣称目标已经实现。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Mīlitēs arma capiunt ut urbem dēfendant.",
            "grc": "οἱ στρατιῶται τὰ ὅπλα λαμβάνουσιν ἵνα τὴν πόλιν φυλάττωσιν."
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 149,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Positive purpose with ut; negative purpose with nē.",
                "zh": "肯定目的用 ut；否定目的用 nē。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 140,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Sequence of tenses for subordinate subjunctives.",
                "zh": "从属虚拟式的时态顺序。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 151,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Other ways of expressing purpose; this lesson does not make ut the only possibility.",
                "zh": "其他目的表达方式；本课不把 ut 当作唯一选择。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2193,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Purpose conjunctions and their negative forms.",
                "zh": "目的连词及其否定形式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2196,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Subjunctive after a primary tense; optative or retained subjunctive after a secondary tense.",
                "zh": "主要时态之后用虚拟式；历史时态之后可用愿望式或保留虚拟式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2065,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Purpose participles, especially after verbs of movement or sending.",
                "zh": "目的分词，尤见于移动或派遣动词之后。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "arma, -ōrum n. plural: arms / 武器",
              "capiō, capere: take / 拿起",
              "dēfendō, dēfendere: defend / 保卫",
              "ut: in order that / 为了",
              "nē: in order that not / 以免"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "ὅπλον, -ου n.; plural ὅπλα: arms / 武器",
              "λαμβάνω: take / 拿起",
              "φυλάττω: guard, defend / 守卫、保卫",
              "ἵνα: in order that / 为了",
              "ἵνα μή: in order that not / 以免"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Start with present indicative capiunt.",
                "zh": "主句从现在时直陈式 capiunt 开始。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Introduce the goal with ut.",
                "zh": "用 ut 引出目的。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use present subjunctive dēfendant after this primary main tense.",
                "zh": "在这一主要时态之后使用现在时虚拟式 dēfendant。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Write the main action with λαμβάνουσιν.",
                "zh": "主句行动用 λαμβάνουσιν 表达。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use ἵνα to introduce the purpose clause.",
                "zh": "用 ἵνα 引出目的从句。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use present subjunctive φυλάττωσιν; the model presents the defence as an ongoing activity.",
                "zh": "用现在时虚拟式 φυλάττωσιν；此例把保卫呈现为持续活动。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "ut plus a subjunctive is the chosen construction. A bare infinitive is not a general replacement for an English “to” phrase; other Latin purpose constructions have their own conditions.",
                "zh": "ut 加虚拟式是本题所选结构。不定式不能普遍替代英语的 to 短语；其他拉丁目的表达方式各有条件。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "The aorist subjunctive can present a goal differently in aspect. Purpose infinitives and participles must be assessed by construction and context, not rejected everywhere.",
                "zh": "不定过去时虚拟式可从另一种体貌角度表达目标。目的不定式和目的分词应依结构及语境判断，不能一概排除。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "variation": {
            "en": "Make the goal negative: “so that the enemy do not capture the city.” Keep the main verb present.",
            "zh": "把目的改为否定：“以免敌人攻占城市。”主句动词保持现在时。"
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "Have you stated an intended goal rather than an actual result?",
              "zh": "表达的是预期目标，还是已经发生的结果？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Is the subordinate verb in the required mood?",
              "zh": "从句动词是否采用所需的语气？"
            },
            {
              "en": "For a negative purpose, have you changed the conjunction or added the appropriate negative?",
              "zh": "表达否定目的时，是否改变连词或添加相应的否定词？"
            }
          ],
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-04-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Make the soldiers one soldier.",
                "zh": "把士兵改为一名士兵。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Mīles arma sūmit ut urbem dēfendat.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use sūmit and dēfendat.",
                    "zh": "用 sūmit 及 dēfendat。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Both the main and purpose subjects are now singular.",
                    "zh": "主句及目的从句的主语现均为单数。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ στρατιώτης τὰ ὅπλα λαμβάνει ἵνα τὴν πόλιν φυλάττῃ.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use λαμβάνει and subjunctive φυλάττῃ.",
                    "zh": "用 λαμβάνει 及虚拟式 φυλάττῃ。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Both verbs change number; the intended purpose stays the same.",
                    "zh": "两个动词改数，预期目的不变。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-04-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Move the action into the past.",
                "zh": "把行动移至过去。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Mīlitēs arma sūmpsērunt ut urbem dēfenderent.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use perfect sūmpsērunt and imperfect subjunctive dēfenderent.",
                    "zh": "用完成时 sūmpsērunt 及未完成虚拟式 dēfenderent。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The purpose clause follows the past main event with imperfect subjunctive.",
                    "zh": "目的从句用未完成虚拟式跟随过去主句事件。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "οἱ στρατιῶται τὰ ὅπλα ἔλαβον ἵνα τὴν πόλιν φυλάττοιεν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use aorist ἔλαβον and optative φυλάττοιεν.",
                    "zh": "用不定过去时 ἔλαβον 及愿望式 φυλάττοιεν。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The optative is available after a secondary tense; retained subjunctive is another allowed choice.",
                    "zh": "次要时态后可用愿望式；保留虚拟式也是允许选择。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-04-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Write a negative purpose: the soldiers take up arms so that the enemy may not capture the city.",
                "zh": "写否定目的：士兵们拿起武器，以免敌人攻占城市。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Mīlitēs arma sūmunt nē hostēs urbem capiant.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use nē and subjunctive capiant.",
                    "zh": "用 nē 及虚拟式 capiant。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Nē introduces the intended prevention; it does not assert that capture has occurred.",
                    "zh": "Nē 引入所欲避免之事，不断言攻占已经发生。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "οἱ στρατιῶται τὰ ὅπλα λαμβάνουσιν ἵνα οἱ πολέμιοι μὴ τὴν πόλιν λάβωσιν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use ἵνα μή and aorist subjunctive λάβωσιν.",
                    "zh": "用 ἵνα μή 及不定过去虚拟式 λάβωσιν。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The enemy are the purpose-clause subject; the aorist presents the capture as a whole contemplated event.",
                    "zh": "敌人为目的从句主语；不定过去形式把预想攻占视作整体事件。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "b9b81fcc7e09f46576c72300f00b1c6bdaeb030926abd42d750d580c2774c058",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    },
    {
      "title": "Set the circumstances of an event",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-05",
          "n": 5,
          "title": {
            "en": "Set the circumstances of an event",
            "zh": "交代事件发生的情境"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "When the city had been captured, the soldiers fled.",
            "zh": "城市被攻占后，士兵们逃走了。"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "The captured city supplies a background event; the soldiers perform the main action. Keep those participants distinct.",
            "zh": "城市被攻占是背景事件，士兵是主句行动者。把两组参与者区分开。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Urbe captā, mīlitēs fūgērunt.",
            "grc": "τῆς πόλεως ληφθείσης, οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον."
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 49,
              "supports": {
                "en": "A predicative absolute phrase in the ablative.",
                "zh": "夺格中的表语性独立结构。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 50,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Temporal, causal, concessive, or conditional force depends on context.",
                "zh": "时间、原因、让步或条件意味由语境确定。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2070,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Genitive absolute with a participant outside the main construction.",
                "zh": "属格独立结构的参与者不属于主句的主要结构。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 475,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Principal parts of λαμβάνω, including aorist passive ἐλήφθην.",
                "zh": "λαμβάνω 的主要形式，包括不定过去时被动式 ἐλήφθην。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "urbs, urbis f.; ablative urbe: city / 城市",
              "capiō, capere, cēpī, captum: capture / 攻占",
              "captā: feminine ablative singular perfect passive participle / 阴性单数夺格完成被动分词",
              "fugiō, fugere, fūgī: flee / 逃走"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "πόλις, πόλεως f.; genitive πόλεως: city / 城市",
              "λαμβάνω, passive aorist ἐλήφθην: take, capture / 拿取、攻占",
              "ληφθείσης: feminine genitive singular aorist passive participle / 阴性单数属格不定过去时被动分词",
              "φεύγω, aorist ἔφυγον: flee / 逃走"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Put the city in the ablative singular: urbe.",
                "zh": "城市用夺格单数 urbe。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Agree perfect passive captā with urbe.",
                "zh": "完成被动分词 captā 与 urbe 保持一致。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use perfect fūgērunt for the soldiers’ flight.",
                "zh": "士兵的逃走用完成时 fūgērunt。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Write the city with genitive article and noun: τῆς πόλεως.",
                "zh": "城市的冠词和名词都用属格：τῆς πόλεως。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Agree aorist passive ληφθείσης with πόλεως.",
                "zh": "不定过去时被动分词 ληφθείσης 与 πόλεως 保持一致。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Write the main action with nominative οἱ στρατιῶται and ἔφυγον.",
                "zh": "主句用主格 οἱ στρατιῶται，搭配 ἔφυγον。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "The participle supplies passive meaning. “Having died” and “having been killed” would express different events and must not be swapped silently.",
                "zh": "分词带出被动意义。“死亡”与“被杀”表达不同事件，不可无说明地互换。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "The English prompt selects a temporal interpretation. The same absolute pattern can express a cause or concession in a different context.",
                "zh": "题目指定时间关系；相同独立结构在其他语境中可表达原因或让步。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "variation": {
            "en": "Explain how the reading would change if the context made the capture a cause rather than simply an earlier event. Keep the same wording in your first draft, then write an explicit causal clause as a further task.",
            "zh": "说明当语境把攻占当作原因而不仅是先前事件时，解读如何改变。初稿先保留原结构，再进一步写成明确的原因从句。"
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "Does the participle agree in case, number, and gender with the city?",
              "zh": "分词是否与城市在格、数、性上保持一致？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Have you preserved capture as a passive event?",
              "zh": "是否保留“被攻占”的被动事件？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Which part of your explanation comes from the prompt’s context rather than from the absolute construction alone?",
              "zh": "解释中的哪些内容来自题目语境，而非独立结构本身？"
            }
          ],
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-05-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Make the city a plural group of cities.",
                "zh": "把城市改为多座城市。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Urbibus captīs, mīlitēs fūgērunt.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use ablative plural urbibus captīs.",
                    "zh": "用夺格复数 urbibus captīs。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The noun and participle both become ablative plural.",
                    "zh": "名词及分词均改为夺格复数。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "τῶν πόλεων ληφθεισῶν, οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use genitive plural τῶν πόλεων ληφθεισῶν.",
                    "zh": "用属格复数 τῶν πόλεων ληφθεισῶν。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The article, noun and passive participle all become genitive plural.",
                    "zh": "冠词、名词及被动分词均改为属格复数。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-05-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Use a finite temporal clause instead of the absolute construction.",
                "zh": "用限定动词时间从句代替独立结构。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Postquam urbs capta est, mīlitēs fūgērunt.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use postquam and perfect passive capta est.",
                    "zh": "用 postquam 及完成被动 capta est。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The city is now nominative inside an explicit temporal clause.",
                    "zh": "城市现为时间从句内的主格。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ἐπεὶ ἡ πόλις ἐλήφθη, οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use ἐπεί and aorist passive ἐλήφθη.",
                    "zh": "用 ἐπεί 及不定过去被动 ἐλήφθη。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The finite clause explicitly narrates capture before the flight.",
                    "zh": "限定动词从句明确叙述逃走前的攻占。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-05-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Change the main event: after the city was captured, the soldiers stayed.",
                "zh": "改变主事件：城市被攻占后，士兵们留了下来。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Urbe captā, mīlitēs mānsērunt.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Mānsērunt is perfect of maneō.",
                    "zh": "Mānsērunt 为 maneō 的完成时。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The absolute frame remains; the new main verb changes the soldiers’ response.",
                    "zh": "独立情境不变；新主句动词改变士兵的反应。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "τῆς πόλεως ληφθείσης, οἱ στρατιῶται ἔμειναν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Ἔμειναν is aorist of μένω.",
                    "zh": "Ἔμειναν 为 μένω 的不定过去时。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "A changed outcome does not require changing the capture frame.",
                    "zh": "结果改变，无须改变攻占情境。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "ff5329d1f932d1e2aa8aa077f8bab1d8a7726c71a8ee935acf640ccd6f8cbde2",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    },
    {
      "title": "Report what someone says or thinks",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-06",
          "n": 6,
          "title": {
            "en": "Report what someone says or thinks",
            "zh": "转述言语和想法"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "The messenger reports that the enemy are approaching the walls. The general thinks that the city is safe.",
            "zh": "信使报告敌人正在接近城墙。将军认为城市是安全的。"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "Keep two viewpoints distinct: what the messenger reports and what the general believes. Neither is automatically the narrator’s own claim.",
            "zh": "区分两个视角：信使所报告的内容与将军所相信的内容。两者都不自动成为叙述者自己的断言。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Nūntius hostēs ad mūrōs appropinquāre nūntiat. Dux urbem tūtam esse putat.",
            "grc": "ὁ ἄγγελος λέγει ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι τοῖς τείχεσι προσέρχονται. ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς νομίζει τὴν πόλιν ἀσφαλῆ εἶναι."
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 29,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Accusative and infinitive for reporting statements after saying, thinking, or perceiving.",
                "zh": "言说、思考或感知动词后用宾格加不定式转述陈述。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 30,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Infinitive tense expresses time relative to the reporting verb.",
                "zh": "不定式时态表达相对于转述动词的时间。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 35,
              "supports": {
                "en": "quod clauses as a qualification to an absolute claim about Latin reporting.",
                "zh": "quod 从句使“拉丁语转述必用宾格加不定式”这一绝对说法需要限定。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2017,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Saying verbs differ in the constructions they permit.",
                "zh": "不同言说动词所允许的结构并不相同。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2018,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Thinking verbs normally take the infinitive.",
                "zh": "思考动词通常搭配不定式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1972,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The expressed infinitive subject and conditions for its omission.",
                "zh": "不定式主语的表达与省略条件。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2577,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Dependent statements introduced by ὅτι or ὡς.",
                "zh": "由 ὅτι 或 ὡς 引出的依存陈述。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1463,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Dative with verbs of approaching.",
                "zh": "接近动词的与格搭配。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2615,
              "supports": {
                "en": "A historical reporting verb can retain an indicative in Greek.",
                "zh": "希腊语历史报告动词后可保留直陈式。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "nūntius, -ī m.: messenger / 信使",
              "hostis, -is m./f.; plural hostēs: enemy / 敌人",
              "mūrus, -ī m.: wall / 城墙",
              "appropinquō, -āre: approach / 接近",
              "tūtus, -a, -um: safe / 安全的",
              "putō, -āre: think / 认为"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "ἄγγελος, -ου m.: messenger / 信使",
              "πολέμιος, -α, -ον; οἱ πολέμιοι: the enemy / 敌人",
              "τεῖχος, τείχους n.: wall / 城墙",
              "προσέρχομαι: approach; here with dative / 接近，此处搭配与格",
              "νομίζω: think / 认为",
              "ἀσφαλής, -ές: safe / 安全的"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Use accusative hostēs as the subject of appropinquāre.",
                "zh": "用宾格 hostēs 作 appropinquāre 的主语。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use a present infinitive for an approach simultaneous with the reporting.",
                "zh": "接近与报告同时，使用现在时不定式。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use urbem tūtam esse as the content of putat; tūtam agrees with urbem.",
                "zh": "urbem tūtam esse 是 putat 的内容；tūtam 与 urbem 保持一致。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "After λέγει in this model, use ὅτι and a finite clause.",
                "zh": "本例在 λέγει 后使用 ὅτι 与限定动词从句。"
              },
              {
                "en": "After νομίζει, use accusative τὴν πόλιν and infinitive εἶναι.",
                "zh": "在 νομίζει 后用宾格 τὴν πόλιν 与不定式 εἶναι。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use δέ to connect the second viewpoint; it does not by itself prove a strong opposition.",
                "zh": "用 δέ 接续第二个视角；这个词本身并不证明强烈的对立关系。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Accusative plus infinitive is the chosen classical construction, not a rule that every Latin report must always have this form.",
                "zh": "宾格加不定式是此处所选的古典结构，并非每个拉丁转述都必须采用的唯一形式。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Do not turn “saying = ὅτι; thinking = infinitive” into a rigid split. Check the particular verb, voice, author, and context.",
                "zh": "不可把“言说＝ὅτι；思考＝不定式”变成僵硬的二分规则。需核对具体动词、语态、作者和语境。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "variation": {
            "en": "Make the reported approach earlier than the report: “The messenger reports that the enemy have approached the walls.” Explain your tense choice.",
            "zh": "把接近改成早于报告：“信使报告敌人已经接近城墙。”解释时态选择。"
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "Have you identified whose words or belief you are reporting?",
              "zh": "是否确定了转述的是谁的言语或想法？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Is the reported subject in the case required by your construction?",
              "zh": "所转述的主语是否采用该结构所需的格？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Does the tense express the intended relation to the reporting event?",
              "zh": "时态是否表达了相对于报告事件的预期时间关系？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Have you checked the particular reporting verb rather than applying a universal rule?",
              "zh": "是否核对了具体转述动词，而不是套用普遍规则？"
            }
          ],
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-06-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Report that the enemy had already approached the walls.",
                "zh": "转述敌人已经接近城墙。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Nūntius dīcit hostēs iam ad mūrōs appropinquāvisse.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use perfect infinitive appropinquāvisse.",
                    "zh": "用完成不定式 appropinquāvisse。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Iam makes already explicit; the perfect infinitive puts the approach before the reporting.",
                    "zh": "Iam 明确表示“已经”；完成不定式把接近置于转述之前。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ ἄγγελος λέγει ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι ἤδη τοῖς τείχεσιν προσῆλθον.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use aorist προσῆλθον; τοῖς τείχεσιν is the goal with προσέρχομαι.",
                    "zh": "用不定过去时 προσῆλθον；προσέρχομαι 的目标此处用 τοῖς τείχεσιν。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Ἤδη makes already explicit. The aorist indicative reports the preceding event in a finite clause.",
                    "zh": "Ἤδη 明确表示“已经”。不定过去时直陈式在限定从句中转述先前事件。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-06-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Move the report into the past, keeping the approach simultaneous with it.",
                "zh": "把报告移至过去，但接近仍与报告同时。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Nūntius dīxit hostēs ad mūrōs appropinquāre.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Dīxit is perfect; retain present infinitive appropinquāre.",
                    "zh": "Dīxit 为完成时；保留现在不定式 appropinquāre。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Infinitive tense is relative: the present remains simultaneous with the past report.",
                    "zh": "不定式时态为相对时间：现在不定式仍与过去报告同时。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ ἄγγελος εἶπεν ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι τοῖς τείχεσιν προσέρχονται.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use εἶπεν and retain the original present προσέρχονται.",
                    "zh": "用 εἶπεν，并保留原话现在时 προσέρχονται。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Greek can retain the indicative of the original words after a past reporting verb.",
                    "zh": "过去转述动词后，希腊语可保留原话的直陈式。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-06-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Write the general’s words as a direct quotation: the city is safe.",
                "zh": "把将军的话写成直接引语：城市是安全的。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Dux dīcit: “Urbs tūta est.”",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use nominative urbs and finite est.",
                    "zh": "用主格 urbs 及限定动词 est。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The quoted sentence is independent of the accusative-infinitive pattern.",
                    "zh": "引语句独立于宾格加不定式结构。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ στρατηγὸς λέγει· «ἡ πόλις ἀσφαλής ἐστιν.»",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Give the finite statement directly.",
                    "zh": "直接写出限定动词陈述。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The direct quotation removes the dependent ὅτι clause.",
                    "zh": "直接引语不再使用依存的 ὅτι 从句。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "5c6ed1c7ccb3c55eeeba6b9d3a15b431cbd5703be32e834478b181fd507f9c56",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    },
    {
      "title": "Distinguish the thing given from its recipient",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-07",
          "n": 7,
          "title": {
            "en": "Distinguish the thing given from its recipient",
            "zh": "区分所给予之物与接受者"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "The general gives money to the soldiers.",
            "zh": "将军把钱给士兵们。"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "Choose cases from the relation expressed by the verb.",
            "zh": "依据动词表达的关系选择格。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Dux mīlitibus pecūniam dat.",
            "grc": "ὁ στρατηγὸς τοῖς στρατιώταις χρήματα δίδωσιν."
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 56,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The dative marks a person affected by an action.",
                "zh": "与格标示行动所涉及的人。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 61,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Giving, showing and telling can have a dative recipient alongside an accusative object.",
                "zh": "给予、展示及告知可同时带与格接受者和宾格对象。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1469,
              "supports": {
                "en": "A transitive verb can have an accusative object and a dative indirect object.",
                "zh": "及物动词可带宾格直接宾语和与格间接宾语。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1470,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The dative remains in the passive construction.",
                "zh": "改用被动结构时与格保留。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 958,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Neuter plural subjects commonly take a singular verb.",
                "zh": "中性复数主语通常搭配单数动词。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "dux, ducis m.: general / 将军",
              "mīles, mīlitis m.; mīlitibus: to the soldiers / 给士兵们",
              "pecūnia, -ae f.: money / 钱",
              "dō, dare, dedī: give / 给予"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "στρατηγός, -οῦ m.: general / 将军",
              "στρατιώτης, -ου m.; τοῖς στρατιώταις: to the soldiers / 给士兵们",
              "χρήματα, -ων n. plural: money / 钱",
              "δίδωμι; δίδωσιν: gives / 给予"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Write dux as the nominative subject.",
                "zh": "用主格 dux 表示主语。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Put money, the thing given, in the accusative: pecūniam.",
                "zh": "给予之物“钱”用宾格 pecūniam。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Put the recipients in the dative plural: mīlitibus.",
                "zh": "接受者用与格复数 mīlitibus。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Use ὁ στρατηγός for the definite subject.",
                "zh": "用 ὁ στρατηγός 表示定指主语。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use χρήματα for the money given; this noun is neuter plural.",
                "zh": "给予之物用中性复数 χρήματα。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use τοῖς στρατιώταις for the recipients and δίδωσιν for gives.",
                "zh": "接受者用 τοῖς στρατιώταις，动词用 δίδωσιν。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "The dative distinguishes the recipient from the object. English to does not identify every Latin construction: a destination can instead require a preposition.",
                "zh": "与格把接受者同给予之物区分开。英语 to 并不总对应拉丁与格：地点目的地可能需要介词。"
              },
              {
                "en": "When money becomes the passive subject, the recipient stays dative: pecūnia mīlitibus datur.",
                "zh": "钱改作被动句主语后，接受者仍用与格：pecūnia mīlitibus datur。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "The article also changes case: τοῖς belongs with στρατιώταις. Do not use the genitive merely because English can say the soldiers’ money.",
                "zh": "冠词也随名词变格：τοῖς 与 στρατιώταις 相配。英语能说“士兵的钱”，不等于本句需要属格。"
              },
              {
                "en": "In the passive example χρήματα is a neuter plural subject with singular δίδοται, a common Attic pattern.",
                "zh": "被动例答中 χρήματα 是中性复数主语，搭配单数 δίδοται，符合常见阿提卡用法。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "Have I distinguished the giver, thing given and recipient?",
              "zh": "是否区分了给予者、所给之物及接受者？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Does the chosen verb permit this case pattern?",
              "zh": "所选动词是否允许这一格搭配？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Have articles and endings followed the changed participant?",
              "zh": "参与者改变后，冠词及词尾是否随之调整？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Can I preserve the recipient when changing voice?",
              "zh": "改变语态时，是否保留了接受者的关系？"
            }
          ],
          "variation": {
            "en": "Work through the three variations below and explain what changes.",
            "zh": "完成下方三项变化练习，并解释改变了什么。"
          },
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-07-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Give the money to one soldier.",
                "zh": "把钱给一名士兵。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Dux mīlitī pecūniam dat.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use dative singular mīlitī.",
                    "zh": "用与格单数 mīlitī。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Only the recipient changes number.",
                    "zh": "仅接受者改为单数。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ στρατηγὸς τῷ στρατιώτῃ χρήματα δίδωσιν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use τῷ στρατιώτῃ.",
                    "zh": "用 τῷ στρατιώτῃ。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The recipient article and noun become dative singular.",
                    "zh": "接受者的冠词及名词均改为与格单数。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-07-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Write: the general shows the gate to the soldiers.",
                "zh": "写：将军把城门指给士兵们看。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Dux mīlitibus portam mōnstrat.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Mōnstrat means shows; portam is accusative.",
                    "zh": "Mōnstrat 表示指示；portam 为宾格。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Showing has the same object/recipient distinction in this example.",
                    "zh": "本例“展示”同样区分对象与接受者。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ στρατηγὸς τοῖς στρατιώταις τὴν πύλην δείκνυσιν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Δείκνυσιν means shows; τὴν πύλην is accusative.",
                    "zh": "Δείκνυσιν 表示展示；τὴν πύλην 为宾格。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The thing shown and the people to whom it is shown have separate cases.",
                    "zh": "所展示之物与观看者使用不同的格。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-07-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Make the money the passive subject.",
                "zh": "把钱改为被动句主语。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Pecūnia mīlitibus datur.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use nominative pecūnia and passive datur.",
                    "zh": "用主格 pecūnia 及被动 datur。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The thing given becomes nominative; mīlitibus stays dative.",
                    "zh": "给予之物变为主格；mīlitibus 保留与格。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "χρήματα τοῖς στρατιώταις δίδοται.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use passive singular δίδοται with neuter plural χρήματα.",
                    "zh": "中性复数 χρήματα 搭配被动单数 δίδοται。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The recipient stays dative. The neuter plural subject allows the common singular verb pattern.",
                    "zh": "接受者保留与格；中性复数主语采用常见单数动词搭配。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "4aa44ff5a1d74506b21f04f41e8e928243ccdef9ff16b42c25183f941ed42723",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    },
    {
      "title": "Set a background and introduce an event",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-08",
          "n": 8,
          "title": {
            "en": "Set a background and introduce an event",
            "zh": "交代背景并引入事件"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "The soldiers were guarding the city. Then a messenger arrived.",
            "zh": "士兵们正在守卫城市。随后一位信使到达了。"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "Present an ongoing situation before a new event enters the narrative.",
            "zh": "先呈现持续的情境，再引入叙事中的新事件。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Mīlitēs urbem custōdiēbant. Tum nūntius vēnit.",
            "grc": "οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν πόλιν ἐφύλαττον. τότε ἄγγελος ἦλθεν."
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "allen-greenough",
              "section": 470,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The imperfect can present past action as continuing or repeated.",
                "zh": "未完成时可把过去行动呈现为持续或反复。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "allen-greenough",
              "section": 473,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The perfect can state a past event or a present completion.",
                "zh": "完成时可陈述过去事件或现在的完成。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1889,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The imperfect presents an action or state as still existing in the past.",
                "zh": "未完成时把行动或状态呈现为过去仍在持续。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1923,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The aorist can present an action as a past occurrence without specifying its duration.",
                "zh": "不定过去时可把行动呈现为过去的发生，而不规定其持续时长。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "custōdiō, custōdīre; custōdiēbant: they were guarding / 正在守卫",
              "nūntius, -ī m.: messenger / 信使",
              "veniō, venīre, vēnī; vēnit: arrived (perfect) / 到达了",
              "tum: then / 随后"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "φυλάττω; ἐφύλαττον: they were guarding / 正在守卫",
              "πόλις; τὴν πόλιν: the city / 城市",
              "ἄγγελος, -ου m.: messenger / 信使",
              "ἔρχομαι; ἦλθεν: arrived / 到达了",
              "τότε: then / 随后"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Keep the guarding in view with imperfect custōdiēbant.",
                "zh": "用未完成时 custōdiēbant 呈现守卫活动。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Introduce the messenger as a new subject.",
                "zh": "引入信使这个新主语。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use perfect vēnit to narrate the arrival; the long ē distinguishes it from present venit.",
                "zh": "用完成时 vēnit 叙述到达；长 ē 与现在时 venit 区别。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Use imperfect ἐφύλαττον for the background activity.",
                "zh": "背景活动用未完成时 ἐφύλαττον。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Introduce an indefinite messenger with ἄγγελος; an article is unnecessary here.",
                "zh": "用 ἄγγελος 引入尚未确定的信使，此处不必加冠词。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use aorist ἦλθεν for the narrated arrival.",
                "zh": "所叙述的到达事件用不定过去时 ἦλθεν。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "These tense choices organize the telling. A perfect can summarize a long period; an imperfect can describe an action that eventually ends. Duration alone does not choose the tense.",
                "zh": "这些时态选择组织叙述。完成时可概括长时间；未完成时也可描写后来结束的行动。仅凭持续时长不能选定时态。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Tum orders the telling, but does not itself say that the guarding ceased or that the arrival caused a later action.",
                "zh": "Tum 安排叙述顺序，本身不表示守卫结束，也不表示到达造成了后续行动。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "The aorist does not mean momentary action in every use. Here it presents the arrival as an event. The imperfect keeps the guarding visible as background.",
                "zh": "不定过去时并非总表示瞬间行动。此处它把到达呈现为一个事件，未完成时则让守卫作为背景持续可见。"
              },
              {
                "en": "A different context can make a different tense sensible. Explain the viewpoint, rather than translating every English past tense by one Greek form.",
                "zh": "其他语境可能适合其他时态。应解释叙述视角，不把所有英语过去式都译成同一种希腊形式。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "What situation is already continuing?",
              "zh": "什么情境原已持续？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Which event advances this telling?",
              "zh": "哪项事件推进了这次叙述？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Have I explained tense choice without equating aorist with short duration?",
              "zh": "解释时态时，是否避免把不定过去时等同于短时长？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Does the connective claim only the intended time relation?",
              "zh": "连接词是否只表达预期时间关系？"
            }
          ],
          "variation": {
            "en": "Work through the three variations below and explain what changes.",
            "zh": "完成下方三项变化练习，并解释改变了什么。"
          },
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-08-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Present the guarding as one narrated past event.",
                "zh": "把守卫呈现为一项过去叙述事件。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Mīlitēs urbem custōdīvērunt.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use perfect custōdīvērunt.",
                    "zh": "用完成时 custōdīvērunt。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The perfect summarizes guarding as an event, without requiring a short duration.",
                    "zh": "完成时把守卫概括为事件，不要求时间短。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν πόλιν ἐφύλαξαν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use aorist ἐφύλαξαν.",
                    "zh": "用不定过去时 ἐφύλαξαν。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The aorist presents guarding as a whole event; it need not mean brief guarding.",
                    "zh": "不定过去时把守卫呈现为整体，不必是短暂守卫。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-08-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Change the background and keep two sentences: the general was speaking. A messenger arrived.",
                "zh": "改变背景，保留两个句子：将军正在说话。一位信使到达。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Dux verba faciēbat. Nūntius vēnit.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Verba faciēbat means was speaking.",
                    "zh": "Verba faciēbat 表示正在说话。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The imperfect speech supplies the background to the arrival.",
                    "zh": "未完成时的说话活动为到达事件提供背景。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ στρατηγὸς ἔλεγε. ἄγγελος ἦλθεν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Ἔλεγε is imperfect of λέγω.",
                    "zh": "Ἔλεγε 为 λέγω 的未完成时。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The imperfect speech is presented as in progress, followed by the arrival event.",
                    "zh": "未完成时把说话呈现为正在进行，随后写到达事件。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-08-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Describe a repeated routine: the soldiers often used to guard the city.",
                "zh": "描写反复常规：士兵们过去经常守卫城市。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Mīlitēs saepe urbem custōdiēbant.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use saepe, often.",
                    "zh": "用 saepe，表示经常。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The imperfect can present a repeated past practice.",
                    "zh": "未完成时可呈现反复的过去惯例。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "οἱ στρατιῶται πολλάκις τὴν πόλιν ἐφύλαττον.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use πολλάκις, often.",
                    "zh": "用 πολλάκις，表示经常。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The imperfect also suits a repeated practice; a summary in the aorist would present a different viewpoint.",
                    "zh": "未完成时也适于反复惯例；用不定过去时概括会呈现另一视角。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "7aa28e8e0bd1335a72de6ce4caef7fba37270f1ea0f59b443e0e7bd8a057bfcd",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    },
    {
      "title": "Address a command to its audience",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-09",
          "n": 9,
          "title": {
            "en": "Address a command to its audience",
            "zh": "向明确的听众发出指令"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "To several soldiers: Guard the gate. Do not leave the city.",
            "zh": "对多名士兵说：守卫城门。不要离开城市。"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "Identify whom you address and whether you are directing or describing an action.",
            "zh": "确定说话对象，并区分是在指令还是在描述行动。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Portam custōdīte. Nōlīte ex urbe discēdere.",
            "grc": "τὴν πύλην φυλάττετε. μὴ τὴν πόλιν λείπετε."
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 126,
              "supports": {
                "en": "A positive direct second-person command uses the imperative.",
                "zh": "直接对第二人称发出的肯定命令可用命令式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 127,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Instructions about a third person can use the present subjunctive.",
                "zh": "针对第三人称的指令可用现在虚拟式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 128,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Noli/nolite with an infinitive is a regular second-person prohibition.",
                "zh": "noli/nolite 加不定式是常见第二人称禁令。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1835,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Imperatives express commands, requests and related acts.",
                "zh": "命令式表达命令、请求及相关行为。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1840,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Second-person prohibitions can use μή with a present imperative.",
                "zh": "第二人称禁令可用 μή 加现在命令式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1841,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The context qualifies the interpretation of a present-imperative prohibition.",
                "zh": "现在命令式禁令的理解须结合语境。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 23,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Infinitive complement after iubeo.",
                "zh": "iubeo 后的不定式补语。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1991,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Infinitive complements after verbs of will and command.",
                "zh": "意愿及命令动词后的不定式补语。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1992,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Accusative object and infinitive after κελεύω.",
                "zh": "κελεύω 后的宾格宾语与不定式。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "porta, -ae f.: gate / 城门",
              "custōdīte: guard (plural command) / 守卫（复数指令）",
              "nōlīte + infinitive: do not (plural) / 不要（复数）",
              "discēdō, discēdere: depart / 离开",
              "ex + ablative; ex urbe: out of the city / 离开城市"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "πύλη, -ης f.: gate / 城门",
              "φυλάττετε: guard (plural command here) / 守卫（此处为复数指令）",
              "μή: negative used in this command / 此禁令使用的否定词",
              "λείπω; λείπετε: leave / 离开"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "The audience is plural: choose custōdīte, not custōdī.",
                "zh": "听众为复数，用 custōdīte，不用 custōdī。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Keep portam as the object of guarding.",
                "zh": "portam 保持为守卫的宾语。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use nōlīte with infinitive discēdere; ex urbe describes departure from the city.",
                "zh": "用 nōlīte 加不定式 discēdere；ex urbe 表示从城市离开。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Write the object τὴν πύλην and plural imperative φυλάττετε.",
                "zh": "写出宾语 τὴν πύλην 和复数命令式 φυλάττετε。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use μή for the prohibition with present imperative λείπετε.",
                "zh": "用 μή 加现在命令式 λείπετε 构成禁令。"
              },
              {
                "en": "The address makes φυλάττετε a command here, although the same form can be indicative elsewhere.",
                "zh": "直接呼语使 φυλάττετε 在此为指令，虽然同形形式在其他语境可为直陈式。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "A command changes the relation between speaker and hearer. It need not be a harsh order: social situation and surrounding words matter.",
                "zh": "指令改变说话者与听者的关系，并非必为严厉命令：社会情境及周围措辞也重要。"
              },
              {
                "en": "The example uses one regular negative construction. Ne with a perfect subjunctive is another option; it requires different forms and contextual discussion.",
                "zh": "例答采用一种常见禁令结构。Ne 加完成虚拟式是另一选择，须另核词形并讨论语境。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Do not treat μή plus a present imperative as proof that the hearer has already begun the action. Smyth §1841 explicitly recognizes contextual variation.",
                "zh": "不能据 μή 加现在命令式断定听者已经开始行动。斯迈思 §1841 明确指出语境差异。"
              },
              {
                "en": "A command in the third person requires a different ending. Positive third-person imperative φυλαττόντων is given in the variation.",
                "zh": "第三人称指令需要另一词尾；变化练习提供肯定第三人称命令式 φυλαττόντων。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "Who is being addressed, and in what number?",
              "zh": "说话对象是谁，是单数还是复数？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Is this a command, a request, or a report?",
              "zh": "这是命令、请求，还是报告？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Have I distinguished positive and negative constructions?",
              "zh": "是否区分了肯定与否定结构？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Have I avoided inventing an action already begun from the negative form alone?",
              "zh": "是否避免仅凭否定形式推断行动早已开始？"
            }
          ],
          "variation": {
            "en": "Work through the three variations below and explain what changes.",
            "zh": "完成下方三项变化练习，并解释改变了什么。"
          },
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-09-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Address one soldier instead.",
                "zh": "改为对一名士兵说。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Portam custōdī. Nōlī ex urbe discēdere.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use singular custōdī and nōlī.",
                    "zh": "用单数 custōdī 及 nōlī。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Both commands follow the audience’s singular number.",
                    "zh": "两项指令均随单数听众调整。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "τὴν πύλην φύλαττε. μὴ τὴν πόλιν λεῖπε.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use singular φύλαττε and λεῖπε.",
                    "zh": "用单数 φύλαττε 及 λεῖπε。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The command endings become singular; the objects stay unchanged.",
                    "zh": "命令词尾变为单数；宾语不变。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-09-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Instruct someone else: let the soldiers guard the gate.",
                "zh": "指示第三方：让士兵们守卫城门。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Mīlitēs portam custōdiant.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use present subjunctive custōdiant.",
                    "zh": "用现在虚拟式 custōdiant。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "A third-person instruction uses the Latin subjunctive here.",
                    "zh": "此处第三人称指令用拉丁虚拟式。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν πύλην φυλαττόντων.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use third-person plural imperative φυλαττόντων.",
                    "zh": "用第三人称复数命令式 φυλαττόντων。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Greek supplies a third-person imperative form. The two languages need not use matching mood labels.",
                    "zh": "希腊语有第三人称命令式；两种语言不必使用同名语气。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-09-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Report an order: the general orders the soldiers to guard the city.",
                "zh": "转述命令：将军命令士兵们守卫城市。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Dux mīlitēs urbem custōdīre iubet.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Iubet takes an accusative person and infinitive.",
                    "zh": "Iubet 带宾格受命者和不定式。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "This is a report of an order, rather than a direct imperative to the audience.",
                    "zh": "这是命令的报告，并非向听众直接发出命令式。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ στρατηγὸς τοὺς στρατιώτας κελεύει τὴν πόλιν φυλάττειν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Κελεύει takes the ordered person in the accusative and an infinitive.",
                    "zh": "Κελεύει 带宾格受命者和不定式。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The person ordered is distinct from the object of guarding; both happen to be accusative here.",
                    "zh": "受命者与守卫宾语不同；此处两者恰均用宾格。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "063aa2f6fe55517886a5f83d1ea475e9d68c60ae47453c50925ce1003f2433e8",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    },
    {
      "title": "Connect a short narrative",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-10",
          "n": 10,
          "title": {
            "en": "Connect a short narrative",
            "zh": "连接一段短叙事"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "The soldiers were guarding the city. When the messenger arrived, the general gave money to the soldiers. They took up arms to defend the city.",
            "zh": "士兵们正在守卫城市。信使到达时，将军把钱给了士兵们。他们拿起武器，以保卫城市。"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "Keep participants, event time and purpose clear across three sentences.",
            "zh": "跨三个句子保持参与者、事件时间及目的清楚。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Mīlitēs urbem custōdiēbant. Ubi nūntius vēnit, dux mīlitibus pecūniam dedit. Illī arma sūmpsērunt ut urbem dēfenderent.",
            "grc": "οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν πόλιν ἐφύλαττον. ἐπεὶ ὁ ἄγγελος ἦλθεν, ὁ στρατηγὸς τοῖς στρατιώταις χρήματα ἔδωκεν. οἱ δὲ τὰ ὅπλα ἔλαβον ἵνα τὴν πόλιν φυλάττοιεν."
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 61,
              "supports": {
                "en": "A giving event distinguishes a recipient and an object.",
                "zh": "给予事件区分接受者和给予之物。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 215,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Ubi can introduce an indicative temporal clause.",
                "zh": "Ubi 可引入直陈式时间从句。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 149,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Purpose is expressed with ut/ne and the subjunctive.",
                "zh": "目的可用 ut/ne 加虚拟式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1469,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Giving can have a dative recipient.",
                "zh": "给予可带与格接受者。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2391,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Definite temporal clauses refer to a definite occasion.",
                "zh": "确定时间从句指向确定的场合。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2196,
              "supports": {
                "en": "A purpose clause after a secondary tense can use the optative or retained subjunctive.",
                "zh": "次要时态后的目的从句可用愿望式或保留虚拟式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2615,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Historical reporting can retain the indicative.",
                "zh": "历史时态转述可保留直陈式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1106,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The article with particles can have demonstrative reference.",
                "zh": "冠词与小词搭配可具有指示用法。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 1107,
              "supports": {
                "en": "ὁ δέ can refer back to a person or group.",
                "zh": "ὁ δέ 可回指某人或群体。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "custōdiēbant: were guarding / 正在守卫",
              "ubi: when / 当……时",
              "dedit: gave / 给了",
              "illī: those men, here the soldiers / 那些人，此处指士兵",
              "sūmpsērunt: took up / 拿起了",
              "dēfenderent: might defend, imperfect subjunctive / 以保卫，未完成虚拟式"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "ἐφύλαττον: were guarding / 正在守卫",
              "ἐπεί: when/after in this narration / 此叙事中为当……时／之后",
              "ἔδωκεν: gave / 给了",
              "οἱ δέ: they, the soldiers here / 他们，此处指士兵",
              "ἔλαβον: took / 拿起了",
              "φυλάττοιεν: third-person plural present optative / 第三人称复数现在愿望式"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Begin with imperfect background guarding.",
                "zh": "以未完成时守卫活动作为背景。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use ubi plus perfect vēnit for the arrival and perfect dedit for the giving.",
                "zh": "用 ubi 加完成时 vēnit 写到达，用完成时 dedit 写给予。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use illī to resume the soldiers; after sūmpsērunt choose imperfect subjunctive dēfenderent for their purpose.",
                "zh": "用 illī 接回士兵；在 sūmpsērunt 后用未完成虚拟式 dēfenderent 表目的。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Start with imperfect ἐφύλαττον.",
                "zh": "以未完成时 ἐφύλαττον 开始。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use ἐπεί with aorist ἦλθεν and then the giving event ἔδωκεν.",
                "zh": "用 ἐπεί 加不定过去时 ἦλθεν，再写给予事件 ἔδωκεν。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Plural οἱ δέ resumes the soldiers. Present optative φυλάττοιεν follows the past event in the purpose clause.",
                "zh": "复数 οἱ δέ 接回士兵；目的从句的现在愿望式 φυλάττοιεν 跟随过去事件。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "The temporal clause supplies the occasion; it does not itself assert that arrival caused the gift. Ut supplies an intended goal; it does not prove the defence succeeded.",
                "zh": "时间从句交代场合，本身不断言到达造成赠予；ut 交代预期目的，不证明防卫成功。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Illī avoids repeating mīlitēs, but repetition can be better where a pronoun would become ambiguous. The decision belongs to the paragraph’s context.",
                "zh": "Illī 避免重复 mīlitēs；若代词会歧义，重复名词可能更好。应依段落语境决定。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "The optative is one allowed choice after the past event; retained subjunctive φυλάττωσιν is also possible. Do not impose a mechanical requirement to change every subordinate mood.",
                "zh": "过去事件后使用愿望式是一种允许选择，保留虚拟式 φυλάττωσιν 也可以；不能机械要求所有从属语气都改变。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Οἱ δέ returns to the plural soldiers after a sentence whose subject was the general. Explain that referent before choosing the pronoun.",
                "zh": "Οἱ δέ 在以上句主语为将军的情况下，回到复数士兵。选代词前先说明所指。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "Can a reader identify each participant without guessing?",
              "zh": "读者是否无需猜测就能认出每位参与者？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Have background and narrated events been distinguished?",
              "zh": "是否区分了背景与所叙述的事件？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Have I kept time, purpose and outcome distinct?",
              "zh": "是否区分了时间、目的及结果？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Can I explain a defensible alternative expression?",
              "zh": "是否能解释另一种合理表达？"
            }
          ],
          "variation": {
            "en": "Work through the three variations below and explain what changes.",
            "zh": "完成下方三项变化练习，并解释改变了什么。"
          },
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-10-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Add the general’s report that the city is safe at the time of speaking.",
                "zh": "加入将军的报告：城市在他说话时是安全的。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Dux dīxit urbem tūtam esse.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use present infinitive esse after dīxit.",
                    "zh": "Dīxit 后用现在不定式 esse。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Present infinitive expresses simultaneity relative to the past reporting.",
                    "zh": "现在不定式表达与过去转述的相对同时。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ στρατηγὸς εἶπεν ὅτι ἡ πόλις ἀσφαλής ἐστιν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Retain the original indicative after εἶπεν.",
                    "zh": "Εἶπεν 后保留原话直陈式。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Retaining the original present is possible in the report; a past reporting verb does not force every subordinate verb into the past.",
                    "zh": "转述可保留原话现在时；过去报告动词不迫使所有从属动词都变过去。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-10-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Change the ending: after capture of the city, the soldiers fled. Compress the circumstance.",
                "zh": "改变结尾：城市被攻占后，士兵们逃走。压缩情境表达。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Urbe captā, mīlitēs fūgērunt.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use the passive ablative absolute from tutorial 5.",
                    "zh": "使用第5课的被动夺格独立结构。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Changing the narrative outcome requires an explicit new capture event; the absolute supplies it.",
                    "zh": "改变叙事结果须明确加入新的攻占事件；独立结构补出它。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "τῆς πόλεως ληφθείσης, οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use the passive genitive absolute from tutorial 5.",
                    "zh": "使用第5课的被动属格独立结构。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The absolute supplies the preceding capture; it does not by itself prove why the soldiers fled.",
                    "zh": "独立结构补出先前攻占，不单凭其形式证明士兵为何逃走。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-10-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Add a direct command to guard the gate at the end.",
                "zh": "在结尾加入守卫城门的直接指令。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Dux dīxit: “Portam custōdīte.”",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Keep the quoted command in the plural imperative.",
                    "zh": "引语中的指令保持复数命令式。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Direct quotation preserves the address rather than turning it into an infinitive report.",
                    "zh": "直接引语保留直接称呼，不改为不定式转述。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ στρατηγὸς εἶπεν· «τὴν πύλην φυλάττετε.»",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Keep the quoted command in the plural imperative.",
                    "zh": "引语中的指令保持复数命令式。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The imperative remains inside the quotation, despite the past reporting verb outside it.",
                    "zh": "虽然引语外报告动词为过去，引语内部仍保留命令式。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "8c8375bfdc1a03a02b789c41f6a6128c41c3adac7e4a1fb6e22b2babb9202b36",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    },
    {
      "title": "Ask a question and report it",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-11",
          "n": 11,
          "title": {
            "en": "Ask a question and report it",
            "zh": "提出问题并转述它"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "What is the general doing?",
            "zh": "将军正在做什么？"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "Ask for information. Then distinguish a direct question from a question embedded in a report.",
            "zh": "先询问信息，再区分直接问句与嵌入报告中的问题。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Quid dux facit?",
            "grc": "τί ποιεῖ ὁ στρατηγός;"
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 169,
              "supports": {
                "en": "A factual direct question can use the indicative.",
                "zh": "事实性直接问句可用直陈式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 170,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Question particles can signal the answer the speaker presumes.",
                "zh": "疑问小词可标示说话者预设的回答。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 178,
              "supports": {
                "en": "A dependent factual question normally takes the subjunctive in classical Latin.",
                "zh": "古典拉丁语的从属事实问句通常用虚拟式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2642,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Information questions can begin with an interrogative pronoun or adverb.",
                "zh": "询问信息的问句可由疑问代词或副词引入。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2650,
              "supports": {
                "en": "ἆρα can introduce a question without presuming yes or no.",
                "zh": "ἆρα 可引入不预设肯定或否定回答的问题。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2677,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Primary-tense indirect questions retain the original mood and tense; historical contexts can permit the optative.",
                "zh": "主要时态后的间接问句保留原来的语气和时态；历史时态语境可用祈愿式。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "quid: what? / 什么？",
              "dux, ducis m.: general / 将军",
              "faciō, facere; facit: does / 做",
              "rogō, rogāre: ask / 询问"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "τί: what? / 什么？",
              "ποιέω; ποιεῖ: does / 做",
              "ὁ στρατηγός: the general / 将军",
              "ἐρωτάω; ἐρωτᾷ: asks / 询问"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Use quid as the object of facit.",
                "zh": "用 quid 作 facit 的宾语。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Keep dux as the nominative subject.",
                "zh": "主语 dux 保持主格。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use the indicative facit for this factual inquiry.",
                "zh": "这一事实询问用直陈式 facit。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Use interrogative τί for the object being asked about.",
                "zh": "用疑问代词 τί 表示所问的宾语。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use the contracted form ποιεῖ.",
                "zh": "动词用缩合形式 ποιεῖ。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Keep ὁ στρατηγός nominative and finish with the Greek question mark.",
                "zh": "ὁ στρατηγός 保持主格，以希腊问号结束。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Quid asks for the missing information. A neutral yes/no question can use -ne. Nōnne commonly presumes yes and num commonly presumes no; these are expectations, not proof of the eventual answer.",
                "zh": "Quid 询问缺少的信息。中性的是否问句可用 -ne。Nōnne 通常预设肯定，num 通常预设否定；预设并不证明实际回答。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Compare quid facit? with rogō quid faciat. The embedded question is not an accusative-and-infinitive statement. Other moods are available for deliberative or potential direct questions.",
                "zh": "比较 quid facit? 与 rogō quid faciat。嵌入的问题不是宾格加不定式陈述。商议或可能性直接问句可用其他语气。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "The semicolon-shaped sign is the Greek question mark. τί is interrogative; the unaccented enclitic τι is indefinite. An information question differs from a question asked mainly for rhetorical effect.",
                "zh": "形似分号的符号是希腊问号。τί 是疑问词；无重音的附着词 τι 是不定词。询问信息与主要用于修辞效果的问题不同。"
              },
              {
                "en": "After present ἐρωτᾷ, an indirect question can retain the indicative. After a past reporting verb, Greek may retain the original mood or use an optative; it does not follow the Latin rule mechanically.",
                "zh": "现在时 ἐρωτᾷ 后，间接问句可保留直陈式。过去报告动词后，希腊语可保留原来的语气，也可用祈愿式；不能机械套用拉丁语规则。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "Is this a request for information or a question meant to lead the listener?",
              "zh": "这是询问信息，还是引导听众的问题？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Which role does the interrogative word have inside its own clause?",
              "zh": "疑问词在它所在的从句中承担什么角色？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Does the reporting language require a mood change here?",
              "zh": "此处转述时，该语言是否要求改变语气？"
            }
          ],
          "variation": {
            "en": "Work through the three variations and explain what changes.",
            "zh": "完成三项变化练习，并解释改变了什么。"
          },
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-11-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Ask neutrally whether the soldiers are guarding the gate.",
                "zh": "不预设回答，询问士兵们是否在守卫城门。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Custōdiuntne mīlitēs portam?",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Attach -ne to the verb.",
                    "zh": "把 -ne 附在动词后。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "-ne marks a question without itself requiring a yes or no response. The verb remains indicative.",
                    "zh": "-ne 标示问题，本身不要求肯定或否定回答。动词仍用直陈式。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ἆρα φυλάττουσιν οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν πύλην;",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use ἆρα with an indicative question.",
                    "zh": "用 ἆρα 引入直陈式问句。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "ἆρα introduces the inquiry. The soldiers remain the subject and the gate the object; no tense change is needed.",
                    "zh": "ἆρα 引入询问。士兵仍为主语，城门仍为宾语，无须改变时态。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-11-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "The messenger asks what the soldiers are doing.",
                "zh": "信使询问士兵们正在做什么。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Nūntius rogat quid mīlitēs faciant.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use a present subjunctive in the embedded question.",
                    "zh": "嵌入的问题用现在时虚拟式。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Faciant marks a dependent question; quid remains its object. The question is simultaneous with the asking.",
                    "zh": "Faciant 标示从属问句；quid 仍为它的宾语。所问动作与询问同时。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ ἄγγελος ἐρωτᾷ τί ποιοῦσιν οἱ στρατιῶται.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Keep the present indicative after present ἐρωτᾷ.",
                    "zh": "现在时 ἐρωτᾷ 后保留现在时直陈式。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Ποιοῦσιν retains the mood and tense of τί ποιοῦσιν; this is a question embedded under ἐρωτᾷ, not a quoted direct question.",
                    "zh": "Ποιοῦσιν 保留 τί ποιοῦσιν; 的语气和时态；这里是 ἐρωτᾷ 下嵌入的问题，不是直接问句引语。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-11-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "Ask why the general remained.",
                "zh": "询问将军为何留下。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Cūr dux mānsit?",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use cūr and a perfect indicative.",
                    "zh": "用 cūr 与完成时直陈式。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The question asks for a reason for a past event. Cūr is interrogative; it does not itself introduce a causal explanation.",
                    "zh": "该问题询问过去事件的原因。Cūr 是疑问词，本身不引入因果解释。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "διὰ τί ἔμεινεν ὁ στρατηγός;",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use διὰ τί and the aorist of μένω.",
                    "zh": "用 διὰ τί 与 μένω 的不定过去时。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Διὰ τί asks why. Ἔμεινεν presents the past occurrence; a reply explaining its reason belongs to the causal lesson.",
                    "zh": "Διὰ τί 询问为什么。Ἔμεινεν 呈现过去发生的事件；解释原因的回答属于因果一课。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "2a59c36ca9b399d7caa0699c03d4df6e3b755a8eac47351eefaf864b35151486",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    },
    {
      "title": "State the condition and its consequence",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-12",
          "n": 12,
          "title": {
            "en": "State the condition and its consequence",
            "zh": "说明条件及其结果"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "If the messenger arrives, we shall guard the gate.",
            "zh": "信使若到达，我们就将守卫城门。"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "Present a future condition, then change the context explicitly to an unreal present or past.",
            "zh": "先陈述将来的条件，再明确改变语境，写现在或过去未实现的假设。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Sī nūntius vēnerit, portam custōdiēmus.",
            "grc": "ἐὰν ὁ ἄγγελος ἔλθῃ, τὴν πύλην φυλάξομεν."
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 191,
              "supports": {
                "en": "An open condition need not assert that its condition is true.",
                "zh": "开放条件不必断言其条件为真。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 193,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Condition types must be read with their conclusions and time relations.",
                "zh": "条件类型须结合结论及时间关系理解。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2286,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The negative of a conditional supposition is μή.",
                "zh": "条件假设的否定用 μή。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2292,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Conditional forms do not all imply non-fulfilment.",
                "zh": "条件形式并非都暗示未实现。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2302,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Unreal conditions present a supposition contrary to the stated fact.",
                "zh": "未实现条件提出与所述事实相反的假设。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2303,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Unreal Greek conditions use past indicative forms, with ἄν in the conclusion.",
                "zh": "希腊语未实现条件用过去直陈式，结果句用 ἄν。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2304,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The imperfect can describe an unreal present or continuing past.",
                "zh": "未完成时可表达未实现的现在或持续的过去。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2305,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The aorist can express a past unreal occurrence.",
                "zh": "不定过去时可表达过去未实现的事件。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2322,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Future vividness concerns presentation and tone, not a numerical likelihood.",
                "zh": "将来假设的鲜明程度涉及表达与语气，不是数值概率。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2323,
              "supports": {
                "en": "ἐάν with the subjunctive can introduce a future condition.",
                "zh": "ἐάν 加虚拟式可引入将来条件。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "sī: if / 如果",
              "nūntius, -ī m.: messenger / 信使",
              "veniō; vēnerit here: will have arrived / 此处为将来到达",
              "custōdiēmus: we shall guard / 我们将守卫",
              "maneō; manēbimus: we shall remain / 我们将留下"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "ἐάν: if / 如果",
              "ἔλθῃ: aorist subjunctive of ἔρχομαι / ἔρχομαι 的不定过去时虚拟式",
              "φυλάξομεν: we shall guard / 我们将守卫",
              "μένω; μενοῦμεν: we shall remain / 我们将留下",
              "ἄν: particle used with an unreal conclusion / 未实现结果句中所用小词"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "Place the arrival under sī.",
                "zh": "把到达放在 sī 引入的条件句中。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use future perfect vēnerit to put the arrival before the future guarding.",
                "zh": "用将来完成时 vēnerit 表示到达先于将来的守卫。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use future custōdiēmus in the conclusion.",
                "zh": "结果句用将来时 custōdiēmus。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Use ἐάν with the subjunctive ἔλθῃ.",
                "zh": "ἐάν 搭配虚拟式 ἔλθῃ。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Keep the messenger as the subject of the condition.",
                "zh": "信使是条件句的主语。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use future φυλάξομεν for the proposed consequence.",
                "zh": "拟议的结果用将来时 φυλάξομεν。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "English if he arrives uses a present form for future reference. This model makes Latin anteriority explicit with vēnerit. Its spelling can also be a perfect subjunctive in other contexts; the whole sentence identifies its use here.",
                "zh": "英语 if he arrives 用现在形式指将来。本例用 vēnerit 明确拉丁语的先后关系。这一拼写在别处也可为完成时虚拟式；此处须根据全句辨认。"
              },
              {
                "en": "An if-clause is a supposition. Neither sī nor an indicative form independently proves that its event occurred. The exercises state the contrary facts explicitly.",
                "zh": "如果从句提出假设。Sī 或直陈式本身都不独立证明事件发生过。练习明确说明相反的事实。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "An aorist subjunctive in a future condition does not locate the event in the past. This form presents the arrival as a whole; it is not a duration measurement.",
                "zh": "将来条件中的不定过去时虚拟式不把事件放在过去。此形式把到达作为整体呈现，不是时长测量。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Greek unreal conditions use past indicative forms and ἄν in the conclusion. They do not mechanically copy Latin subjunctives. The label more vivid concerns how the speaker presents the supposition; it is not a probability score.",
                "zh": "希腊语未实现条件用过去直陈式，结果句带 ἄν，不能机械照搬拉丁虚拟式。“更鲜明”描述说话者如何提出假设，不是概率分数。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "When is the condition placed, and when is its consequence placed?",
              "zh": "条件与结果分别位于什么时候？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Has the prompt stated that the condition is contrary to fact?",
              "zh": "题目是否明确说明假设与事实相反？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Where does negation belong, and does Greek require μή here?",
              "zh": "否定属于哪一句？此处希腊语是否用 μή？"
            }
          ],
          "variation": {
            "en": "Work through the three variations and explain what changes.",
            "zh": "完成三项变化练习，并解释改变了什么。"
          },
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-12-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "If the messenger does not arrive, we shall remain here.",
                "zh": "信使若不到达，我们就将留在这里。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Sī nūntius nōn vēnerit, hīc manēbimus.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Negate the condition with nōn.",
                    "zh": "用 nōn 否定条件。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Nōn negates the arrival, not the decision to remain. Vēnerit is future perfect in this future sequence.",
                    "zh": "Nōn 否定到达，不否定留下的决定。Vēnerit 在这一将来序列中是将来完成时。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ἐὰν ὁ ἄγγελος μὴ ἔλθῃ, ἐνθάδε μενοῦμεν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use μή in the condition and the contracted future μενοῦμεν.",
                    "zh": "条件句用 μή，结果句用缩合将来时 μενοῦμεν。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Μή belongs to the conditional supposition. The conclusion remains affirmative; the form does not say that the messenger has already failed to arrive.",
                    "zh": "Μή 属于条件假设。结果句仍是肯定；该形式不表示信使已经未能到达。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-12-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "If the messenger were here now (he is not), we would be guarding the gate.",
                "zh": "信使现在若在这里（实际上不在），我们就会正在守卫城门。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Sī nūntius hīc adesset, portam custōdīrēmus.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use imperfect subjunctives for the stated unreal present.",
                    "zh": "所述未实现的现在用未完成时虚拟式。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Adesset and custōdīrēmus express the stated unreal present; the English parenthesis establishes that the messenger is absent.",
                    "zh": "Adesset 与 custōdīrēmus 表达所述未实现的现在；英语括注说明信使不在。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "εἰ ὁ ἄγγελος ἐνθάδε ἦν, τὴν πύλην ἐφυλάττομεν ἄν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use imperfect indicatives, with ἄν in the conclusion.",
                    "zh": "用未完成时直陈式，结果句加 ἄν。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Ἦν and ἐφυλάττομεν refer here to an unreal present. Ἄν belongs to the conclusion; this is not a simple narrative of past guarding.",
                    "zh": "Ἦν 与 ἐφυλάττομεν 此处指未实现的现在。Ἄν 属于结果句，这不是简单叙述过去的守卫。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-12-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "If the messenger had arrived (he did not), we would have guarded the gate.",
                "zh": "信使若曾到达（实际上没有），我们就会守卫过城门。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Sī nūntius vēnisset, portam custōdīvissemus.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use pluperfect subjunctives in both clauses.",
                    "zh": "两句均用过去完成时虚拟式。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Vēnisset and custōdīvissemus locate this unreal condition and its consequence in the past.",
                    "zh": "Vēnisset 与 custōdīvissemus 把未实现条件及结果放在过去。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "εἰ ὁ ἄγγελος ἦλθεν, τὴν πύλην ἐφυλάξαμεν ἄν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use aorist indicatives and ἄν in the conclusion.",
                    "zh": "用不定过去时直陈式，结果句加 ἄν。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The aorists present unreal past occurrences in this context. Without ἄν, the conclusion would not have the same unreal force.",
                    "zh": "在此语境中，不定过去时呈现过去未实现的事件。去掉 ἄν，结果句不会保有相同的未实现含义。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "de92895bcfa568222a222839d8b8e94fc82d9bba414bdfc71bc1ead1d03c38fd",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    },
    {
      "title": "Explain a reason and identify whose it is",
      "content": {
        "profile": "magalia-composition-review/1",
        "lesson": {
          "id": "pc-13",
          "n": 13,
          "title": {
            "en": "Explain a reason and identify whose it is",
            "zh": "解释原因并辨认其提出者"
          },
          "prompt": {
            "en": "The soldiers fled because the enemies were present.",
            "zh": "士兵们逃走了，因为敌人在场。"
          },
          "context": {
            "en": "Give a reason as the narrator, then mark a reason attributed to the participants.",
            "zh": "先由叙述者提出原因，再标示归属于参与者的理由。"
          },
          "models": {
            "lat": "Mīlitēs fūgērunt quod hostēs aderant.",
            "grc": "οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι παρῆσαν."
          },
          "source_refs": [
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 240,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Causal mood can distinguish the writer’s reason from an attributed one.",
                "zh": "因果从句的语气可区分作者提出的原因与归属于他人的理由。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 241,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Causal conjunctions have distinct uses.",
                "zh": "不同因果连词有不同用法。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2240,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Causal conjunctions include ὅτι, ἐπεί and ὡς; ὡς can present the subject’s supposed reason.",
                "zh": "因果连词包括 ὅτι、ἐπεί 与 ὡς；ὡς 可表达主语所认定的理由。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2241,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Factual causal clauses regularly use the indicative.",
                "zh": "事实性因果从句通常用直陈式。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "woodcock",
              "section": 149,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The final variation contrasts a purpose clause with a causal one.",
                "zh": "末项变化练习区分目的从句与因果从句。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2193,
              "supports": {
                "en": "Ἵνα introduces the purpose in the final variation.",
                "zh": "末项变化练习用 ἵνα 引入目的。"
              }
            },
            {
              "work": "smyth",
              "section": 2196,
              "supports": {
                "en": "The present main verb supports a purpose subjunctive here.",
                "zh": "此处现在时主句搭配目的虚拟式。"
              }
            }
          ],
          "vocabulary": {
            "lat": [
              "fugiō; fūgērunt: they fled / 他们逃走了",
              "quod: because in this clause / 此从句中为“因为”",
              "hostis, -is; hostēs: enemies / 敌人",
              "adsum; aderant: they were present / 他们在场"
            ],
            "grc": [
              "φεύγω; ἔφυγον: they fled / 他们逃走了",
              "ὅτι: because in this clause / 此从句中为“因为”",
              "οἱ πολέμιοι: the enemies / 敌人",
              "πάρειμι; παρῆσαν: they were present / 他们在场",
              "φοβέομαι; ἐφοβοῦντο: they were afraid / 他们害怕"
            ]
          },
          "steps": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "State the flight with perfect fūgērunt.",
                "zh": "用完成时 fūgērunt 陈述逃走。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Introduce the stated reason with quod.",
                "zh": "用 quod 引入所述原因。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use imperfect indicative aderant for the enemies’ presence at that time.",
                "zh": "敌人当时在场，用未完成时直陈式 aderant。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Use ἔφυγον for the past flight.",
                "zh": "用 ἔφυγον 表示过去的逃走。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Read causal ὅτι as because here, not as a reported that-clause.",
                "zh": "此处把因果 ὅτι 理解为“因为”，不是转述陈述的“说……”。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Use imperfect παρῆσαν to describe the situation when they fled.",
                "zh": "用未完成时 παρῆσαν 描写他们逃走时的情境。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "notes": {
            "lat": [
              {
                "en": "The indicative presents the reason on the narrator’s authority. A subjunctive can mark a reason attributed to another speaker, including an informally reported reason; it does not by itself prove that the reason is false.",
                "zh": "直陈式把原因作为叙述者提出的说明。虚拟式可标示归属于其他说话者的理由，包括非正式转述的理由；本身不证明该理由虚假。"
              },
              {
                "en": "A cause explains why an event happened. A purpose states an intended outcome, which may never be achieved. Do not exchange quod and ut without changing the meaning.",
                "zh": "原因解释事件为何发生；目的陈述拟实现的结果，而结果可能从未实现。不能不改变意义就交换 quod 与 ut。"
              }
            ],
            "grc": [
              {
                "en": "Ὅτι can introduce a reason or a reported statement: identify its relation to the governing clause. Here it explains the flight. The subjunctive is not a general Greek sign of an attributed cause.",
                "zh": "Ὅτι 可引入原因，也可引入转述陈述；须辨认它与主句的关系。此处它解释逃走。虚拟式并非希腊语中归属他人的因果理由的一般标志。"
              },
              {
                "en": "Causal ὡς can present a reason as conceived by a participant. Context establishes the attribution; the conjunction does not mechanically mean as they said in every occurrence.",
                "zh": "因果 ὡς 可呈现参与者认定的理由。归属关系须由语境说明；该连词并非每次都机械表示“据他们所说”。"
              }
            ]
          },
          "review_questions": [
            {
              "en": "Who gives the reason: narrator or participant?",
              "zh": "谁提出这个原因：叙述者还是参与者？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Does the clause explain an event or specify an intended outcome?",
              "zh": "从句解释已经发生的事件，还是说明预期结果？"
            },
            {
              "en": "Which change of construction would change the claim being made?",
              "zh": "何种结构变化会改变所作的陈述？"
            }
          ],
          "variation": {
            "en": "Work through the three variations and explain what changes.",
            "zh": "完成三项变化练习，并解释改变了什么。"
          },
          "origin": "authored-pedagogical-model",
          "review_status": "source-checked-draft",
          "independent_review": null,
          "automatic_grading": false,
          "practice": [
            {
              "id": "pc-13-v1",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "The general remained because the soldiers were guarding the gate.",
                "zh": "将军留下了，因为士兵们正在守卫城门。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Dux mānsit quod mīlitēs portam custōdiēbant.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Give the narrator’s reason in the indicative.",
                    "zh": "用直陈式提出叙述者的原因。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Custōdiēbant describes the ongoing situation offered as the reason for the general’s decision.",
                    "zh": "Custōdiēbant 描写作为将军决定之原因提出的持续情境。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "ὁ στρατηγὸς ἔμεινεν ὅτι οἱ στρατιῶται τὴν πύλην ἐφύλαττον.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use ὅτι with an imperfect indicative for the guarding.",
                    "zh": "用 ὅτι 与未完成时直陈式表达守卫。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Ἐφύλαττον gives the background activity. The narrator offers it as the explanation, rather than as an unfulfilled aim.",
                    "zh": "Ἐφύλαττον 描写背景活动。叙述者把它提出为解释，不是尚未实现的目的。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-13-v2",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "The soldiers fled because—as they claimed—they were afraid.",
                "zh": "士兵们逃走了，因为——据他们自己所说——他们害怕。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Mīlitēs fūgērunt quod timērent.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use a subjunctive for the attributed reason.",
                    "zh": "归属于他们的理由用虚拟式。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Timērent marks a reason attributed to the soldiers. This does not establish whether the narrator agrees with it.",
                    "zh": "Timērent 标示归属于士兵的理由，不确定叙述者是否同意它。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "οἱ στρατιῶται ἔφυγον ὡς ἐφοβοῦντο.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "In the stated context, use causal ὡς to present their supposed reason.",
                    "zh": "在已说明的语境中，用因果 ὡς 呈现他们认定的理由。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "The attribution is supplied by the prompt and supported by causal ὡς. The indicative describes their supposed fear; Greek does not copy Latin timērent.",
                    "zh": "题目说明归属关系，因果 ὡς 支持这一理解。直陈式描述他们认定的恐惧；希腊语不照搬拉丁 timērent。"
                  }
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pc-13-v3",
              "prompt": {
                "en": "The soldiers remain in order to guard the gate.",
                "zh": "士兵们留下，以便守卫城门。"
              },
              "answers": {
                "lat": {
                  "model": "Mīlitēs manent ut portam custōdiant.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Return to ut with the subjunctive for purpose.",
                    "zh": "表达目的时，回到 ut 加虚拟式。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Custōdiant gives the aim of staying. The sentence does not assert that the guarding has been achieved.",
                    "zh": "Custōdiant 表达留下的目的。该句不宣称守卫已实现。"
                  }
                },
                "grc": {
                  "model": "οἱ στρατιῶται μένουσιν ἵνα τὴν πύλην φυλάττωσιν.",
                  "hint": {
                    "en": "Use ἵνα with the subjunctive for the aim.",
                    "zh": "用 ἵνα 加虚拟式表达目的。"
                  },
                  "reason": {
                    "en": "Ἵνα introduces an intended outcome. Replacing it with causal ὅτι would change the relation to the staying.",
                    "zh": "Ἵνα 引入预期结果。把它换成因果 ὅτι，会改变它与留下的关系。"
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "lesson_revision": "6fe038f137ac6738effd059ef1afbcd0c859b74a608975b9b38bc31e9c9a1657",
        "adapter_status": "generic-resource-projection-not-registered-composition-adapter",
        "review_status": "unreviewed",
        "learner_data_included": false
      }
    }
  ]
}