{
  "schema": "magalia-dictionary-teaching/1",
  "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "credit": "Magalia: original English and Simplified Chinese teaching explanations; dictionary quotations credited in dictionary-pilot.json.",
  "notes": [
    {
      "id": "dictionary-note-appropinquo",
      "language": "lat",
      "dictionary_entry_ids": [
        "perseus-ls:n3210"
      ],
      "lesson_ids": [
        "pc-06"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Approaching: choose the construction",
        "zh": "接近：选择搭配"
      },
      "explanation": {
        "en": "The lesson uses ad mūrōs appropinquāre. Lewis & Short also lists a dative construction in the next sense. Read the construction together with the verb; these examples do not make every ad phrase interchangeable with a dative.",
        "zh": "本课用 ad mūrōs appropinquāre。Lewis & Short 在下一项中也列出与格搭配。应把结构与动词一起读；这些用例并不表示所有 ad 短语都可任意换成与格。"
      },
      "dictionary_evidence": {
        "entry_id": "perseus-ls:n3210",
        "sense_id": "n3210.2",
        "quote": "With ad",
        "start": 1,
        "end": 8,
        "offset_unit": "Unicode code points",
        "scope": "Exact dictionary wording; printed ancient citations are not independently collated."
      },
      "grammar_refs": [
        {
          "work": "woodcock",
          "section": 29,
          "supports": {
            "en": "Accusative and infinitive for reporting statements after saying, thinking, or perceiving.",
            "zh": "言说、思考或感知动词后用宾格加不定式转述陈述。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "grammar_scope": "Existing lesson references; supports the specified construction, not every dictionary sense.",
      "origin": "authored-composition-note",
      "independent_review": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dictionary-note-puto",
      "language": "lat",
      "dictionary_entry_ids": [
        "perseus-ls:n39703"
      ],
      "lesson_ids": [
        "pc-06"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Thinking, rather than cleaning",
        "zh": "这里是“认为”"
      },
      "explanation": {
        "en": "In urbem tūtam esse putat, putat expresses a judgment. The dictionary places this sense after earlier meanings such as cleaning and considering. Woodcock explains the accusative and infinitive used to state the judgment.",
        "zh": "在 urbem tūtam esse putat 中，putat 表达判断。词典把这一义项放在清理、考虑等较早义项之后。Woodcock 解释表达该判断所用的宾格加不定式结构。"
      },
      "dictionary_evidence": {
        "entry_id": "perseus-ls:n39703",
        "sense_id": "n39703.14",
        "quote": "to judge, suppose",
        "start": 43,
        "end": 60,
        "offset_unit": "Unicode code points",
        "scope": "Exact dictionary wording; printed ancient citations are not independently collated."
      },
      "grammar_refs": [
        {
          "work": "woodcock",
          "section": 29,
          "supports": {
            "en": "Accusative and infinitive for reporting statements after saying, thinking, or perceiving.",
            "zh": "言说、思考或感知动词后用宾格加不定式转述陈述。"
          }
        },
        {
          "work": "woodcock",
          "section": 30,
          "supports": {
            "en": "Infinitive tense expresses time relative to the reporting verb.",
            "zh": "不定式时态表达相对于转述动词的时间。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "grammar_scope": "Existing lesson references; supports the specified construction, not every dictionary sense.",
      "origin": "authored-composition-note",
      "independent_review": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dictionary-note-rogo",
      "language": "lat",
      "dictionary_entry_ids": [
        "perseus-ls:n41838"
      ],
      "lesson_ids": [
        "pc-11"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Asking a dependent question",
        "zh": "提出从属问句"
      },
      "explanation": {
        "en": "Lewis & Short gives rogō with an interrogative clause. Use the lesson to distinguish a direct question from one dependent on “ask”; Woodcock supplies the classical Latin mood rule. The printed dictionary citations remain citations, rather than checked passage transcriptions.",
        "zh": "Lewis & Short 列出 rogō 搭配疑问从句的用法。结合本课区分直接问句与依存于“询问”的问句；古典拉丁语的语气规则见 Woodcock。词典印出的引文仍按引文保留，未当作已经核对的原作抄录。"
      },
      "dictionary_evidence": {
        "entry_id": "perseus-ls:n41838",
        "sense_id": "n41838.5",
        "quote": "With interrog.-clause",
        "start": 1,
        "end": 22,
        "offset_unit": "Unicode code points",
        "scope": "Exact dictionary wording; printed ancient citations are not independently collated."
      },
      "grammar_refs": [
        {
          "work": "woodcock",
          "section": 178,
          "supports": {
            "en": "A dependent factual question normally takes the subjunctive in classical Latin.",
            "zh": "古典拉丁语的从属事实问句通常用虚拟式。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "grammar_scope": "Existing lesson references; supports the specified construction, not every dictionary sense.",
      "origin": "authored-composition-note",
      "independent_review": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dictionary-note-capio1",
      "language": "lat",
      "dictionary_entry_ids": [
        "perseus-ls:n6614"
      ],
      "lesson_ids": [
        "pc-04"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "An object changes the meaning",
        "zh": "宾语影响意义"
      },
      "explanation": {
        "en": "Arma capiunt means taking up arms in this model. Compare the dictionary’s separate “take captive” sense with urbe captā in lesson 05. The shared verb does not make the two phrases mean the same thing.",
        "zh": "本例 arma capiunt 表示拿起武器。可将词典另列的“俘获”义项与第05课 urbe captā 比较。同一动词并不使两个短语意义相同。"
      },
      "dictionary_evidence": {
        "entry_id": "perseus-ls:n6614",
        "sense_id": "n6614.2",
        "quote": "arma, to take up arms",
        "start": 974,
        "end": 995,
        "offset_unit": "Unicode code points",
        "scope": "Exact dictionary wording; printed ancient citations are not independently collated."
      },
      "grammar_refs": [
        {
          "work": "woodcock",
          "section": 149,
          "supports": {
            "en": "Positive purpose with ut; negative purpose with nē.",
            "zh": "肯定目的用 ut；否定目的用 nē。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "grammar_scope": "Existing lesson references; supports the specified construction, not every dictionary sense.",
      "origin": "authored-composition-note",
      "independent_review": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dictionary-note-castrum",
      "language": "lat",
      "dictionary_entry_ids": [
        "perseus-ls:n7012"
      ],
      "lesson_ids": [
        "pc-02"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Castra: read the plural entry",
        "zh": "castra：读复数义项"
      },
      "explanation": {
        "en": "The short castra entry refers the reader to castrum. Read its plural discussion for the military camp in castra ducis. A dictionary cross-reference needs following before a meaning is chosen; the genitive ducis identifies whose camp is meant in this lesson.",
        "zh": "简短的 castra 词条把读者引向 castrum。读其复数用法，可理解 castra ducis 中的军营。词典交叉指引须继续查读，才能选择意义；本课的属格 ducis 说明是谁的军营。"
      },
      "dictionary_evidence": {
        "entry_id": "perseus-ls:n7012",
        "sense_id": "n7012.9",
        "quote": "a military camp",
        "start": 57,
        "end": 72,
        "offset_unit": "Unicode code points",
        "scope": "Exact dictionary wording; printed ancient citations are not independently collated."
      },
      "grammar_refs": [
        {
          "work": "woodcock",
          "section": 72,
          "supports": {
            "en": "Possessive genitive; this section does not supply the whole rule of adjective agreement.",
            "zh": "所属属格；本节并不承担形容词一致关系的全部规则。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "grammar_scope": "Existing lesson references; supports the specified construction, not every dictionary sense.",
      "origin": "authored-composition-note",
      "independent_review": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dictionary-note-ut",
      "language": "lat",
      "dictionary_entry_ids": [
        "perseus-ls:n49975"
      ],
      "lesson_ids": [
        "pc-04"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Ut expresses purpose here",
        "zh": "此处 ut 表达目的"
      },
      "explanation": {
        "en": "Ut urbem dēfendant supplies the intended purpose of taking up arms. The dictionary separately treats purpose clauses; Woodcock supports the conjunction and tense choice. Other uses of ut elsewhere in the entry must not be assigned this purpose automatically.",
        "zh": "ut urbem dēfendant 补出拿起武器的预期目的。词典单列目的从句；连词及其时态选择见 Woodcock。词条中的其他 ut 用法不可自动解释为目的。"
      },
      "dictionary_evidence": {
        "entry_id": "perseus-ls:n49975",
        "sense_id": "n49975.99",
        "quote": "In clauses of purpose",
        "start": 1,
        "end": 22,
        "offset_unit": "Unicode code points",
        "scope": "Exact dictionary wording; printed ancient citations are not independently collated."
      },
      "grammar_refs": [
        {
          "work": "woodcock",
          "section": 149,
          "supports": {
            "en": "Positive purpose with ut; negative purpose with nē.",
            "zh": "肯定目的用 ut；否定目的用 nē。"
          }
        },
        {
          "work": "woodcock",
          "section": 140,
          "supports": {
            "en": "Sequence of tenses for subordinate subjunctives.",
            "zh": "从属虚拟式的时态顺序。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "grammar_scope": "Existing lesson references; supports the specified construction, not every dictionary sense.",
      "origin": "authored-composition-note",
      "independent_review": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dictionary-note-quod1",
      "language": "lat",
      "dictionary_entry_ids": [
        "perseus-ls:n40262"
      ],
      "lesson_ids": [
        "pc-13"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Quod gives the reason here",
        "zh": "此处 quod 引出原因"
      },
      "explanation": {
        "en": "The lesson’s quod hostēs aderant gives a reason for flight. The dictionary lists several uses of quod, so choose the causal reading from this sentence. Woodcock distinguishes an asserted reason from one attributed to someone else.",
        "zh": "本课 quod hostēs aderant 给出逃跑的原因。词典列出 quod 的多种用法，应由本句确定因果解释。Woodcock 区分作者提出的原因与归属于他人的理由。"
      },
      "dictionary_evidence": {
        "entry_id": "perseus-ls:n40262",
        "sense_id": "n40262.1",
        "quote": "That, in that, because",
        "start": 1,
        "end": 23,
        "offset_unit": "Unicode code points",
        "scope": "Exact dictionary wording; printed ancient citations are not independently collated."
      },
      "grammar_refs": [
        {
          "work": "woodcock",
          "section": 240,
          "supports": {
            "en": "Causal mood can distinguish the writer’s reason from an attributed one.",
            "zh": "因果从句的语气可区分作者提出的原因与归属于他人的理由。"
          }
        },
        {
          "work": "woodcock",
          "section": 241,
          "supports": {
            "en": "Causal conjunctions have distinct uses.",
            "zh": "不同因果连词有不同用法。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "grammar_scope": "Existing lesson references; supports the specified construction, not every dictionary sense.",
      "origin": "authored-composition-note",
      "independent_review": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dictionary-note-nomizw",
      "language": "grc",
      "dictionary_entry_ids": [
        "logeion-lsj:crossnomi/zw"
      ],
      "lesson_ids": [
        "pc-06"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "A judgment with accusative and infinitive",
        "zh": "用宾格加不定式表达判断"
      },
      "explanation": {
        "en": "The LSJ construction c. acc. et inf. fits νομίζει τὴν πόλιν ἀσφαλῆ εἶναι: the city is the expressed subject of “be safe” inside the judgment. Earlier senses such as customary practice belong to different contexts.",
        "zh": "LSJ 的 c. acc. et inf. 搭配适用于 νομίζει τὴν πόλιν ἀσφαλῆ εἶναι：“城”是在判断中“是安全的”这一结构明确表达的主语。习惯性实行等较早义项属于其他语境。"
      },
      "dictionary_evidence": {
        "entry_id": "logeion-lsj:crossnomi/zw",
        "sense_id": "n70958.7",
        "quote": "c. acc. et inf.",
        "start": 1,
        "end": 16,
        "offset_unit": "Unicode code points",
        "scope": "Exact dictionary wording; printed ancient citations are not independently collated."
      },
      "grammar_refs": [
        {
          "work": "smyth",
          "section": 2018,
          "supports": {
            "en": "Thinking verbs normally take the infinitive.",
            "zh": "思考动词通常搭配不定式。"
          }
        },
        {
          "work": "smyth",
          "section": 1972,
          "supports": {
            "en": "The expressed infinitive subject and conditions for its omission.",
            "zh": "不定式主语的表达与省略条件。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "grammar_scope": "Existing lesson references; supports the specified construction, not every dictionary sense.",
      "origin": "authored-composition-note",
      "independent_review": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dictionary-note-proserxomai",
      "language": "grc",
      "dictionary_entry_ids": [
        "logeion-lsj:crossprose/rxomai"
      ],
      "lesson_ids": [
        "pc-06"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "Approaching the walls with a dative",
        "zh": "以与格表达接近城墙"
      },
      "explanation": {
        "en": "Τοῖς τείχεσι προσέρχονται uses the dative with “approach”. LSJ also records other constructions and senses, including hostile approach. This lesson’s construction is supported without imposing it on every occurrence of the verb.",
        "zh": "τοῖς τείχεσι προσέρχονται 以与格搭配“接近”。LSJ 也记录其他结构及义项，包括带敌意的接近。本课搭配有文献支持，但不可据此规定该动词的所有用例。"
      },
      "dictionary_evidence": {
        "entry_id": "logeion-lsj:crossprose/rxomai",
        "sense_id": "n89311.0",
        "quote": "come or go to, c. dat.",
        "start": 0,
        "end": 22,
        "offset_unit": "Unicode code points",
        "scope": "Exact dictionary wording; printed ancient citations are not independently collated."
      },
      "grammar_refs": [
        {
          "work": "smyth",
          "section": 1463,
          "supports": {
            "en": "Dative with verbs of approaching.",
            "zh": "接近动词的与格搭配。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "grammar_scope": "Existing lesson references; supports the specified construction, not every dictionary sense.",
      "origin": "authored-composition-note",
      "independent_review": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dictionary-note-upatos",
      "language": "grc",
      "dictionary_entry_ids": [
        "logeion-lsj:crossu(/pa^tos"
      ],
      "lesson_ids": [
        "pc-01"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "A Roman office in Greek",
        "zh": "希腊语中的罗马官职"
      },
      "explanation": {
        "en": "The model refers to Romans praising a consul. LSJ explicitly gives ὕπατος as Latin consul and prints references to Polybius and other sources. This historical sense should not be treated as a generic title for every Greek civic setting.",
        "zh": "例句写罗马人赞扬执政官。LSJ 明列 ὕπατος 对应拉丁语 consul，并印出波利比乌斯等文献的指引。这一历史义项不可当作所有希腊城邦环境的通用官职称谓。"
      },
      "dictionary_evidence": {
        "entry_id": "logeion-lsj:crossu(/pa^tos",
        "sense_id": "n106998.8",
        "quote": "= Lat. consul",
        "start": 12,
        "end": 25,
        "offset_unit": "Unicode code points",
        "scope": "Exact dictionary wording; printed ancient citations are not independently collated."
      },
      "grammar_refs": [
        {
          "work": "smyth",
          "section": 1553,
          "supports": {
            "en": "The accusative as the case of the direct object.",
            "zh": "宾格用作直接宾语。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "grammar_scope": "Existing lesson references; supports the specified construction, not every dictionary sense.",
      "origin": "authored-composition-note",
      "independent_review": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dictionary-note-fulassw",
      "language": "grc",
      "dictionary_entry_ids": [
        "logeion-lsj:crossfu^la/ssw"
      ],
      "lesson_ids": [
        "pc-02"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "The printed Attic variant",
        "zh": "词典明列的阿提卡形式"
      },
      "explanation": {
        "en": "LSJ prints φυλάττω as the Attic variant of φυλάσσω. It connects the lesson’s lemma to this entry. The alias is supported for this headword; it is not a general rule that every σσ may be changed to ττ during lookup.",
        "zh": "LSJ 明列 φυλάττω 为 φυλάσσω 的阿提卡形式，可据此把本课词典原形接到该词条。这一对应有词条依据，并不是查询时可将所有 σσ 改成 ττ 的通用规则。"
      },
      "dictionary_evidence": {
        "entry_id": "logeion-lsj:crossfu^la/ssw",
        "sense_id": null,
        "quote": "Att. φυλάττω",
        "start": 9,
        "end": 21,
        "offset_unit": "Unicode code points",
        "scope": "Exact dictionary wording; printed ancient citations are not independently collated."
      },
      "grammar_refs": [
        {
          "work": "smyth",
          "section": 1297,
          "supports": {
            "en": "Ownership, possession, and belonging expressed by a genitive.",
            "zh": "属格表达所有、占有和归属。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "grammar_scope": "Existing lesson references; supports the specified construction, not every dictionary sense.",
      "origin": "authored-composition-note",
      "independent_review": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dictionary-note-didwmi",
      "language": "grc",
      "dictionary_entry_ids": [
        "logeion-lsj:crossdi/dwmi"
      ],
      "lesson_ids": [
        "pc-07"
      ],
      "title": {
        "en": "What is given, and to whom",
        "zh": "给予什么，给予谁"
      },
      "explanation": {
        "en": "In τοῖς στρατιώταις χρήματα δίδωσιν, money is the thing given and the soldiers are its recipients. LSJ supplies giving senses; Smyth supplies the distinction between the accusative object and dative recipient. A lexical meaning and a grammatical role answer different questions.",
        "zh": "在 τοῖς στρατιώταις χρήματα δίδωσιν 中，金钱是给予的对象，士兵是接受者。给予义项见 LSJ，宾格对象与与格接受者的区别见 Smyth。词义与语法角色回答不同的问题。"
      },
      "dictionary_evidence": {
        "entry_id": "logeion-lsj:crossdi/dwmi",
        "sense_id": "n26447.0",
        "quote": "give freely",
        "start": 0,
        "end": 11,
        "offset_unit": "Unicode code points",
        "scope": "Exact dictionary wording; printed ancient citations are not independently collated."
      },
      "grammar_refs": [
        {
          "work": "smyth",
          "section": 1469,
          "supports": {
            "en": "A transitive verb can have an accusative object and a dative indirect object.",
            "zh": "及物动词可带宾格直接宾语和与格间接宾语。"
          }
        }
      ],
      "grammar_scope": "Existing lesson references; supports the specified construction, not every dictionary sense.",
      "origin": "authored-composition-note",
      "independent_review": null
    }
  ]
}